This thesis aims to find out the range of unpaid work in the Czech Republic and whether there are significant gender differences in the terms of unpaid work. This target was reached by evaluating experience from abroad, specifically from the research of OECD, research of HETUS and research based on a survey in the Slovakia in 2011. Measure of unpaid work in the Czech Republic was determined by present surveys, but was mainly based on my own survey. The thesis also contains a theoretical part that specifies the importance and influence of unpaid work. Gender inequalities in society but mainly in the labour market were also specified. This thesis summarises past results of surveys that addressed the topic of unpaid work. The main asset of my work is the research in the Czech Republic, which is directly focused on the range of unpaid work as there only had been series of research that dealt with unpaid work briefly. Another benefit of this work is proposing possible amendments because the assumption that women spend more time on unpaid work than men was confirmed. These changes could help to compensate the inequality.

The purpose of this study was to understand the relationship between time spent by students engaged in student co-curricular involvement, online social networking, and studying on their academic achievement. Additional factors such as student residence, gender, ethnicity, class standing and work for pay were also considered. Existing literature supports the concept that the more time students spend in educationally purposeful activities, the more likely students are going to be successful. Little research exists regarding the use of current versions of online social networking, and the relationship it might have to student academic achievement as measured by grade point average. Therefore, this study was intended to further our understanding of these factors. Data for this quantitative study came from an online administration of a survey. The survey was disseminated to students who were enrolled at a large, public research institution in the southeastern United States and who were additionally registered in the institution's database of student organization officers during the fall 2010 semester. The number of respondents was 613, which was a 28% response rate. A multiple regression analysis was used along with other statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics were analyzed for all variables. All data was self-reported by students. This study yielded several statistically significant findings however the effect sizes for most of the regression models was low. The findings showed statistically significant, negative correlations between the number of hours spent by students engaged in co-curricular involvement and online social networking as it relates to grade point average. Additionally, studying and doing coursework was positively correlated with grade point average. Lastly, work for pay off-campus was negatively correlated with grade point average. Additional data analysis was conducted excluding graduate students who had originally completed the survey. This data analysis included 474 respondents. The regression models which excluded graduate students did not yield large effect sizes. Co-curricular student involvement and online social networking did have statistically significant, negative correlations with grade point average but less so than in the original analysis. These findings were despite the reported increase in the number of hours spent per week engaged in co-curricular involvement and online social networking. Work for pay off campus was more significantly negative. The findings of this study both supported and conflicted with existing literature on these topics. The finding of statistical significance for most variables can most likely be attributed to the large sample size in the study. These findings offer additional opportunities for research by other student affairs practitioners who are interested in student success factors like those included in this study.

The analysis of use of time during the week and the weekend provides an appropiate measure of the lifestyle. We describe the characteristics of the different groups and they are studied in relation to the lifestyle and work and family satisfaction. The concept of Congruence/Incongruence is used for analyzing the relationship between work and family environments. The conclusion is that those worlds are not independent. Moreover, lifestyle and satisfaction show some associations with demographic variables such as sex, kind of couple, and vital cycle (the age and the fact of having children). / El análisis de la distribución del tiempo que realizan las personas durante la semana y el fin de semana proporciona una adecuada medida del estilo de vida. Se describen y estudian las características de diferentes grupos de personas en función del estilo de vida y la satisfacción en el ámbito laboral y familiar. A través del concepto Congruencia/Incongruencia se analiza la relación entre el entorno laboral y familiar, donde se comprueba que ambos, mundos no son independientes. A su vez, el estilo de vida y la satisfacción muestran determinadas relaciones con variables demográficas como sexo, tipo de pareja y ciclo vital (edad y tener/no tener hijos).

