Santrauka Tyrimas atliktas Lietuvos Sveikatos Mokslų Universitete, šio tyrimo duomenys surinkti iš veterinarijos klinikos „Veterinarinės Medicinos Centras“, 2011 – 2013 metų laikotarpiu. Darbo apimtis 30 puslapių, kuriuose yra 1 lentelė ir 10 diagramų. Darbo tikslas buvo išnagrinėti šunų susirgimo šlapimo takų akmenlige 2011 – 2013 metais sergamumą. Tiriamojo darbo uždaviniai buvo suformuluoti norint nustatyti šlapimo takų akmenligės pasireiškimo dažnumą, priklausomai nuo kitų urogenitalinės sistemos sutrikimo atvejų; kokių tipų akmenys ir/ar kristalai buvo nustatyti tyrimo eigoje, bei susidariusių susirgimų priklausomybę nuo amžiaus, lyties bei veislės. Išanalizavus 138 ligos istorijas susijusias su urogenitalinės sistemos problemomis, buvo nustatyti 47 (34,058%) šlapimo takų akmenligės atvejai. Visi sergantieji buvo išskirstyti į keletą skirtingų grupių, remiantis trimis pagrindiniais skirtumais: lytis, amžius ir veislė. Grupės skirstomos: I) pagal lytį, patelės (n=21) ir patinėliai (n=26); II) pagal amžių, buvo sudarytos keturios grupės: nuo 0 iki 3 metų (n=12), nuo 4 iki 6 metų (n=17), nuo 7 iki 10 metų (n=17) ir virš 11 metų (n=1); III) pagal veislę, buvo išskirstyta į dvi pagrindines grupes 1) grynakraujai (n=38), 22 skirtingos veislės ir 2) mišrūnai šunys (n=9). Apibendrinus tyrimo metu gautus rezultatus buvo padaryta išvada, kad šlapimo takų akmenligė pasireiškė 34,058% pacientams, iš visų susirgimų šlapimo sistemos ligomis. Iš visų tiriamųjų gausiausiai sirgo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Summury The study was fufilled at Lithuanian University of Health Sciences , the study material collected from the veterinary clinic „Veterinarės Medicinos Centras“, time period of 2011 – 2013 years. Thesis volume of 30 pages, containing 1 table and 10 figure. The aim was to examine the canine urolithiasis morbidity in 2011 - 2013 years . Research work tasks have been formulated to identify urinary tract stones , depending on the frequency of occurrence of other urogenital system disruptions , what types of stones and/or crystals have been identified during the course of the study , and the resulting onset of age, sex and breed. An analysis of 138 case histories associated with urogenital problems were identified 47 ( 34,058%) of urolithiasis cases . All the patients were broken down into several different groups based on the three main differences: gender , age and breed . Sets are : I) according to gender, females ( n = 21 ) and males ( n = 26 ), II ) according to age, was formed four groups : 0 to 3 years ( n = 12) from 4 to 6 years of age ( n = 17 ) , from 7 to 10 years ( n = 17 ) and over 11 years ( n = 1 ) and III) according to the breed was split into two main groups 1 ) pure breed ( n = 38 ) , 22 different varieties and 2 ) mixed breed dogs ( n = 9). Summarizing the research results , it was concluded that urolithiasis patients experienced 34,058 % of all patients with urinary system diseases. Among the most heavily suffered from 80.851 % pure breed dogs ( p < 0.001 )... [to full text]

A urolitíase é um problema recorrente na clínica veterinária considerada como causa de morbidade. As urolitíases são estreitamente associadas ao pH urinário e a nutrição exerce um papel fundamental no controle desta afecção, pois através da manipulação da dieta, pode-se modificar o pH urinário. A dieta possui cátions e ânions na sua composição mineral e a diferença entre íons é medida em miliequivalentes (mEq/kg) e denominado excesso de bases (EB) da dieta, calculado através da equação: (49,9 x Ca) + (82,3 x Mg) + (43,5 x Na) + (25,6 x K) – (64,6 x P) – (62,4 x S) – (28,2 x Cl), sendo a concentração dos elementos em g/kg de MS. A finalidade deste estudo, dividido em dois experimentos, foi avaliar o efeito da adição de fontes de enxofre (S) e cálcio nas dietas de felinos sobre o pH urinário e equilíbrio ácido-básico. A adição de fontes de enxofre objetivou demonstrar a eficácia na acidificação urinária. No primeiro experimento avaliaram-se três