Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Cette recherche se propose d'analyser ce que nous appelons un « dispositif d'évaluation stoïcien ». Par « dispositif » nous faisons référence à un ensemble d'éléments qui interagissent entre eux d'une certaine manière, qui répondent à un enjeu et qui entrent en relation et en concurrence avec d'autres formations similaires ou pas. Parler de « dispositif d'évaluation » renvoie aussi bien à des processus psychiques, qu'aux éventuels critères auxquels satisfait ou doit satisfaire ce processus – une certaine distribution de la valeur – à l'enjeu qui lui est assigné et aux éventuels effets collatéraux. Valeur et jugement de valeur ne sont que les éléments d'un ensemble qui les englobe et se caractérise par les modalités de leur articulation. Reconstruire un « dispositif d'évaluation » stoïcien a pour enjeu de rendre compte de la manière dont les stoïciens conçoivent la discrimination « naturelle » de son environnement par le vivant humain et la portée de ce processus. Et par « naturelle », on comprendra « optimale » et « correcte » et non pas factuelle. Le dispositif d'évaluation doit en effet être compris comme l'expression du développement naturel, c'est à dire optimal et non pas effectif, de la pratique d'évaluation telle que les stoïciens la conçoivent, ce qui implique de ne pas confondre naturel et habituel, naturel et effectif. On voit d'emblée que la possibilité d'un dysfonctionnement n'est pas exclue. Réciproquement, le « dispositif d'évaluation » émerge au sens strict dans la reformulation prescriptive d'une pratique d'évaluation naturelle, c'est-à-dire optimale. / This research intends to analyse what we call a " Stoic device of evaluation ". By "device" we make reference to a set of elements which interact between themselves in a certain way, which answer a stake and which have relations and compete with the other similar formations or not. To talk about " device of evaluation " refers to psychic processes, as well as to possible criteria which this process satisfies or has to satisfy – a certain distribution of the value – to the stake which is assigned to him and to the possible collateral effects. Value and value judgment are only the elements of a set it includes them and is characterized by the modalities of their articulation. To reconstruct a " Stoic device of evaluation " has for stake to report the way the Stoics conceive the "natural" discrimination of its environment by human being and the impact of this process. And by "natural", we shall understand "optimal " and " correct" and not actual. The device of evaluation must be indeed included as the expression of the natural, that is optimal development of the practice of evaluation such as the Stoics conceive it, what involves not to confuse natural and usual, natural and actual. We see at once that the possibility of a dysfunction is not excluded. Mutually, the " device of evaluation " emerge in the strict sense in the prescriptive reformulation of a practice of natural, that is optimal evaluation.

Cette thèse cherche à articuler l'argumentation rhétorique aux avancées de la sémantique et de la pragmatique sur le point précis des valeurs. Se situant dans le sillage du Traité de l’argumentation, La Nouvelle rhétorique (1958) de Chaïm Perelman et Lucie Olbrechts-Tyteca, elle se propose d’en réactiver et d’en approfondir les orientations proprement axiologiques à l’aide d’outils linguistiques et sémiotiques qui se trouvent aujourd’hui à la disposition des chercheurs. Elle met au jour, à partir de matériaux verbaux divers (énoncés isolés, textes, corpus), les structures axiologiques du discours argumentatif : axes de la valorisation, relief axiologique, organisation contrastive des énoncés et des textes, tension entre les pôles de la montée en généralité. S’appuyant sur la linguistique de l’énonciation et l’étude des modalités, elle souligne le lien étroit qui unit l’exercice ordinaire du jugement et les conflits de valeurs de grande ampleur, qu’ils s’expriment à travers l’usage de maîtres-mots, le maniement de couples polémiques ou le jeu d’isotopies rivales. L’enquête sur les maîtres-mots et sur leur insertion dans le discours aboutit à un répertoire indicatif. Un corpus portant sur la dispute opposant, en France, partisans et adversaires de la corrida dans la période 2004-2014, est examiné selon une approche interactionnelle et intertextuelle qui conduit à la construction de l’interdiscours dans lequel se situent les énoncés en concurrence. La relation entre émotions et valeurs, négligée par les refondateurs de la rhétorique, se trouve réévaluée. L’enquête topique qu’ils avaient ébauchée donne lieu à des propositions nouvelles mettant l’accent sur le caractère nécessairement tensif des énoncés argumentatifs. / This doctoral dissertation tries to link rhetorical argumentation together with semantics and pragmatics about the specific issue of values. In the wake of Chaïm Perelman and Lucie Olbrechts-Tyteca’s Traité de l’Argumentation. La Nouvelle Rhétorique (1958), this dissertation intends to reactivate and deepen its properly axiological propositions thanks to linguistic and semiotic advances now available.From various verbal data, Part I shows the axiological framework of speech : the valorization registers, the axiological focus, the diferential and contrastive organization of statements and texts, the tension between universal, general and particular values. Relying on the study of utterance production and modalities, Part II underlines the close relation between the ordinary use of judgement and the conflicts of values which express themselves through the use of master words or polemical pairs. The inquiry about master words as they are inserted in discourse results in a list of items, which is obviously highly debatable. A corpus dealing with the dispute about the practice of corrida in France (2004-2014) is examined through an interactional and intertextual approach (Part III), leading to the building of the interdiscourse according to which each pro and con is supposed to take a stand. The links beetween emotions and values, which were neglected by the Traité’s authors, is reconsidered. The topic inquiry, which was sketched, is started again, with an emphasis on the tension lying in the argumentative statements.