The aim of my work was to find out how the time is being used during the PE (Physical Education) lessons at lower secondary schools. I was looking at contents of each part of the lesson, teacher's organizing and controlling activity, the number of pupils who did exercise and thein relation to time effectiveness of exercise unit. The work is dividend into two parts: theoretical and practical. The theoretical part is dealing with a locomotor activity, physical education, physical education in Framework Educational Programme (for Elementary Education), PE teacher, organization and controlling PE class unit and effectivity of schooling the PE. The methods used in a practical part to solve the results were chronometer and observation. The surfy took place at lower secondary schools of four Primary schools in Kadaň. There have been observed fiflen exercise units altogether. KEY WORDS Use of time, exercise unit, physical education, chronometer, exercise time, losstime

Darbo tikslas. Atskleisti LSMU Kauno klinikų šeimos medicinos klinikoje dirbančių šeimos gydytojų ir besilankančių pacientų požiūrį į gydytojo medicininės konsultacijos tikslus ir pacientui skirto laiko panaudojimą apsilankymo metu.
Uždaviniai: 1.Atskleisti gydytojų ir pacientų požiūrį į medicininės konsultacijos tikslus; 2.Atskleisti gydytojų ir pacientų lūkesčius, susijusius su gydytojų/pacientų elgesiu konsultacijose; 3.Išryškinti pagrindinius veiksmingo gydytojo konsultacijos laiko panaudojimo kliuvinius; 4.Atskleisti ir aptarti šeimos gydytojo konsultacijai skirto laiko panaudojimo optimizavimo galimybes.
Tyrimo metodika. Tyrimo objektas – LSMU Kauno klinikų šeimos medicinos klinikos šeimos gydytojai ir klinikos pacientai. Tyrimas atliktas pagal kokybinio tyrimo metodologiją. Duomenys rinkti naudojant pusiau struktūruoto interviu metodą. Tyrimo analizė atlikta naudojant teminės analizės metodą.
Rezultatai. Tyrimo metu atsiskleidė, kad kreipdamiesi į šeimos gydytoją pacientai tikisi gauti gydymą ir pagalbą įveikiant ligą. Gydytojams pagrindinis tikslas yra suteikti pagalbą. Paaiškėjo, kad gydytojai tikisi iš pacientų bendradarbiavimo ir pasitikėjimo, o pacientai – dėmeso pacientui kaip asmeniui bei jo problemai ir galimybę gauti reikiamą informaciją. Atskleidėme, kad veiksmingo gydytojo konsultacijos laiko panaudojimo kliuvinių yra tarpasmeninėje gydytojo ir paciento sąveikoje bei netobuloje sveikatos priežiūros... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of the study. Reveal general practitioners' and outpatients' attitude to aims of medical consultation and to outpatients' given time use effectiveness during visitation at Clinic of Family Medicine, LUHS Kaunas Clinics. Objectives: 1. Reveal general practitioners’ and outpatients’ attitude to aims of medical consultation; 2. Reveal general practitioners’ and outpatients’ expectations which are related to their behaviour during consultation. 3. Emphasize main obstacles of effective physician’s consultation. 4. Reveal and discuss the given time use optimization opportunities for general practitioners’ consultation. Methodology of the study. Object of the study – general practitioners and outpatients at Clinic of Family Medicine, LUHS Kaunas Clinics. The study was conducted by qualitative research methodology. The data was collected using a semi-structured interview method. The study was examined using thematic analysis. Results. The study revealed that patients who see a general practitioner expect to receive treatment and assistance to overcome a disease. The main aim of general practitioners is to give assistance to patients. It was identified that physicians expect cooperation and trust from patients while patients - attention to their complaints and to be treated as individual persons as well as to receive the necessary information. We have estimated that obstacles of the effective use of medical appointments are interpersonal physician-patient interaction and... [to full text]

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:44:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6239.pdf: 1638797 bytes, checksum: 18b4f080ebc5f8036bc0a1d70d4db2fe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-28 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Introduction: Obesity is a matter of universal concern and its prevalence is increasing at epidemic levels worldwide. It is considered a chronic, multifactorial disease characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue in the body. In the present study, the individuals surveyed were obese grade III, due to excess weight, have a negative impact on the quality and life expectancy, for failing to lose weight