Em qualquer sistema de normas que se procura estabelecer ou interpretar é decisivo o papel dos princípios jurídicos, seja para dar coerência às relações que se estabelecem entre essas normas, seja principalmente para interpretá-las de maneira afinada com os objetivos que delas se esperam. Isso faz ainda mais sentido quando o sistema de normas está fadado pela própria Constituição a promover transformações de realidades indesejadas, como a pobreza e a marginalização, pois está-se então diante de valores caros à comunidade. O direito urbanístico tem justamente a função de tornar mais efetiva a política urbana, escolhida pela Constituição como o instrumento para ordenar o pleno desenvolvimento das funções sociais da cidade e garantir o bem-estar de seus habitantes. Identificar os princípios de direito urbanístico é uma forma de colaborar nessa tarefa. O trabalho parte da constatação de que muitos dos planos diretores municipais foram aprovados ou estão sendo aplicados de maneira insuficiente para fazer frente aos problemas específicos de cada município, especialmente se considerada a complexidade das pressões que atuam na expansão ou na reconfiguração das cidades brasileiras, e a compreensão dos princípios de direito urbanístico podem dar argumentos para evitar que isso ocorra. Pretende então debater e posicionar adequadamente as visões acerca de o que seja a política urbana e também do estágio atual de desenvolvimento do direito urbanístico, considerando especialmente os conceitos de função social da cidade e de função social da propriedade imóvel urbana, analisando a evolução mais recente da legislação que deve dar concretude a eles, partindo do Estatuto da Cidade (Lei 10.257/2001), mas avançando para as leis nacionais que dispõem sobre setores específicos, como o parcelamento do solo e a regularização fundiária, o saneamento e a gestão de resíduos sólidos, a mobilidade urbana e a prevenção de desastres. Em seguida, estabelece um quadro sintético das teorias e das ações que configuraram o urbanismo contemporâneo, desde o final do século XIX até propostas mais recentes e que vão além do uso e ocupação do solo, com ênfase nos movimentos da reforma urbana e do planejamento estratégico de cidades. Insere para discussão aspectos considerados decisivos à reflexão atual sobre as cidades, quais sejam, as crises econômicas e seus efeitos, os problemas ambientais globais e o conceito de desenvolvimento sustentável e os novos usos possíveis da tecnologia da informação. Adentra na teoria dos princípios de direito, buscando identificar seus fundamentos e as consequências para a interpretação jurídica. Por fim, examina mais detidamente certas questões relacionadas ao direito urbanístico (as diretrizes da política urbana e os planos diretores) e apresenta uma proposta de princípios que orientam esse sistema de normas. / The role of the legal principles is crucial in any regulatory system that seeks to interpret or to establish to give coherence to the relations established between these rules or mainly to accurately interpret them according to the goals expected. This makes even more sense when the regulatory system is fated by its own Constitution to promote change of unwanted realities such as poverty and marginalisation because one would be facing expensive values to the community. The urban law has, therefore, the goal to make urban policy more effective since it was chosen by the Constitution to be the tool to order the full development of the citys social functions and assure the well-being of its inhabitants. To identify the urban law is a way to collaborate with such task. This piece of work is based on the finding that many of the approved municipal master plans or the ones that are being conducted are not really being able to deal with the specific problems of each municipal government, especially if considering the complexity of pressures in the expansion or redesign of Brazilian cities. The comprehension of the urban law principles could provide arguments to avoid this situation. It seeks, therefore, to debate and adequately place the ideas about the real meaning of the urban policy and of the actual urban laws state of development. It especially considers the concepts of the citys social function and the social function of the urban property analysing the recent evolution of the subjects core legislation, starting from the City Statute (Estatuto da Cidade - Law 10.257/2001), but advancing to the national law regarding specific sectors such as the division of land and land reform, sanitation, solid waste management, urban mobility and disaster prevention. Then, a brief frame of theories and actions that have shaped the actual urbanism from the end of the 19th century to today will be established going beyond land use and occupation, emphasising on the urban reform and municipal strategic planning manifestations. Crucial aspects are brought to a more recent discussion about cities, economic crisis and its effects, global environmental problems and the concept of sustainable development and the new possible uses of information technology. The Legal Principles Theory is referred seeking to identify its basis and consequences for the legal interpretation. Finally some questions related to urban law will be carefully debated (the guidelines of urban policies and master plans) and a proposal of principles to guide this system of norms will be presented.