A partir de l’articulation entre le bien-être comparable inter-personnellement et l’équité basée sur la séparation des personnes, la thèse présente un cadre théorique dans lequel les préférences éthiques sont représentées par des fonctions de bien-être social additivement séparables. Nous avons deux objectifs ; en décelant les jugements distributifs nécessairement sous-tendus par les fonctions qui respectent des principes de transferts de revenus, le premier objectif est d’offrir des critères de comparaison entre ces fonctions et celles qui respectent les principes de transferts d’utilité (fonctions prioritaristes). Le second objectif est d’exposer la pluralité des jugements distributifs et des degrés d’adhésion qu’ils peuvent susciter. A ces fins, il faut postuler la comparabilité de l’utilité et des valeurs éthiques (utilités transformées). Cette comparabilité à deux niveaux est postulée lorsque les ratios d’utilité entre ménages aux besoins différents sont supposés comparables. Dans ce cadre, les fonctions de bien-être social qui respectent le principe de transferts de revenus de Pigou-Dalton ne sont pas forcément prioritaristes. De plus, les fonctions défendent potentiellement deux définitions du degré d’adhésion à l’aversion aux inégalités. Premièrement, une fonction qui tolère une perte d’utilité totale plus grande afin de réduire les inégalités est dite plus averse aux inégalités. Cette définition est caractérisée par les principes de transferts proportionnels qui s’adaptent bien à la comparabilité en ratios d’utilité. Deuxièmement, le degré d’adhésion est présenté par l’aversion plus forte aux inégalités entre les moins bien lotis. Les hypothèses informationnelles entravent l’exposé des degrés d’adhésion selon la seconde définition, elles limitent aussi les jugements distributifs. En passant outre, nous étudions les interactions entre un nombre quelconque de principes de transferts d’utilité et de revenus définis de manière récursive. Enfin, quatre jugements distributifs sont caractérisés par le respect et/ou le non-respect d’un ensemble de principes de transferts. La disposition à négliger l’évolution de bien-être d’une fraction donnée de la population au profit de l’évolution de bien-être d’une minorité d’individus représente le degré d’adhésion à l’un de ces jugements. / From the linkage between interpersonally comparable well-being and equity based on the separateness of persons, the Ph. D. dissertation introduces a theoretical framework in which ethical preferences are represented by additively separable social welfare functions. The thesis has two goals ; by exhibiting distributive judgments necessarily embodied by the functions that fulfil income transfer principles, the first aim is to provide comparison cirteria between these functions and those that fulfill utility transfer principles (prioritarian functions). The second aim is to expose a plurality of distributive judgments and of degrees of adhesion they can rise. For such purposes, interpersonal comparability of utility as well as that of ethical values (transformed utilities) are needed. This two-level comparability is granted when inter-household utility ratios are supposed to be comparable. In this framework, the social welfare functions satisfying the Pigou-Dalton principle of income transfer are not necessarily prioritarian. Moreover, the functions potentially support two meanings of adhesion for inequality aversion. First, if a function is willing to endorse a inequality-reducing transfer entailing a greater loss in the transferred benefit to be socially desirable, then it is more inequality averse. This definition is characterized by proportional transfer principles well-adapted to ratio-scale comparability of utility. Second, the degree of adhesion for inequality aversion is presented as a downside inequality aversion. Informational hypothesis rule out parts of the exposition of the plurality of degrees, they put limits to distributive judgments too. By going beyond that, the Ph. D. dissertation studies the interplay between any number of income and utility transfer principles all defined recursively. Finally, four distributive judgments are characterized by the fulfilment and/or non-fulfilment of a set of transfer principles. The willingness to neglect the welfare evolution of a given proportion of population to take into account that of a minority represents the degree of adhesion for one of those judgments.