through less invasive treatments. Through this context, it can be observed that increasing indications of bariatric surgery because of the need for more effective intervention in the clinical management of grade III obese patients, aiming these way positive predictions regarding the condition of life of the individual occurs. In this study, it is also observed, the performance of occupational roles and the degree of importance given to each of them and the use of time devoted to activities that constitute the routine of individuals. Objective: The study had as main objective, to evaluate and compare the quality of life, the performance of occupational roles and the time spent performing routine activities of individuals with obesity before and after bariatric surgery. Methodology: This was a crosssectional study with a cross -section type quantitative approach, performed at the Hospital of Ribeirão Preto, with the participation of 80 subjects divided into 4 groups of 20 patients each: pre-surgical group after group surgical 3 months, 6 months post -surgical and post surgical group 12 months. The following instruments were used: Role Checklist, Clock Activities and WHOQOL BREF quality of life questionnaire. Results: In relation to quality of life, it was found that the postoperative group showed higher than preoperatively in all these domains (Physical, Psychological, Social, Environmental), it was found that all differences were significant and that areas correlated with each other. The results of the Role Checklist, pointed out that in the past the role more marked by pre student, worker and hobby group were, at present, the role of domestic service, family and religious excelled, and in the future, the most important up the roles of hobby, student and volunteer. The post operative group in the past the roles of student, volunteer, work and domestic service were the most evident , at present, more marked papers by this group were domestic service, family and friends , and in the future, it was observed that roles were more prominent, volunteer, student and worker. Regarding the degree of importance it was found that individuals in the postoperative group tended to give much importance to all papers studied, while those of the pre group tended to give any importance to the role organizations. The results regarding the time spent on work, activities with family and personal activities during the week and weekend, pointed out that, although similar, the means of the postoperative group were higher than the preoperative in all variables. Conclusion: The study provided a glimpse of the context of everyday life for individuals in a state of morbid obesity and postoperative, observing all the similarities and differences involved in these periods. Denotes the complexity of the issues involved and the relevance of knowledge about occupational career, the impact of quality of life and natural or simultaneous division of time in relation to different moments in the lives of individuals. Further studies are suggested to the theoretical and empirical depth, aiming at monitoring trends and trajectories of morbid obesity. / Introdução: A obesidade é um assunto de interesse universal e sua prevalência vem aumentando em níveis de epidemia no mundo inteiro. É considerada uma doença crônica, multifatorial, caracterizada pelo acúmulo excessivo de tecido adiposo no organismo. No presente estudo, os indivíduos pesquisados foram obesos grau III, que devido ao excesso de peso, apresentam impacto negativo da qualidade e expectativa de vida, por não conseguirem perder peso através de tratamentos menos invasivos. Através desse contexto, pode-se observar que ocorre o aumento das indicações das cirurgias bariátricas devido à necessidade de uma intervenção mais eficaz na condução clínica de obesos grau III, objetivando dessa maneira prognósticos positivos em relação à condição de vida do indivíduo. Nesse estudo, observa-se também o desempenho dos papéis ocupacionais e o grau de importância dado a cada um deles e o uso do tempo dedicado a atividades que permeiam a rotina dos indivíduos. Objetivo: O estudo teve como objetivo geral, avaliar e comparar a qualidade de vida, o desempenho dos papéis ocupacionais e o tempo dedicado à realização de atividades rotineiras, de indivíduos com obesidade, antes e após a realização da cirurgia bariátrica. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, tipo cross-section, com abordagem quantitativa, realizado no Hospital das Clínicas de Ribeirão Preto, com a participação de 80 sujeitos, divididos em 2 grandes grupos: grupo pré operatório e grupo pós operatório (pós 3 meses, pós 6 meses e pós 12 meses). Foram utilizados os seguintes instrumentos: questionário de qualidade de vida WHOqolbref ; Lista de Identificação dos Papéis Ocupacionais e Relógio de Atividades. Resultados: Em relação à qualidade de vida, verificou-se que o grupo pós-operatório apresentou média superior ao préoperatório em todos os domínios avaliados (Físico, Psicológico, Social, Ambiental, Total), sendo que todas as diferenças observadas foram significativas e que os domínios correlacionaram-se entre si. Os resultados da Lista de Identificação dos Papéis Ocupacionais apontaram que, em relação ao passado, os papéis mais marcados pelo grupo pré operatório foram: estudante, trabalhador e passatempo; no presente, os papéis de serviço doméstico, família e religioso se sobressaíram; e no futuro, destacaram-se os papéis de passatempo, estudante e voluntário. Já no grupo pós- operatório, no tempo passado, os papéis de estudante, voluntário, trabalhador e serviço doméstico foram os mais evidenciados; no presente, os papéis mais marcados por esse grupo foram serviço doméstico, família e amigo; e no futuro, observouse que os papéis de maior destaque foram de voluntário, estudante e trabalhador. Em relação ao grau de importância, verificou-se que os indivíduos do grupo pós- operatório tenderam a dar muita importância para todos os papéis estudados, enquanto os indivíduos do grupo pré tenderam a dar nenhuma importância para o papel organizações. A análise dos resultados quanto ao tempo gasto com trabalho, atividades com a família e atividades pessoais durante a semana e final de semana, apontou que, apesar de próximas, as médias do grupo pós-operatório foram superiores ao pré-operatório em todas as variáveis analisadas. Conclusão: O estudo permitiu vislumbrar o contexto do cotidiano de indivíduos em situação de obesidade grau III nos momentos pré e pós- operatórios, observando- se todas as similaridades e diferenças envolvidas nesses períodos. Denota-se a complexidade dos temas envolvidos e a relevância de conhecimento da carreira ocupacional, do impacto da qualidade de vida e a divisão singular ou simultânea do tempo em relação a momentos distintos na vida desses indivíduos. Outros estudos são sugeridos para o aprofundamento teórico e empírico, visando o acompanhamento de tendências e trajetórias da obesidade grau III.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:44:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6692.pdf: 1966749 bytes, checksum: 0520fc57a6cba7c16381d1125d8b2a7c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Children, as well as adults, organize their daily routines based on their role in day-today activities. Studies on use of time are an important tool for the acknowledgment of daily routine of children, hence allowing us to understand habits and behaviours from various social groups. The goal of this study was to describe the use to time of children ages 9 to 12 years of age in their daily routines and quality of life. These children are from four different public schools in the city of Sao Carlos, a municipality located in the central region of the state of Sao Paulo. The study was composed of 108 children, of both genders; 60 were girls, where as 48 were boys. For data collection, we utilized Diary of Activities children s version and the Autoquestionnaire Qualité de Vie enfant Imagé AUQEI, aside from an identification form for each participant. The results from utilizing Diary of Activities children s version show that the majority of their time during weekdays and weekends was dedicated to basic daily activities related to their well being, their homes, and other children. Also noted was the time balance among school, their home chores and other children, leisure, sports, relaxation, and time for their own. These children consider their daily activities important and satisfactory. We observed a positive life quality for 77.8% of participants, being that leisure time was the best rated (98.1% of the participants considered their life quality satisfactory) and autonomy being the greatest category with the highest number of participants with an impaired life-style (72.2%). There had been correlation, regardless of modest magnitude, between the presence of satisfaction and meaning in the daily occupations and good quality of life. Despite the results pointing to a occupational balance, there was less participation in activities that required larger financial expenditure especially in the areas such as extracurricular education, sports, and leisure. The matter of having little divesity in cultural activities, sports, extracurricular activities and leisure, and the expressive amount of time spent on