diferentes fontes de enxofre: sulfato de cálcio (CaSO4), DL-metionina (DLM) e Metionina hidróxi análoga (MHA) adicionados a uma dieta controle em dois níveis cada um. No tratamento controle não houve adição de acidificantes. No primeiro nível adicionou-se 1,28 g de S/kg e no segundo 2,56 g de S/kg, resultando em sete tratamentos. No segundo experimento duas fontes de cálcio foram avaliadas com o objetivo de pesquisar a eficácia destes sais na alcalinização da urina. No tratamento controle não houve adição de fontes de cálcio. Nos tratamentos 2 e 3 foram adicionados à dieta controle carbonato de cálcio e gluconato de cálcio, respectivamente, nas doses de +160 mEq/kg, resultando em três tratamentos. A urina produzida em cada período de 24 horas teve aferida seu volume, densidade e pH. No segundo experimento foi também medida a excreção urinária de cálcio no período de 72h. O equilíbrio ácido-básico foi avaliado pela hemogasometria de sangue venoso. A DLM no maior nível e o MHA diferiram da dieta controle em relação ao pH urinário (p<0,001) e seu poder acidificante foi maior que o do sulfato de cálcio (p<0,05). As duas fontes de cálcio alcalinizaram a urina, mas o carbonato de cálcio atingiu um pH urinário mais alto que o gluconato de cálcio. Concluiu-se que o efeito diferenciado das fontes de S e cálcio sobre o pH urinário é um indicador de que a participação do cálcio é dependente dos ânions a que está associado, o que leva ao questionamento sobre qual a melhor forma de avaliar sua participação no cálculo do EB. / Urolithiasis is a commom problem in the veterinary clinic considered as a cause of morbidity. The urolithiasis are closely associated with urinary pH and nutrition plays a key role in the control of this disease, because through dietary manipulation, it´s possible modify the urinary pH. The diet has cations and anions in their mineral composition and the difference between ions is measured in milliequivalents (mEq/kg) and called base excess (BE) of the diet, calculated by the equation: (49.9 x Ca) + (82, Mg x 3) + (43.5 x Na) + (25.6 x K) - (64.6 x P) - (62.4 x S) - (28.2 x Cl), being the concentration of elements in g/kg DM. The purpose of this study, divided in two experiments, was to evaluate the effect of addition of sources of sulfur (S) and calcium in the diets of cats on the urinary pH and acid-base balance. The addition of sulfur sources aimed to demonstrate the efficacy in urinary acidification. In the first experiment were evaluated three different sources of sulfur, calcium sulfate (CaSO4), DLMethionine (DLM) and Methionine hydroxy analogue (MHA) added to a control diet at two levels each. In the control treatment there was no addition of acidifying. At the first level was added 1.28 g S/kg and in the second 2.56 g S/kg, resulting in seven treatments. In the second experiment two calcium sources were evaluated in order to research the effectiveness of these salts in alkalinize urine. In the control treatment there was no addition of calcium sources. In treatments 2 and 3 were added to the control diet calcium carbonate and calcium gluconate, respectively, at doses of +160 mEq/kg, resulting in three treatments. The urine produced in each period of 24 hours had measured its volume, density and pH. The second experiment also measured the urinary excretion of calcium in the period of 72 hours. The acid-base balance was evaluated by blood gas analysis of venous blood. The DLM at the highest level and MHA differed of the control diet in relation to urinary pH (p<0.001) and their acidifying power was greater than the calcium sulfate (p<0.05). The two sources of calcium alkalinized the urine, but the calcium carbonate reached a urine pH higher than calcium gluconate. It was concluded that the effect of different sources of S and calcium on urinary pH is an indicator that the participation of calcium is dependent of the anions that is associated, which leads to questions about how is the best way to evaluate its participation in calculation of BE.