Thesis. 1978. M.C.P.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Includes bibliographical references. / M.C.P.

Esta dissertação buscou contribuir para o debate sobre as políticas urbanas em São Paulo, a partir da lente analítica das capacidades estatais. Os estudos urbanos brasileiros, influenciados pelo marxismo urbano, contribuíram para o entendimento sobre o papel das forças capitalistas sobre a produção das cidades brasileiras. Entretanto, poucos estudos se dedicaram a entender os interesses do Estado na construção do espaço urbano. A ótica das capacidades estatais permite adentrar o aparelho estatal e entender como as políticas, atores e recursos mobilizados pelo Estado refletem seus próprios interesses. As capacidades estatais são reforçadas pela abordagem institucional, sobretudo do Neoinstitucionalismo Histórico, mas também pela perspectiva situacional de Carlos Matus. A metodologia adotada consiste em uma pesquisa qualitativa, baseada no estudo de caso da Secretaria Municipal de Licenciamento (SEL) de São Paulo, com recorte temporal de 2013 e 2016. A escolha por estudar as capacidades mobilizadas pela Prefeitura Municipal de São Paulo, no âmbito da SEL, se deve pela forte relação construída entre atores estatais e não estatais em torno do licenciamento urbano de São Paulo. A pesquisa de campo consistiu em análise documental e em entrevistas qualitativas com atores envolvidos no processo de criação e operacionalização da SEL. A análise dos resultados foi baseada na análise temática dos dados coletados. A perspectiva situacional de Carlos Matus permitiu a análise do caso dentro de um contexto político específico. Por fim, conclui-se que a mobilização de capacidades estatais no âmbito da SEL, refletem a tentativa do governo municipal de São Paulo de ter um maior controle sobre o licenciamento urbano mesmo que essa tentativa não signifique uma mudança no status quo da produção capitalista da cidade / This dissertation sought to contribute to the debate on urban policies in the city of São Paulo, based on the analytical lens of state capacity. Brazilian urban studies, influenced by urban Marxism, contributed to the understanding of the role of capitalist forces in the production of Brazilian cities. However, few studies have focused on understanding the interests of State in the construction of urban space. The perspective of state capacity allows us to enter the state apparatus and understand how the public policies, actors and resources mobilized by the State reflect its own interests. State capacities are reinforced by the institutional approach, especially from the historical Neoinstitutionalism. But also from the situational approach developed by Carlos Matus. The method adopted is a qualitative research, based on the case study of the Municipal Licensing Department of the city of São Paulo (Brazil), between 2013 and 2016. The choice to study the capacities mobilized by the São Paulo City Hall surroundings the Municipal Licensing Department is based on the strong relationship built between state and non-state actors in the urban licensing of São Paulo. The field research consisted of documental includes documental analysis and qualitative interviews with actors involved in the process of creation and operationalization of Municipal Licensing Department. The analysis of the results was based on the thematic analysis of the collected data. The situational approach of Carlos Matus allowed the case analysis within a specific political context. Finally, the conclusion is the mobilization of state capacities reflects the attempt of the municipal government of São Paulo to have a greater control over urban licensing process even if this attempt does not mean a change in the status quo of capitalist production of the city

