Problembakgrund: Content Marketing är ett marknadsföringsverktyg som kan användas i syfte att skapa värde och lojalitet. Digitaliseringen har utformat tekniska konsumenter som är skeptiska till traditionella reklambudskap. Skepticismen beror på mängden information som går att hitta på internet vilket gör att det blir en utmaning för marknadsförare att nå ut med värde till sin målgrupp. Digitaliseringen har dock medfört att konsumenterna blir enklare att nå på grund av den stora användningen av sociala medier vilket kan ge varumärken fördelar gentemot sina konkurrenter. Marknadsförare kan använda Content Marketing för att skapa indirekt försäljning vilket leder till lojalitet och lönsamhet för varumärket. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva hur konsumenter upplever Content Marketing inom kosmetika, kopplat till upplevda värden och hur det kan påverka den upplevda lojaliteten. Teoretisk referensram: Den teoretiska referensramen behandlar Content Marketing, Värde och Lojalitet. Metod: Studien grundar sig i en kvalitativ metod med semistrukturerade intervjuer. Respondenter är kvinnor som är användare på Instagram och är utvalda utifrån dess användande, ålder och kön på Instagram. Resultat: Desto fler värdeaspekter som marknadsförare trycker på inom Content Marketing, desto större chans till lojalitet. Content Marketing trycker på de olika aspekterna av värde genom inspiration, interaktion, information och identifiering. Slutsats: Studiens slutsatser visar att Content Marketing kan skapa värde för konsumenterna vilket i sin tur leder till lojalitet och positiv varumärkesuppfattning. / Content Marketing on social media is a marketing tool which can be used to increase value and create brand loyalty. The emergence of digitalization has led to technical consumers who are skeptical towards traditional advertisement. Considering the skepticism, marketers get a challenge to reach out with brand messages which argues for new marketing tools. Due to the digitalization marketers can easily reach the target group through Social Media which can give them advantage towards the competing brands. Marketers can use Content Marketing to create indirect sales through value creation which leads to brand loyalty and profitability for the organization. The purpose of the study is to describe how consumers experience Content Marketing in the cosmetics industry, towards perceived value and perceived brand loyalty. A qualitative method is used to fulfill the purpose of the study, through semi-structured single interviews. The respondents were selected through suitability considering Instagram usage, cosmetics usage, age and gender. The result of the study indicates that Content Marketing is beneficial by using the different perceived value functions to create loyalty. By using Content Marketing, marketers can reach consumers perceived value by inspiration, interaction, information and identification. The conclusions of the study indicate that Content Marketing creates value to consumers which will lead to brand loyalty and positive brand perception.

The statistical modeling of extreme natural hazards is becoming increasingly important due to climate change, whose effects have been increasingly visible throughout the last decades. It is thus crucial to understand the dependence structure of rare, high-impact events over space and time for realistic risk assessment. For spatial extremes, max-stable processes have played a central role in modeling block maxima. However, the spatial tail dependence strength is persistent across quantile levels in those models, which is often not realistic in practice. This lack of flexibility implies that max-stable processes cannot capture weakening dependence at increasingly extreme levels, resulting in a drastic overestimation of joint tail risk. To address this, we develop new dependence models in this thesis from the class of max-infinitely divisible (max-id) processes, which contain max-stable processes as a subclass and are flexible enough to capture different types of dependence structures. Furthermore, exact simulation algorithms for general max-id processes are typically not straightforward due to their complex formulations. Both simulation and inference can be computationally prohibitive in high dimensions. Fast and exact simulation algorithms to simulate max-id processes are provided, together with methods to implement our models in high dimensions based on the Vecchia approximation method. These proposed methodologies are illustrated through various environmental datasets, including air temperature data in South-Eastern Europe in an attempt to assess the effect of climate change on heatwave hazards, and sea surface temperature data for the entire Red Sea. In another application focused on assessing how the spatial extent of extreme precipitation has changed over time, we develop new time-varying $r$-Pareto processes, which are the counterparts of max-stable processes for high threshold exceedances.