Current status: The recurrence of urinary stones is common, according to research results. Prevention of urolithiasis, especially of recurrent cases, is essential. Information about the disease, causes of urolithiasis and preventive regime are the basic principles. The patient should not only be informed about drinking and dietary regime after removal of the stone, but he should be motivated to fulfil these recommendations. Metaphylaxy is complex treatment regime; aim of whist is prevention of stone recurrence Methods: The research part was based on quantitative survey. Questionnaire, consisting of 22 questions, was used for survey.. The survey was performed at the Department of Urology, Region Hospital Ceske Budejovice since January 2011 till December 2013. Patients, where first stone was diagnosed, were involved. SPSS programme was used to evaluate results of quantitative survey. Medical recodes was used for secondary analysis of data of primary stone patients treated at the Department of Urology, Region Hospital Ceske Budejovice since 2009 till 2013. Microsoft Office Excel 2007 and SPSS programme was used for statistical analysis. The hypotheses were tested by using of Chí quadrat test. Patients: The patients with primary urinary tract stones, diagnosed in 2012 and 2013, were selected for survey. There were included 184 patients in 2012 and 102 patients in 2013. 150 patients had been addressed by questionnaire and 123 patients responded. The secondary analysis of data of patients treated for primary urinary stones at the Department of Urology, Region Hospital Ceske Budejovice since 2009 till 2013, was performed on 644 patients. Results: 644 patients were found as patients treated for primary stone at the Department of Urology, Region Hospital Ceske Budejovice since 2009 till 2013. This is in concordance with research goal: "Find, how many urinary stones patients were diagnosed at the Department of Urology, Region Hospital Ceske Budejovice since 2009 till 2013". The second research goal was: "Identify differences in dietary habits in urinary stones patients." There was fund a difference in meat intake between men and women. Decreasing trend in meat intake according to age was found, too. No difference in sugar intake was found intake between men and women. The third research goal was: " Identify the fluid intake in in urinary stones patients." There was found average fluid intake per day of 1 922 ml in women and 2 127 ml in men. The last research goal was: " Identify willingness of the patients to change their drinking and dietary regime." The willingness to to change drinking and dietary regime is affected by age of the patient, profession, way of stone removal and quality of information about to change their drinking and dietary regime. Conclusions: The drinking and dietary regime, in context with life style information, is basic for prevention of urinary stones. Fluid intake, dietary habits, physical activity, weight reduction, stress release are essential factors. The motivation, including clear and detailed information of the patient is important for compliance. The results of the theses will be offered for publishing in peer reviewed journal Urologie pro praxi.

Orientador: Aulus Cavalieri Carciofi / Banca: Aureo Evangelista Santana / Banca: Márcia Mery Kogika / Resumo: A composição de macroelementos da dieta influencia o equilíbrio ácido básico e as características da urina de cães, contribuindo tanto para o desenvolvimento como prevenção de urolitíases. O experimento 1 teve por objetivo comparar fórmulas para estimar o excesso de bases (EB) do alimento, avaliando a influência do enxofre e dos aminoácidos sulfurados sobre estes cálculos e o equilíbrio ácido-basico de cães. O segundo e terceiro estudo objetivaram avaliar, respectivamente, os efeitos da adição de sal catiônico (citrato de potássio em duas doses, 150mEq/kg e 300mEq/kg de dieta) e compostos aniônicos (hexametafosfato de sódio, metionina e sulfato de amônio, em duas doses cada um, -150mEq/kg e -300mEq/kg) em dietas para cães. Os cães permaneceram em gaiolas metabólicas durante cinco dias de adaptação à dieta, seguidos por três dias de coleta de urina total. Durante a coleta, a urina produzida em cada período de 24 horas teve seu volume, densidade e pH aferidos. O equilíbrio ácido-básico foi estudado por hemogasometria de sangue venoso, em amostras coletadas às 8:00hs (antes do fornecimento do alimento) e 15hs (6 horas após alimentação). O primeiro experimento incluiu nove alimentos comerciais e nove cães, em um delineamento quadrado latino 9x9. O pH urinário variou entre 6,47±0,23 a 7,77±0,16, o EB entre 75 e 765 mEq/kg MS. Foi observada diferença média de -57 mEq/kg entre o EB calculado com enxofre (EBs) e o EB calculado com aminoácidos sulfurados, sendo o primeiro melhor estimativa do EB do alimento. O pH urinário apresentou alta correlação com o EBS (r=0,98; p<0,001). No segundo experimento houve aumento linear do pH urinário mediante adição de citrato de potássio (p<0,05), elevando-se o pH urinário de 5,97±0,19 (controle) a 7,11±0,11 (300mEq citrato de potássio/kg; p<0,001). No terceiro experimento foi verificada redução do pH urinário... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Food mineral composition influences the acid-basic balance and characteristics of dogs' urine, contributing for both development and prevention of urolithiasis. The first experiment compared formulas to estimate food base excess (BE), evaluating the influence of total sulfur and sulfur amino acids on these calculations and acid-basic balance of dogs. The second and third experiments evaluated, respectively, the effects of addition of a cationic salt (potassium citrate in two doses, 150mEq/kg and 300mEq/kg of diet) and anionic compounds (sodium hexametaphosphate, methionine and ammonium sulphate, also in two doses, - 150mEq/kg and -300mEq/kg) in diets for dogs. Dogs were kept in metabolic cages for five days of adaptation phase to the diet, followed by three days of total urine collection. During collection, each 24 hours of produced urine were analyzed for density, volume and pH. Acid-basic balance was appraised by blood gas analysis of venous blood, in samples collected at 8:00h (before food consumption) and 15:00h (6 hours after meal). First experiment included nine commercial diets and nine dogs, in a Latin Square 9x9 design. The urinary pH varied between 6.47±0.23 to 7.77±0.16, BE between 75 and 765mEq/kg. A mean difference of -57mEq/kg was observed between BE calculations with sulfur (BEs) and BE calculations with sulfur amino acids, being the first formula a better tool to estimate food BE. The urinary pH presented high correlation with BEs (r=0.98; p<0.001). In second experiment was verified a linear increase of urinary pH by addition of potassium citrate (p<0.05), increasing the urinary pH from 5.97±0.19 (control) to 7.11±0.11 (300mEq potassium citrate/kg; p<0.001). In third experiment a reduction of urinary pH from 6.81±0.10 (control) to 5.45±0.23 (-300mEq/kg of ammonium sulphate; p<0.0001) was observed. Ammonium sulphate and methionine were effective in acidifying urine... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-07-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:51:04Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 nogueira_sp_me_jabo.pdf: 462158 bytes, checksum: 1d0aa2bf593c178c5c638ed575dc736a (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A composição de macroelementos da dieta influencia o equilíbrio ácido básico e as características da urina de cães, contribuindo tanto para o desenvolvimento como prevenção de urolitíases. O experimento 1 teve por objetivo comparar fórmulas para estimar o excesso de bases (EB) do alimento, avaliando a influência do enxofre e dos aminoácidos sulfurados sobre estes cálculos e o equilíbrio ácido-basico de cães. O segundo e terceiro estudo objetivaram avaliar, respectivamente, os efeitos da adição de sal catiônico (citrato de potássio em duas doses, 150mEq/kg e 300mEq/kg de dieta) e compostos aniônicos (hexametafosfato de sódio, metionina e sulfato de amônio, em duas doses cada um, -150mEq/kg e -300mEq/kg) em dietas para cães. Os cães permaneceram em gaiolas metabólicas durante cinco dias de adaptação à dieta, seguidos por três dias de coleta de urina total. Durante a coleta, a urina produzida em cada período de 24 horas teve seu volume, densidade e pH aferidos. O equilíbrio ácido-básico foi estudado por hemogasometria de sangue venoso, em amostras coletadas às 8:00hs (antes do fornecimento do alimento) e 15hs (6 horas após alimentação). O primeiro experimento incluiu nove alimentos comerciais e nove cães, em um delineamento quadrado latino 9x9. O pH urinário variou entre 6,47±0,23 a 7,77±0,16, o EB entre 75 e 765 mEq/kg MS. Foi observada diferença média de -57 mEq/kg entre o EB calculado com enxofre (EBs) e o EB calculado com aminoácidos sulfurados, sendo o primeiro melhor estimativa do EB do alimento. O pH urinário apresentou alta correlação com o EBS (r=0,98; p<0,001). No segundo experimento houve aumento linear do pH urinário mediante adição de citrato de potássio (p<0,05), elevando-se o pH urinário de 5,97±0,19 (controle) a 7,11±0,11 (300mEq citrato de potássio/kg; p<0,001). No terceiro experimento foi verificada redução do pH urinário... / Food mineral composition influences the acid-basic balance and characteristics of dogs’ urine, contributing for both development and prevention of urolithiasis. The first experiment compared formulas to estimate food base excess (BE), evaluating the influence of total sulfur and sulfur amino acids on these calculations and acid-basic balance