Depuis une trentaine d’années en France, les politiques de déplacement visent une réduction de l’usage de l’automobile en ville. En suivant diverses formulations et niveaux de contrainte sur l’usage des modes, ces politiques impactent les environnements urbains, et s’accompagnent dans les années 2000 de dispositifs communicationnels et informationnels visant à obtenir un changement de pratiques de la part des usagers. Les injonctions de la collectivité au changement de mode peuvent ainsi prendre des formes implicites ou explicites. Les injonctions implicites traduisent l’hypothèse d’une rationalité instrumentale prédominante chez l’usager-acteur, à la recherche de l’alternative « optimale » et modifient en conséquence l’environnement urbain au profit des modes « alternatifs » à la voiture. Les injonctions explicites s’adressent quant à elles à un usager, dont la rationalité serait davantage axiologique et s’attachent à le convaincre de changer de pratique par des campagnes de communication destinées à promouvoir des vertus et des valeurs associées aux modes alternatifs. A Lyon comme ailleurs, ces politiques ne sont pas couronnées du succès espéré. L’adhésion aux dispositifs mis en place n’est pas massive, de sorte que nous constatons de fortes résistances aux injonctions au changement de mode de déplacement. Que l’usage de la voiture reste prépondérant dans les espaces peu denses ne surprend pas, mais la résistance au changement de mode concerne également les communes centrales, denses et correctement desservies par les modes alternatifs. Nous en concluons que les hypothèses de la rationalité instrumentale et/ou axiologique de l’usager de la voiture ne suffisent pas à couvrir les raisons de la pratique automobile. En outre, la littérature de la recherche sur les déplacements urbains ne dit guère plus que ces deux hypothèses sur les comportements de mobilité. Que les approches scientifiques du choix modal reposent sur une théorie de la décision ou mobilisent les structures sociales pour expliquer les comportements, elles ne parviennent pas à expliquer et à rendre compte des résistances aux injonctions. Pour contribuer à cette réflexion, nous faisons l’hypothèse que le concept d’habitude peut utilement être convoqué, pour dépasser les dualismes « individu-structure » ou « choix-déterminisme » et permettre une lecture plus phénoménologique des pratiques de déplacements quotidiens. Nous avons donc développé une méthode originale en deux temps : des commentaires enregistrés par les acteurs-usagers en situation de déplacement, puis un questionnaire. Nous montrerons en quoi la force de l’habitude, constituée de trois dimensions (psychique, temporelle, spatiale) permet d’expliquer la résistance des usagers aux injonctions au changement de mode. Nous conclurons par la remise en cause des politiques de déplacement injonctives, et par la proposition de nouvelles perspectives tant opérationnelles et théoriques. / Since the 80’s the majority of French cities developed transport policies aiming at reducing car use. This involves the development of specific urban transport policies following various formulas (such as modal-shift, intermodal or multimodal policies) and various constraint levels on car use (incentive or restrictive policies). Several communicational and informational plans emerged since the 2000’s and support these policies in order to enable a change in urban transport practices. Local authorities’ injunctions to modal change take two principal shapes that are rather implicit or explicit. Implicit injunctions to modal change indicate a first hypothesis on the car-user developed by local authorities in charge of transportation planning and policies. This first hypothesis assumes a car-user in search of the “optimal” mode, and stipulates as a consequence a modification of urban environments in favor of “alternative modes” to make him change. Regarding explicit injunctions, a second hypothesis is assumed on the car-user, who is defined as an actor following an axiological rationality. As a consequence, communication campaigns on values and virtues of “alternative modes” are stipulated to achieve consent to change in the case of daily-life transport. In Lyon as elsewhere, these policies failed to meet with the expected success. The support to these plans and policies is not massive so that we observe strong resistances to injunctions to change. These resistances are not surprising in the case of low density spaces and are in line with the literature. However the resistances to modal change observed for the case of Lyon take place as well in central areas, accurately connected to public transportation services with high population density. We conclude that hypotheses of instrumental and axiological rationalities are limited in explaining the “reasons” of car use. Mainstream research literature on urban transport doesn’t go further than these two hypotheses. To contribute to this reflection we assume the hypothesis that habit - as a concept – can be mobilized to go beyond fruitless dualisms such as “individual vs. structure” or “choice vs. determinism” and enable the development of a rather phenomenological interpretation of transport behaviours. In order to identify the shapes and roles of habit in urban transport behaviours, we developed a two-step original method including the collection of comments recorded by car-drivers and a questionnaire. The latter enabled us to distinguish two sub-groups as regards to the strength of their automobile habit. As a major result we will show that automobile habit follows three dimensions, namely mental, temporal and spatial, and enable an explanation of user’s resistance to injunctions to modal change. In line with these results we will conclude with a critical reconsideration of transport policies based on injunctions to change, and with new operational and theoretical perspectives.

Thesis (B.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1976. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH / Bibliography: leaves 66-67. / by Carl Raymond Strauss. / B.S.

Thesis. 1978. M.Arch.A.S.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Architecture. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Bibliography: p. 72. / M.Arch.A.S.

Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning; and, (M. Arch. in Advanced Studies)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1979. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Bibliography: leaves 263-273. / by Gordon B. King. / M.C.P.