house chores and care of others, do not translate in a negative experience for the youngsters partaken in this study, in all, the deficits in certain areas of occupational performance serve to reassure the need for further investment and greater attention of governmental instances, of private capital and civil society for this population. This research showed the importance of the study of use of time during early childhood, being this a subject linked directly to human engagement. There is a need for further studies that deepen theoric and emperically in the transformations and tendencies of human engagement during childhood and the way how these engagements interact with the quality of life during this period in life. / Crianças, assim como adultos, organizam seu cotidiano por meio do seu envolvimento em atividades comuns do dia a dia. Os estudos sobre o uso do tempo são importantes ferramentas para o conhecimento do cotidiano de crianças, pois permitem conhecer hábitos e comportamentos dos mais variados grupos sociais. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o uso do tempo de crianças de 9 a 12 anos em atividades cotidianas e a sua qualidade de vida. Foi realizado um estudo seccional, descritivo e correlacional com abordagem quantitativa. Participaram crianças com idades entre 9 e 12 anos, alunos de quatro escolas públicas da cidade de São Carlos, município localizado na região central do estado de São Paulo. A amostra foi composta por 108 crianças de ambos os gêneros, 60 eram do gênero feminino e 48 do gênero masculino. Para a coleta de dados foram utilizados os seguintes instrumentos: Diário de Atividades versão infantil e o Autoquestionnaire Qualité de Vie enfant Imagé AUQEI, além de uma ficha de identificação dos participantes. Os resultados obtidos com o Diário de atividades demonstraram que a maior parte do tempo das crianças durante a semana e nos finais era dedicado às atividades básicas diárias relacionadas ao cuidado com elas mesmas, com a casa e com outras crianças. Notou-se equilíbrio entre os tempos de dedicação à escola, ao cuidado com a casa e com outras pessoas, tempos livres de lazer, diversão, esporte e descanso e as atividades de cuidados consigo mesmo. As crianças consideram as atividades do seu cotidiano significativas e satisfatórias. Foi observada boa qualidade de vida para 77,8% dos participantes, sendo o lazer o domínio melhor avaliado (98,1% dos participantes referiu qualidade de vida satisfatória) e autonomia o domínio com a maior quantidade de participantes com qualidade de vida prejudicada (72,2%). Houve correlação positiva, ainda que de magnitude modesta, entre a presença de satisfação e significado nas ocupações cotidianas e a boa qualidade de vida. Apesar dos resultados do inquérito do tempo apontar para um equilíbrio ocupacional notou-se pouca participação em atividades que necessitam de maior despendimento financeiro, principalmente em áreas como educação extraescolar, esporte e lazer. O fato de haver pouca diversidade de atividades culturais, esportivas, atividades extraescolares e de lazer, e a quantidade expressiva de tempo gasto com o cuidado da casa e com o cuidado com outros, não se configuraram em experiências negativas de vida para a população infantil economicamente desfavorecida participante deste estudo, contudo, os déficits encontrados em certas áreas de desempenho ocupacional servem para reafirmar a necessidade de mais investimento e maior atenção das instâncias governamentais, do capital privado e da sociedade civil para esta população. Este trabalho mostrou a importância do estudo do uso do tempo na infância, sendo este um tema com relação direta com a ocupação humana. Torna-se necessária a realização de mais estudos que se aprofundem teórica e empiricamente nas transformações e tendências das ocupações humanas na infância e a forma como estas ocupações se relacionam com a qualidade de vida nesse período da vida.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to develop the patient classification at the Oulu University Hospital, establish the validity and reliability of the patient classification from the perspective of nursing care quality standards. The data were collected at the Oulu University Hospital through the use of content experts judgements (n=36) and by gathering inter-rater classifications (n=8129), by nursing care activity study (n=17599), focus-group interviews (n=8) and through the international literature review. Data were analyzed and described using Excel and SPSS programs and data driven content analysis. The inter-rater reliability was tested using per cent agreement, weighted per cent agreement, Gronbach’s alfa