of dogs. The second and third experiments evaluated, respectively, the effects of addition of a cationic salt (potassium citrate in two doses, 150mEq/kg and 300mEq/kg of diet) and anionic compounds (sodium hexametaphosphate, methionine and ammonium sulphate, also in two doses, - 150mEq/kg and -300mEq/kg) in diets for dogs. Dogs were kept in metabolic cages for five days of adaptation phase to the diet, followed by three days of total urine collection. During collection, each 24 hours of produced urine were analyzed for density, volume and pH. Acid-basic balance was appraised by blood gas analysis of venous blood, in samples collected at 8:00h (before food consumption) and 15:00h (6 hours after meal). First experiment included nine commercial diets and nine dogs, in a Latin Square 9x9 design. The urinary pH varied between 6.47±0.23 to 7.77±0.16, BE between 75 and 765mEq/kg. A mean difference of -57mEq/kg was observed between BE calculations with sulfur (BEs) and BE calculations with sulfur amino acids, being the first formula a better tool to estimate food BE. The urinary pH presented high correlation with BEs (r=0.98; p<0.001). In second experiment was verified a linear increase of urinary pH by addition of potassium citrate (p<0.05), increasing the urinary pH from 5.97±0.19 (control) to 7.11±0.11 (300mEq potassium citrate/kg; p<0.001). In third experiment a reduction of urinary pH from 6.81±0.10 (control) to 5.45±0.23 (-300mEq/kg of ammonium sulphate; p<0.0001) was observed. Ammonium sulphate and methionine were effective in acidifying urine... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-02-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:51:21Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 jeremias_jt_me_jabo.pdf: 358762 bytes, checksum: 340c662a9f286424e15dcb1907d5b14b (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A composição mineral da dieta influencia as características da urina de gatos, estando envolvida no desenvolvimento e prevenção de urolitíases. O excesso de bases (EB) do alimento possui alta correlação com o pH urinário de gatos. Este pode ser calculado a partir da determinação da composição de macroelementos ou de aminoácidos sulfurados contidos na dieta. Em um primeiro estudo comparou-se fórmulas publicadas para estimar o EB do alimento e o pH urinário de gatos, avaliando a influência do enxofre e dos aminoácidos sulfurados sobre os cálculos, e verificou a relação entre o EB do alimento e parâmetros hemogasométricos. Em outro estudo foram avaliados os efeitos da adição de sais aniônicos acidificantes e de sais catiônicos alcalinizantes em dietas para felinos, com o objetivo de se validar as equações de estimação do pH urinário desenvolvidas no estudo anterior, demonstrar a eficácia desses sais, bem como verificar possíveis perturbações no equilíbrio ácido-básico dos animais decorrentes destas modificações na composição da dieta. Os gatos permaneceram em gaiolas metabólicas durante sete dias de adaptação à dieta, seguidos por três dias de coleta total de urina. Durante a coleta, a urina produzida em cada período de 24 horas teve aferida seu volume, densidade e pH. O equilíbrio ácido-básico foi estudado pela hemogasometria de sangue venoso. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas às 8:00hs (antes do fornecimento do alimento) e 6 horas depois do fornecimento, após 10 dias de adaptação ao alimento. No primeiro estudo o pH urinário variou entre 5,83±0,09 e 7,74±0,13. O EBS entre –185 e 309 mEq/kg MS e EBaa entre -49 e 377 mEq/kg MS. A diferença média de -115 mEq/kg entre EBS e EBaa foi observada. O pH urinário apresentou alta correlação com o EBS (r=0,95; p<0.0001) e EBaa (r=0,86; p<0.0001)... / Food mineral composition influences the characteristics of cat’s urine and is involved in the development and prevention of urolithiasis. Food base excess (BE) has a high correlation with cat urinary pH. BE can be calculated utilizing only macroelements or using sulfur amino acids (methionine and cistine) instead of total sulfur. In the first chapter compared published formulas to estimate food BE and urinary pH of cats, evaluated the influence of total sulfur and sulfur amino acids on BE calculations, and verified the relationship between food BE with cat blood gases analysis. In other chapter, effects of acidifying and alkalizing additives on cats food were evaluated, so that: 1. the urinary pH prediction equations developed on chapter 2 could be validated, 2. mineral salt efficacy could be demonstrated, 3. potential acid base alterations caused by the additives used on the cat’s food could be verified. Cats were housed in metabolic cages and fed during a seven days adaptation phase followed by three days of total urine collection. Urine was collected in plastic bottles conserved in ice under the cage funnel. Each 