The aim of this essay has been to gain knowledge about how authentic experiences affect students' motivation for their learning of Spanish and to compare how their motivation is influenced by different kinds of authentic experiences. According to Bryman (2006) the most common methods when doing investigations about motivation are questionnaires combined with structured interviews, within a mixed method, with both quantitative and qualitative instruments. The research has therefore been carried out at a Swedish high school, applying questionnaires at 122 students and structured interviews with 8 students. The results were analyzed with the motivational theories; Eccles and Wigfield's expectancy-value theory och Deci och Ryan's self-determination theory. The results show a tendency of a positive attitude towards authentic experiences during lessons. These seem to be used by the teachers, especially in the form of authentic music and film, and students also consider those activities to positively influence motivation and most of them believe that different authentic experiences could increase motivation, increase the posibility to integrate to internal motivation towards Spanish as a subject, but most consider that real and virtual meetings with Spanishspeaking probably will not do so, since the ability to integrate them rather seem that it might inhibit the students' psychosocial needs.

This thesis gives an example of assessing the risk of a financial portfolio with international assets, where the assets may be of different classes, by the use of Monte Carlo simulation and Extreme Value Theory. The simulation uses univariate modelling, models of the assets’ returns as stochastic processes, as well as vine copulas to create dependency between the variables. For the asset returns a modified version of a discretized Merton jump diffusion model was used. The risk assessment used Extreme Value Theory to calculate Value at Risk and Expected Shortfall of the simulated portfolio. However, the resulting return distribution, and the risk assessment thereof, was not entirely satisfactory due to unreasonably large values ascertained. / Denna uppsats ger ett exempel på hur riskbedömning av finanisella portföljer med internationella tillgångar av olika tillgångsslag genom Monte Carlo simulering och extremvärdesteori. Simuleringen använder univariat modelling, modeller för tillgångarnas avkastningar som stokastiska processer, såväl som vine-copulas för att skapa ett beroende mellan tillgångarna. Tillgångarnas avkastningar modellerades med en modifierad version av en diskretiserad Merton-jump-diffusion model. Riskbedömningen använde extremvärdesteori för att beräkna Value-at-Risk och Expected-Shortfall. Dock blev den resulterande avkastningsfördelningen och riskbedömningen därav inte helt tillfredsällande på grund av att orimligt stora värden erhölls.

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The purpose of this qualitative study was to investigate the processes and influences that underlie the choice of retired elite athletes to further their education and assume the adult learner role. In the current study, focus was applied specifically to professional ice hockey players who were in a period of retirement from active play. Elite athletes often retire at a time when most other professions are just beginning or reaching a level of stability. Research suggests that many retired elite athletes experience a difficult transition to an early retirement from athletics that is fraught with depression and unemployment. A select number of these elite athletes choose to further their educations after their careers have expired. The literature suggests that some of these retired elite athletes find educational programming a valuable coping strategy in the often traumatic post-athletic career adjustment. Unfortunately, this choice is made by only few athletes. It would be desirable to encourage more retired athletes to consider and engage in educational activities; however, currently, there is only very little knowledge on the processes underlying athletes' choice to participate, or not to participate, in education in their retirement years. Using a theoretical framework that includes adult learning theory and adult development theory, in conjunction with expectancy-value theory of motivation, the impact of individual characteristics and environmental opportunities on post-athletic career choices made by professional athletes may be better understood. The primary instrument for data collection was a personal interview with ten retired professional hockey players, conducted over a consecutive six-month period resulting in significant data. Utilizing the constant-comparative method for data analysis, common themes were identified as indicators of educational engagement: Informal Mentorship, Head Injury Related Retirement, and Pre-Transition Planning. In addition to these themes, the findings reflected an alternative adult developmental model possibly unique to professional hockey players. The findings of this study are valuable to the larger conversation regarding adult learners, adult development, and elite athlete career transition. / Educational Administration