correlation coefficient, Phi correlation coefficient, ICC-(intraclass-coefficient) and Kappa coefficient. Associations between the variables in the amount of time spent with various activities were tested using chi-square test within and between medical and surgical wards. There was notable consensus among the experts showing that the items and categories of Oulu patient classification represented the known content of nursing care at the wards of the Oulu University Hospital. The agreement and the weighted agreement provided evidence of an acceptable level of agreement concerning the intensity of nursing care. Nurses performed inter-rater classifications regularly. The agreement between raters had approved during the study at many wards. However, the agreement between raters had also declined at some wards. The declining trend of inter-rater classifications showed problems in the consistent patient classification. The problems may due to changes of the environment affecting nursing care. Nurses performed most of their time with medication and patient physical nursing care activities. The nursing personnel spent least of their time with emotional support and guidance. The indirect nursing care activities consisted of charting and reporting. The study results indicate that the nurses do not use the patient classification for matching caregiver skills and patients or for anticipating the workload shift-by-shift. There are problems with using Oulu-patient classification for classifying the nursing care provided if the patient classification does not account the patients’ actual individual needs for nursing care. The basic question is does the nursing care provided respond to patients’ actual individual needs. If it does not, the patient classification does not quarantee high quality of nursing care. If it is possible to prove that the nursing care provided respond to patients’ individual needs, the patient classification information can be used in staffing and nursing cost accounting. The information obtained from the study can be used to assure the quality of nursing processes based on individual needs of the patients. / Tiivistelmä Tämän tutkimuksen tehtävänä oli kehittää hoitoisuusluokitus Oulun yliopistolliseen sairaalaan, arvioida hoitoisuusluokituksen luotettavuus hoitoisuuden mittaamiseen ja arvioida hoitoisuusluokitus hoitotyön laatuvaatimusten näkökulmasta. Tutkimusaineistot kerättiin Oulun yliopistollisessa sairaalassa asiantuntija-arvioinneilla (n=36) ja rinnakkainluokituksilla (n=8129), ajanhavainnoinnilla (n=17599), ryhmähaastattelulla (n=8) ja kansainvälisellä kirjallisuuskatsauksella. Aineistojen analyysissa käytettiin Excel- ja SPSS-ohjelmistoja sekä sisällön analyysiä. Luokitusten vastaavuuden testaamisessa käytettiin yksimielisyysindeksiä, painotettua yksimielisyysprosenttia, yksisuuntaista varianssianalyysia (ANOVA), Cronbachin alfaa, Phin korrelaatiota, ICC- (intraclass-coefficient) kerrointa ja Kappa-tunnuslukua. Khiin neliön testiä käytettiin osoittamaan eroja sairaanhoitajien ajankäytössä kirurgisten ja sisätautien osastojen välillä. Oulu-hoitoisuusluokitus kattoi hoitotyön sisällön vuodeosastopotilaan hoidossa yliopistosairaalassa tutkimuksen lähtötilanteessa hyvin ja vastasi näkemystä hoitotyöstä. Rinnakkainluokituksia tehtiin säännöllisesti. Useilla osastoilla luokitusten välinen vastaavuus oli kehittynyt parempaan suuntaan tutkimusaikana. Luokitusten välinen vastaavuus oli toisaalta heikentynyt joillakin osastoilla. Tulosten aleneva trendi monilla osastoilla osoitti ongelmia luokituksen yhtenäisessä käytössä. Ongelmat voivat johtua ainakin osittain muutoksista toimintaympäristössä ja niiden vaikutuksesta hoitotyöhön. Eniten hoitohenkilökunnan aikaa kului lääkehoidon ja fyysisen hoidon toteuttamiseen. Vähiten aikaa käytettiin potilaan psyykkiseen tukemiseen ja potilaan ohjaukseen. Välillisessä hoitotyössä kaikilla osastoilla eniten aikaa käytettiin potilaan hoidon suunnitteluun ja raportointiin. Tulosten perusteella näytti kuitenkin siltä, että luokitusta ei hyödynnetty työvuoroittain päivittäin osaamisen kohdentamisessa tai työkuormituksen ennakoimisessa. Oulu-hoitoisuusluokituksen käyttäminen toteutuneen hoitotyön luokittelussa oli ongelmallista, jos luokitus ei ottanut huomioon potilaan yksilöllisiä hoitotyön tarpeita. Olennainen kysymys on, vastasiko toteutunut hoito potilaiden todellisia yksilöllisiä tarpeita. Jos toteutunut hoito on vastannut potilaiden yksilöllisiä tarpeita, on hoitoisuusluokitustietoja voitu käyttää myös henkilöstösuunnittelussa ja kustannusten selvittämisessä. Tutkimustuloksia voidaan hyödyntää potilaan yksilöllisen ja tarpeenmukaisen hoitotyön kehittämisessä.