24-h of produced urine were pooled by cat and analyzed for density, volume and pH. Cat’s acidbasic status was studied by blood gas analysis of venous blood. Blood samples were collected at 8:00h (pre feeding) and 6 hours after meal, after 10-days of food adaptation. In the first chapter pH of cats varied in the interval of 5.83±0.13 (mean±SD) and 7.74±0.12. Food BEs varied between –185 and 309 mmol/kg DM, and food BEaa between -49 and 377 mmol/kg DM. A mean difference of -115 mmol/kg between EB1 and EB2 was observed Urine pH has high correlations with food BEs (r=0.95; p<0.0001) and BEaa (r=0.86; p<0.0001). In the second chapter Alkalizing additives: urinary pH of cats varied in the interval of 5,60±0,07 a 6,15±0,06 (p<0,0005)... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Aulus Cavalieri Carciofi / Banca: José Jurandir Fagliari / Banca: Arquivaldo Reche Júnior / Resumo: A composição mineral da dieta influencia as características da urina de gatos, estando envolvida no desenvolvimento e prevenção de urolitíases. O excesso de bases (EB) do alimento possui alta correlação com o pH urinário de gatos. Este pode ser calculado a partir da determinação da composição de macroelementos ou de aminoácidos sulfurados contidos na dieta. Em um primeiro estudo comparou-se fórmulas publicadas para estimar o EB do alimento e o pH urinário de gatos, avaliando a influência do enxofre e dos aminoácidos sulfurados sobre os cálculos, e verificou a relação entre o EB do alimento e parâmetros hemogasométricos. Em outro estudo foram avaliados os efeitos da adição de sais aniônicos acidificantes e de sais catiônicos alcalinizantes em dietas para felinos, com o objetivo de se validar as equações de estimação do pH urinário desenvolvidas no estudo anterior, demonstrar a eficácia desses sais, bem como verificar possíveis perturbações no equilíbrio ácido-básico dos animais decorrentes destas modificações na composição da dieta. Os gatos permaneceram em gaiolas metabólicas durante sete dias de adaptação à dieta, seguidos por três dias de coleta total de urina. Durante a coleta, a urina produzida em cada período de 24 horas teve aferida seu volume, densidade e pH. O equilíbrio ácido-básico foi estudado pela hemogasometria de sangue venoso. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas às 8:00hs (antes do fornecimento do alimento) e 6 horas depois do fornecimento, após 10 dias de adaptação ao alimento. No primeiro estudo o pH urinário variou entre 5,83±0,09 e 7,74±0,13. O EBS entre -185 e 309 mEq/kg MS e EBaa entre -49 e 377 mEq/kg MS. A diferença média de -115 mEq/kg entre EBS e EBaa foi observada. O pH urinário apresentou alta correlação com o EBS (r=0,95; p<0.0001) e EBaa (r=0,86; p<0.0001)... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Food mineral composition influences the characteristics of cat's urine and is involved in the development and prevention of urolithiasis. Food base excess (BE) has a high correlation with cat urinary pH. BE can be calculated utilizing only macroelements or using sulfur amino acids (methionine and cistine) instead of total sulfur. In the first chapter compared published formulas to estimate food BE and urinary pH of cats, evaluated the influence of total sulfur and sulfur amino acids on BE calculations, and verified the relationship between food BE with cat blood gases analysis. In other chapter, effects of acidifying and alkalizing additives on cats food were evaluated, so that: 1. the urinary pH prediction equations developed on chapter 2 could be validated, 2. mineral salt efficacy could be demonstrated, 3. potential acid base alterations caused by the additives used on the cat's food could be verified. Cats were housed in metabolic cages and fed during a seven days adaptation phase followed by three days of total urine collection. Urine was collected in plastic bottles conserved in ice under the cage funnel. Each 24-h of produced urine were pooled by cat and analyzed for density, volume and pH. Cat's acidbasic status was studied by blood gas analysis of venous blood. Blood samples were collected at 8:00h (pre feeding) and 6 hours after meal, after 10-days of food adaptation. In the first chapter pH of cats varied in the interval of 5.83±0.13 (mean±SD) and 7.74±0.12. Food BEs varied between -185 and 309 mmol/kg DM, and food BEaa between -49 and 377 mmol/kg DM. A mean difference of -115 mmol/kg between EB1 and EB2 was observed Urine pH has high correlations with food BEs (r=0.95; p<0.0001) and BEaa (r=0.86; p<0.0001). In the second chapter Alkalizing additives: urinary pH of cats varied in the interval of 5,60±0,07 a 6,15±0,06 (p<0,0005)... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