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Architecture, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg for the degree of Master of Urban Design. JOHANNESBURG 1992 / This dissertation studies the residential environment o f suburbia. As urbanisation continues to increase, renewed questions on the costs ot sprawl, its environmental impact and the livability of suburbia are being asked. The major aim or purpose is therefore to suggest new ideas which w ill be capable of transforming neighbourhoods into places exh biting the many qualities of urbanism that have been eroded away as standardised planning techniques and automobile domination, slowly but surely break down the fabric of urban areas. The research method traces the historical beginning of suburbia up to the present day in order to clearly understand the factors fundamental in determining its structure and form. The results show a need to compact and integrate res'dential areas so that densities may be increased and sprawl curtailed. Livability is, however, an essential prerequisite as without it a return to the slum conditions of the pre-war years is possible, due to the ever increasing population growth and rural depopulation.

O instrumento das operações urbanas foi definido pela lei federal brasileira do Estatuto da Cidade como instrumento de política urbana que permite à administração pública municipal, através de parcerias com o setor privado, realizar transformações estruturais em setores territoriais definidos, com recursos provenientes do setor privado. Em São Paulo, as operações urbanas foram propostas como instrumento de planejamento urbano em projeto de plano diretor elaborado em 1985, iniciando-se a partir daí uma trajetória que incluiu diferentes interpretações e formas de aplicação. O trabalho aqui apresentado reconstitui essa trajetória desde as primeiras concepções do instrumento até o ano de 2000, ou seja, o período que compreende suas primeiras formulações e que antecede a promulgação do Estatuto da Cidade. Foram comparadas e analisadas as cinco operações urbanas formuladas nesse período, colocando-as em relação a três processos articulados: urbanização, imobiliário e institucional. Com fundamento nas análises realizadas, argumenta-se que as operações urbanas tal como foram desenvolvidas em São Paulo nesse período, subordinaram-se à lógica do empreendedorismo imobiliário, contribuindo para processos de construção especulativa do lugar. Para que as operações urbanas desempenhem papel ativo como instrumento de políticas públicas voltado para uma cidade mais justa e menos desigual será preciso alterar as próprias bases constitutivas e os processos operativos das parcerias público-privado, em sua concepção e em sua origem. / The urban operations legal instrument was defined by the Brazilian federal urban development law (Statute of the City ? Estatuto da Cidade) as an instrument of urban policy that allows the local public administration, through partnerships with the private sector to accomplish structural changes on specific urban areas. The urban operations were proposed in São Paulo as an instrument of urban planning in a master plan project of 1985, starting then a course that includes different interpretations and ways of application. This work reconstitutes this trajectory from the first formulations of the instrument till the year 2000, the period that comprises its early designs and that was before the Statute of the City promulgation. Five urban operations proposed in this period were analyzed and compared in connection with three articulated processes: urbanization, property and institutional. Based on the accomplished analyses, it is argued that the urban operations as they were developed in São Paulo during this period followed the rules of the real state entrepreneurship logic and in doing so contributed to the speculative construction of place process. In order that the urban operations have an active role as a public policy instrument to a more just city it will be necessary to change its own constitutive basis and the operative processes of public-private partnership in its conception and origin.

This thesis maintains that, far from being politically impartial bodies, as professional associations might suggest, professions as a whole are resolutely influenced in their activities by the political will of the times. At the beginning of the third millennium, this ???will??? is described as neocorporatism, an ideology based on corporate structure and third sector co-governance. The research highlights the interrelationships between professions and ideology. A case study of the Canadian Institute of Planners - CIP - demonstrates how this neocorporatist philosophy is having an impact on its power and legitimacy and, ultimately, its effect within Canadian society. An historical review demonstrates how the Canadian Institute of Planners has reacted to and reflected state ideology throughout its history. It is clear that the organisation has been in a submissive relationship with the state until recently, where we see the balance of power starting to shift. The CIP is currently reorganising itself to better integrate with the state and improve its government relations. Documentation tracks the CIP???s participation in national policy processes and shows that it is, in fact, becoming significantly more involved in policy-making through various federal government consultation and partnership initiatives. The Canadian Institute of Planners seems to rely solely on practical conjecture to inform its operational choices. My hermeneutical discourse analysis uses existing theory and empirical information to advance our understanding of the CIP and by implication, professions in general. This enlightenment can help direct the organisation???s strategy within the neocorporate state apparatus and, ultimately, enable it to gain power, legitimacy and greater influence within Canada???s policy- and decision-making spheres.