The Swedish electricity system is transitioning due to the establishment of climate policy goals and trends related to technology and demographics. The transition has resulted in an increased demand for electricity. The increased demand for electricity in combination with lack of forecasts, planning and coordination between actors in the electricity sector has led to the occurrence of grid congestion. Extending the network is time-consuming and requires substantial investments. Instead, an alternative is to utilise the available grid capacity more efficiently by implementing flexibility solutions. Flexibility can be achieved by implementing incentives such as grid tariffs. This solution has recently gained much attention in Sweden, but it is not apparent how grid tariffs should be designed. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how distribution grid tariffs could be designed to incentivise different actors to contribute to flexibility in a way that results in an efficient use of the electrical grid. A qualitative study was performed, collecting empirical data through semistructured interviews with actors in the Swedish electricity market. The aim is that the results from this thesis will act as a basis for DSOs planning to design grid tariffs with the purpose to utilise the grid more efficiently. The findings present a ToU capacity charge with off-peak periods that are free of charge as the preferable main price signal in the tariff to achieve efficient utilisation of the grid. It is further argued that other structural elements can complement the ToU capacity charge. A small fixed charge could be added in order to contribute to the cost reflectiveness of the grid tariff. A small energy charge could be incorporated in order to provide consumer with incentives to be flexible below the current metered maximum power and strengthen the signal from the ToU capacity charge. A small energy charge can avert difficulties related to providing incentives below the current metered maximum, as it still can provide some incentives to be flexible, or strengthen the signal from the ToU capacity charge. Further, the energy charge can ensure sustainability if customers respond well to a ToU capacity charge and to compensate solar PV customers. Furthermore, recommendations to further enable the grid tariffs potential to provide price signals include shifting the focus of the revenue cap from CapEx to OpEx and exploring the hampering signals of the energy tax as well as contradicting price signals from the wholesale electricity price. / Det svenska elsystemet genomgår en förändring till följd av införandet av klimatmål och trender relaterade till teknik och demografi. Denna förändring har resulterat i ett ökat effektbehov. Ett ökat effektbehov i kombination med bristande prognostisering, planering och samordning mellan aktörer inom elsektorn har lett till uppkomsten av kapacitetsbrist. Att bygga ut elnätet är tar tid och kräver större investeringar. Ett alternativ är att istället utnyttja det befintliga elnätet mer effektivt genom att implementera flexibilitetslösningar. Flexibilitet kan uppnås genom att införa incitament i form av elnätstariffer. Denna lösning har nyligen fått mycket uppmärksamhet i Sverige, men det är inte klart inte hur dessa elnätstariffer ska utformas. Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka hur distributionsnätets tariffer kan utformas för att stimulera olika aktörer att bidra med flexibilitet på ett sätt som resulterar i en effektiv användning av det befintliga elnätet. En kvalitativ studie genomfördes där empiriska data samlades in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med aktörer på den svenska elmarknaden. Syftet är att resultaten från detta arbete ska fungera som ett underlag för nätägare som planerar att utforma elnätstariffer med syftet att utnyttja nätet mer effektivt. Resultaten visar att en ToU-effektavgift med gratis off-peak perioder bör vara den huvudsakliga prissignalen i en elnätstariff som ämnar att utnyttja det befintliga nätet mer effektivt. Det visar även att andra strukturella element kan komplettera ToU-effektavgiften. En mindre fast avgift kan adderas i syfte att göra elnätstariffen mer kostnadsriktig. En mindre energiavgift kan införas för att ge kunder incitament att vara flexibla även under den nuvarande uppmätta maximala effekten och stärka signalen från ToU-effektavgiften. Vidare kan energiavgiften säkerställa tillräckliga intäkter för nätägaren om kunderna svarar bra på en ToU-effektavgift och för att kompensera kunder med solceller. Ytterligare rekommendationer för att möjliggöra prissignaler genom elnätstariffer inkluderar att skifta fokus på intäktsramen från CapEx till OpEx och utforska de hämmande prissignalerna från energiskatten och de motstridiga prissignalerna från elhandelspriset.