A urolitíase é um problema recorrente na clínica veterinária considerada como causa de morbidade. As urolitíases são estreitamente associadas ao pH urinário e a nutrição exerce um papel fundamental no controle desta afecção, pois através da manipulação da dieta, pode-se modificar o pH urinário. A dieta possui cátions e ânions na sua composição mineral e a diferença entre íons é medida em miliequivalentes (mEq/kg) e denominado excesso de bases (EB) da dieta, calculado através da equação: (49,9 x Ca) + (82,3 x Mg) + (43,5 x Na) + (25,6 x K) – (64,6 x P) – (62,4 x S) – (28,2 x Cl), sendo a concentração dos elementos em g/kg de MS. A finalidade deste estudo, dividido em dois experimentos, foi avaliar o efeito da adição de fontes de enxofre (S) e cálcio nas dietas de felinos sobre o pH urinário e equilíbrio ácido-básico. A adição de fontes de enxofre objetivou demonstrar a eficácia na acidificação urinária. No primeiro experimento avaliaram-se três diferentes fontes de enxofre: sulfato de cálcio (CaSO4), DL-metionina (DLM) e Metionina hidróxi análoga (MHA) adicionados a uma dieta controle em dois níveis cada um. No tratamento controle não houve adição de acidificantes. No primeiro nível adicionou-se 1,28 g de S/kg e no segundo 2,56 g de S/kg, resultando em sete tratamentos. No segundo experimento duas fontes de cálcio foram avaliadas com o objetivo de pesquisar a eficácia destes sais na alcalinização da urina. No tratamento controle não houve adição de fontes de cálcio. Nos tratamentos 2 e 3 foram adicionados à dieta controle carbonato de cálcio e gluconato de cálcio, respectivamente, nas doses de +160 mEq/kg, resultando em três tratamentos. A urina produzida em cada período de 24 horas teve aferida seu volume, densidade e pH. No segundo experimento foi também medida a excreção urinária de cálcio no período de 72h. O equilíbrio ácido-básico foi avaliado pela hemogasometria de sangue venoso. A DLM no maior nível e o MHA diferiram da dieta controle em relação ao pH urinário (p<0,001) e seu poder acidificante foi maior que o do sulfato de cálcio (p<0,05). As duas fontes de cálcio alcalinizaram a urina, mas o carbonato de cálcio atingiu um pH urinário mais alto que o gluconato de cálcio. Concluiu-se que o efeito diferenciado das fontes de S e cálcio sobre o pH urinário é um indicador de que a participação do cálcio é dependente dos ânions a que está associado, o que leva ao questionamento sobre qual a melhor forma de avaliar sua participação no cálculo do EB. / Urolithiasis is a commom problem in the veterinary clinic considered as a cause of morbidity. The urolithiasis are closely associated with urinary pH and nutrition plays a key role in the control of this disease, because through dietary manipulation, it´s possible modify the urinary pH. The diet has cations and anions in their mineral composition and the difference between ions is measured in milliequivalents (mEq/kg) and called base excess (BE) of the diet, calculated by the equation: (49.9 x Ca) + (82, Mg x 3) + (43.5 x Na) + (25.6 x K) - (64.6 x P) - (62.4 x S) - (28.2 x Cl), being the concentration of elements in g/kg DM. The purpose of this study, divided in two experiments, was to evaluate the effect of addition of sources of sulfur (S) and calcium in the diets of cats on the urinary pH and acid-base balance. The addition of sulfur sources aimed to demonstrate the efficacy in urinary acidification. In the first experiment were evaluated three different sources of sulfur, calcium sulfate (CaSO4), DLMethionine (DLM) and Methionine hydroxy analogue (MHA) added to a control diet at two levels each. In the control treatment there was no addition of acidifying. At the first level was added 1.28 g S/kg and in the second 2.56 g S/kg, resulting in seven treatments. In the second experiment two calcium sources were evaluated in order to research the effectiveness of these salts in alkalinize urine. In the control treatment there was no addition of calcium sources. In treatments 2 and 3 were added to the control diet calcium carbonate and calcium gluconate, respectively, at doses of +160 mEq/kg, resulting in three treatments. The urine produced in each period of 24 hours had measured its volume, density and pH. The second experiment also measured the urinary excretion of calcium in the period of 72 hours. The acid-base balance was evaluated by blood gas analysis of venous blood. The DLM at the highest level and MHA differed of the control diet in relation to urinary pH (p<0.001) and their acidifying power was greater than the calcium sulfate (p<0.05). The two sources of calcium alkalinized the urine, but the calcium carbonate reached a urine pH higher than calcium gluconate. It was concluded that the effect of different sources of S and calcium on urinary pH is an indicator that the participation of calcium is dependent of the anions that is associated, which leads to questions about how is the best way to evaluate its participation in calculation of BE.