The objective of this thesis is to investigate the flow conditions that lead to coarse grain entrainment at near incipient motion conditions. Herein, a new conceptual approach is proposed, which in addition to the magnitude of hydrodynamic force or flow power, takes into account the duration of the flow event. Two criteria for inception of grain entrainment, namely the critical impulse and critical energy concepts, are proposed and compared. These frameworks adopt a force or energy perspective, considering the momentum or energy transfer from each flow event to the particle respectively, to describe the phenomenon. A series of conducted mobile particle experiments, are analyzed to examine the validity of the proposed approaches. First a set of bench-top experiments incorporates an electromagnet which applies pulses of known magnitude and duration to a steel spherical particle in a controlled fashion, so as to identify the critical level for entrainment. The utility of the above criteria is also demonstrated for the case of entrainment by the action of turbulent flow, via analysis of a series of flume experiments, where both the history of hydrodynamic forces exerted on the particle as well as its response are recorded simultaneously. Statistical modeling of the distribution of impulses, as well as conditional excess impulses, is performed using distributions from Extreme Value Theory to effectively model the episodic nature of the occurrence of these events. For the examined uniform and low mobility flow conditions, a power law relationship is proposed for describing the magnitude and frequency of occurrence of the impulse events. The Weibull and exponential distributions provide a good fit for the time between particle entrainments. In addition to these statistical tools, a number of Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Systems employing different input representations are used to learn the nonlinear dynamics of the system and perform statistical prediction. The performance of these models is assessed in terms of their broad validity, efficiency and forecast accuracy. Even though the impulse and energy criteria are deeply interrelated, the latter is shown to be advantageous with regard to its performance, applicability and extension ability. The effect of single or multiple highly energetic events carried by certain coherent flow structures (mainly strong sweep events) with regard to the particle response is also investigated. / Ph. D.

Digitization is an increasingly important subject within the archival profession, especially as our society grows more and more dependent on digital assets. People generally expect everything to be available to them online no matter the time or place, otherwise the material might as well not exist. When it comes to preserving and making our cultural heritage available through digitization this poses an issue. Digitization takes time and requires resources, which forces the archives to decide which material to digitize, on what grounds and how to best make the digital material accessible. This essay explores the digitization of our cultural heritage through the lens of value theory. By examining what type of materials the archives prioritize for digitization, why, and how they utilize the digitized material we can observe the values and principles these approaches stem from. The study is conducted by using content analysis to examine documents such as annual reports, budget documentation and digitization strategies from two archival organizations during the time periods 2010–2015 and 2020–2024. The results show that the choices the archives make regarding what to digitize are based largely on preservation, demand and research requests. Both organizations also view digitization as a key element to working in alignment with democratic values. The approaches to this varied however as one organization focused more on streamlining their organization through digitization, while the other focused more on accessibility and spreading knowledge through their digitized materials.

Portfolio Management is the process of allocating an investor's wealth to in­ vestment opportunities over a given planning period. Not only should Portfolio Management be treated within a multi-period framework, but one should also take into consideration the stochastic nature of related parameters. After a short review of key concepts from Finance Theory, e.g. utility function, risk attitude, Value-at-rusk estimation methods, a.nd mean-variance efficiency, this work describes a framework for the formulation of the Portfolio Management problem in a Stochastic Programming setting. Classical solution techniques for the resolution of the resulting Stochastic Programs (e.g. L-shaped Decompo­ sition, Approximation of the probability function) are presented. These are discussed within both the two-stage and the multi-stage case with a special em­ phasis on the former. A description of how Importance Sampling and EVPI are used to improve the efficiency of classical methods is presented. Postoptimality Analysis, a sensitivity analysis method, is also described. / Statistics / M. Sc. (Operations Research)

本論文研究的，在探討土地買賣價格與租賃價格的形成，價格的結構，價格的影響因 素等，從而比較兩者的差異，以了解土地買賣價格與租賃價格間的關係，進而提供政 府機關有關地價稅政策的參考。 本論文主要參考關於地租理論、地價理論等國內外學者意見，以了解學者研究的方向 及學說的演奱，進而釐清關於土地買賣價格與租賃價格間糾纏不清的理論疑義。 本論文研究內容包括價值理論之演進，地租理論之演進、價格理論之演進，地租與地 價之形成關係，地價一般原則與特徵之解析、市場一般原則與特徵之解析、需要因素 之特性及其影響因素、供給因素之特性及其影響因素、買賣價格之影響因素、租賃價 格之形成、租賃價格之結構、租賃價格之影響因素、從地租理論、價格結構與價格影 響因素比較買賣價格與租賃價格之差異以及從不動產實際買賣與租賃價格進行實證分 析等。 本論文發現，由於買賣價格含有對未來增值的期待心理，因此價格水準較租賃價格為 高，而商業用地差距較，住宅用地差距較大。 最後，本研究對土地買賣價格與租賃價格之研究，主要從理論與實證兩方面分別進行 比較、分析，從而找到兩者間的關係，提供將來進一步研究土地市場結構，地價結構 等之研究基礎。