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T16:45:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Roberto de Melo Franco Junior.pdf: 631721 bytes, checksum: e6a2d407af746b73123b4cd0cca2451b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-11-04 / Two large sectors of the economy that are in the transitional stage of personal decisions (for administrators) for institutional decisions (based on systems). The survey was conducted as a series of structured interviews applied to all (forty) of the administrators of a given hierarchical level of an IT department of a large financial institution of São Paulo called leadership in this financial institution. The study took place during an organizational transition. A portion was already working under the personal approach and the other based on a system approach. The results were proof that administrative work has become operational and the identification of features and scope of influence of this transformation. Using the criterion of separation between administrative and operational work of Simon, it becomes possible to compare two people and say who spends more or less time with administrative activities. This criterion based on the time spent is what was used to conduct the research. It was concluded that a simple questionnaire would not be able to give valid results in terms of cognitive psychology and a lot of care would be taken even if it used an interview to have evidence of reliability and validity suggested by Stabein to a relevant work. The results were processed and analyzed from the qualitative point of view to serve the purpose of identifying the transformation of administrative work in operational work. The characteristics found were that this transformation has a behavior of imposition; the quality of the result depends on the maturity of existing processes and affects self-image of the administrator. Synthesizing the scope found in a single sentence, it becomes: "People management, process management and software management / Dois grandes setores da economia que se encontram no estágio de transição das decisões pessoais (por administradores) para decisões institucionais (baseadas em sistemas). A pesquisa foi realizada como uma série de entrevistas estruturadas, aplicadas à totalidade (quarenta) dos administradores de um dado nível hierárquico de uma área de TI de uma grande instituição financeira de São Paulo, chamada de liderança nessa instituição financeira. O estudo se deu durante uma transição organizacional. Uma parcela já trabalhava segundo a abordagem pessoal e a outra baseada em um sistema. Os resultados obtidos foram a comprovação de que o trabalho administrativo se tornou operacional e a identificação de características e escopo da influência dessa transformação. Usando o critério de separação entre trabalho administrativo e operacional de Simon, passa a ser possível comparar duas pessoas e dizer quem gasta mais ou menos tempo com atividades administrativas. Esse critério, baseado no tempo empregado, foi utilizado para a condução da pesquisa. Concluiu-se que um simples questionário não seria capaz de dar resultados válidos do ponto de vista da psicologia cognitiva e que uma série de cuidados teriam de ser tomados, mesmo quando se utilizasse uma entrevista para ter as evidências de confiabilidade e validade preconizadas por Stabein para um trabalho relevante. Os resultados foram tratados e analisados sob o ponto de vista qualitativo, para se atender ao objetivo de identificar a transformação de trabalho administrativo em operacional. As características encontradas foram que essa transformação é de natureza impositiva, que a qualidade do resultado depende da maturidade dos processos existentes e afeta a autoimagem do administrador. Sintetizando o escopo encontrado em uma única frase, ele se torna: Gestão de pessoas, gestão de processos e gestão de software