OBJETIVOS: O aumento da expectativa de vida tem gerado um envelhecimento populacional global, fazendo com que a proporção de indivíduos com mais de 60 anos de idade cresça mais rapidamente do que as demais faixas etárias. A incidência de litíase urinária em indivíduos idosos tem aumentado nos últimos anos, principalmente em nações industrializadas. Aspectos particulares do envelhecimento orgânico aumentam a morbidade associada à litíase urinária em idosos, tornando a prevenção e o tratamento clínico ainda mais relevantes nessa faixa etária. Nosso objetivo é analisar a avaliação metabólica de homens idosos portadores de cálculos renais. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Realizamos um estudo clínico tipo caso-controle. Os critérios de inclusão foram: indivíduos do sexo masculino com mais de 60 anos de idade, com antecedente de cólica renal ou diagnóstico incidental de litíase urinária após os 60 anos (grupo caso); no grupo controle foram incluídos pacientes da mesma faixa etária sem antecedente de cólica renal ou diagnóstico incidental de litíase renal. Todos os participantes foram submetidos à anamnese e aqueles selecionados realizaram perfil metabólico para diagnóstico de litíase urinária: dosagem sérica de cálcio total, cálcio ionizado, ácido úrico, fósforo, glicemia, uréia, creatinina e paratormônio (PTH); coleta de urina para urocultura e pH urinário, e amostras de urina de 24 horas para quantificação do volume e dosagem de cálcio, citrato, creatinina, ácido úrico e sódio. Foram também submetidos à radiografia simples de abdome e ultrassonografia do aparelho urinário. Os indivíduos do grupo caso realizaram dois perfis metabólicos completos de urina de 24 horas, enquanto os do grupo controle somente um perfil. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise estatística. RESULTADOS: Cento e dez indivíduos foram convocados e, após aplicação dos critérios de inclusão, 70 foram selecionados. Cinquenta e um indivíduos concluíram a investigação clínica, sendo 25 no grupo caso e 26 no controle. Cinquenta e seis por cento dos pacientes do grupo caso apresentaram hipocitratúria comparados a 15,4% do grupo controle (p=0,002). A determinação de sódio em urina de 24 horas também apresentou diferença estatisticamente significativa entre casos e controles: 64% versus 30,8%, respectivamente (p=0,017). Estes resultados foram submetidos à análise de regressão logística univariada e múltipla, respectivamente, e mantiveram seus níveis de significância. CONCLUSÃO: A hipocitratúria e a hipernatriúria são os principais distúrbios metabólicos apresentados por indivíduos idosos do sexo masculino portadores de cálculo urinário / PURPOSES: Rise in life expectancy has caused a global populational ageing and people older than 60-years have increased more than any other age group. The incidence of urinary lithiasis in aging people has increased during the last years, mainly in developed nations. Some aspects concerning organic ageing increase morbidity related to urolithiasis in older individuals making prevention and medical management of urinary stones relevant in this age group. Our objective is to evaluate metabolic parameters in men older than 60 years with urinary stones. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A case-control study was performed. Inclusion criteria were: men older than 60- years old with renal pain episodes or incidental diagnosis of urinary lithiasis beginning after 60-years old (case arm). Control group was constituted by patients older than 60 years without renal colic past or diagnosis of urolithiasis. Patients were recruited from a database from the Urologic Clinic at University of São Paulo Medical School Hospital. Each individual was submitted to anamnesis and those selected underwent a metabolic evaluation for urinary stones: serum dosages of total and ionized calcium, uric acid, phosphorus, glucose, urea, creatinine and parathyroid hormone (PTH); urine culture and urinary pH. Twenty four hour urine samples were obtained for volume quantification and for calcium, citrate, creatinine, uric acid and sodium dosages. An abdominal x-ray and ultrasonography were performed in all patients. Case arm patients underwent two complete metabolic urinary investigations while control arm individuals to only one. All results were submitted to statistical analysis. RESULTS: One hundred and ten individuals were called up for initial evaluation and 70 were selected. Fifty-one individuals concluded the whole clinical investigation: 25 in the case arm and 26 in the control arm. Hypocitraturia was present in 56% of case arm patients and 15,4% of the control arm patients (p=0,002). Hypernatriuria in 24-hour urine samples was found in 64% of case arm patients and in 30,8% of control arm patients (p=0,017). These results were submitted to univariate and multiple logistic regressions and maintained their levels of significancy. CONCLUSION: Hypocitraturia and hypernatriuria are the main metabolic disorders among aging men with urolithiasis

no / Rationale and Objectives: To determine whether a single source computed tomography (CT) system utilizing fast kV switching and low dose settings can characterize (diameter and chemical composition) renal stones accurately when compared infrared spectroscopy. Materials and Methods: The chemical composition of 15 renal stones was determined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The stones were inserted into a porcine kidney and placed within a water tank for CT scanning using both fast kV switching dual energy and standard protocols. Effective atomic number of each stone was measured using scanner software. Stone diameter measurements were repeated twice to determine intra-rater variation and compared to actual stone diameter as measured by micro CT. Results: The chemical composition of three stones (one calcium phosphate and two carbonite apatite) could not be determined using the scanner software. The composition of 10/12 remaining stones was correctly identified using dual energy computed tomography (83% absolute agreement; k = 0.69). No statistical difference (p = 0.051) was noted in the mean stone diameter as measured by clinical CT and micro CT. Conclusion: Dual energy computed tomography using fast kV switching may potentially be developed as a low dose clinical tool for identifying and classifying renal stones in vivo supporting clinical decision-making.