中国における都市部と農村部異なる制度的・社会経済的背景により、独特な環境意識を生まれていると考えられる。本研究は、現地調査によりデータを収集し、統計分析を駆使したことにより、都市部と農村部における環境意識の特有の構造と形成メカニズムを解明することを目的とする。先行研究の成果を踏まえ、都市部と農村部の社会構造を考慮し、環境意識に関する総合的な理論モデルを提案し、環境意識の三つのディメンションに分けて展開する。理論的に検討することと実証的なデータの分析結果を基に、環境意識形成の内在因子と外部影響要因を明らかにした。 / Long-time institutional and socioeconomic segmentations make rural China become a distinctive society from the urban China. The remarkable rural and urban division in China supplies us a good context to explore the formation and diverse social facets of environmental consciousness. This study aims to clarify the specific structure and formation mechanism of environmental consciousness under the different social backgrounds of rural and urban China based on the statistical results derived from survey data. Three dimensions of environmental consciousness and an integrated theoretical framework which involves both social structural and social psychological variables are proposed. Based on the proposed theoretical framework and examined data analyses, the inner causes and externally influencing factors of environmental consciousness were clarified. / 博士(文化情報学) / Doctor of Culture and Information Science / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

Magister Legum - LLM / In this mini-thesis, I will present a historical development of the manner in which South African courts have tested the fairness of dismissals, for misconduct. South African Labour history has been marred by confusion and inconsistency in relation to the test to be adopted in determining the fairness of dismissals. This has been so, because there have been two dominant schools of thought, one referred to as the ‘own opinion’ approach, whereby the commissioner/court has the discretion to express his/her own view based upon value judgments on the fairness of the dismissal. The other approach is known as the reasonable employer test ( ‘ defer to the employer’ approach), whereby the commissioner had to defer to the decision of the employer, unless the dismissal is one that no reasonable employer would impose, or is so excessive that it would shock one’s sense of fairness, then the commissioner may interfere.This thesis will reveal the inconsistency that has been caused, by these two approaches, and the South African courts dissent as to the approach consistent with our law. This dissent, as shall be shown in this thesis, has led to our courts contradicting themselves as to the test consistent with the law.There will be a critical discussion on the source of the reasonable employer test and its application in South Africa during the Labour Relations Act 28 of 1956 ( old LRA ) and the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 ( new LRA). With a further discourse on the development of the ‘own opinion’ approach during the periods of both the old LRA and the new LRA.This will lead to me looking at the provisions of the South African Constitution, together with the meaning of the right to fair labour practice as provided in the Constitution. Based upon a critical analysis of past jurisprudence, the provisions of the ILO Convention, the provisions of the old LRA and new LRA, foreign law and the Constitutional imperatives, I will attempt to illustrate the approach most consistent with our law.This thesis will culminate with a critical analysis of the Supreme Court of Appeal’s judgment, in the case of Rustenburg Platinum Mines Ltd vs Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration and the ruling of the Constitutional court in Sidumo and Another v Rustenburg Platinum Mines Ltd and Others.The purpose of providing this historical journey, is to further highlight the rulings of past judgments, that have developed the concept of fairness, as was consistent with the Constitution. It is envisaged that the body of judgments cited in this thesis, may be used as authority, whenever the issue of determining the fairness of dismissal for misconduct arises, before a court or tribunal, such as the Commission for Conciliation Mediation and Arbitration(CCMA). It is may further be used by employers and employees, in obtaining clarity of the law in relation to the test for fairness of dismissals for misconduct.

Abstract The purpose of this study is to investigate how USA justified the military intervention of Iraq 2003 by using an idea analytical method. The source material consists of speeches led by President George W. Bush in regard to the 9/11 terror attacks and Iraq between the years 2001 and 2003. Quotes have been categorized by using reality judgment, value judgment and regulation of action to analyze how the intervention was justified. The central question this study aim to answer is: what factors and aspects can be analyzed in Gorge W. Bush’s speeches that justified the intervention in Iraq? Results concludes factors that explain how the United States justifies the intervention of Iraq are thus, the possible security policy threats that could arise in the future as a consequence of an ignored Iraq. The decision was communicated in aspects of good values ​​and altruistic reasons. The combination of the factors and aspects above, mediated by George W. Bush to justify the final course of action: military intervention in Iraq. The conclusion is that the Bush doctrine was primarily a doctrine of security and secondly a doctrine of ideology.

Ce travail d'investigation est fondé sur une analyse discursive des notions de race et de classe sociale dans la production narrative de l'écrivaine Marvel Moreno, née à Barranquilla. Dans un premier temps, il a été nécessaire de déterminer les antécédents du sujet pour pouvoir, ensuite, élaborer un corpus de récits qui rendent compte de ces deux notions. Nous avons finalement reconstruit le code raciste et le code social de l'œuvre à travers l'étude de termes comme racisme, noir, métis, mulâtre, blanc, noir, aristocratie, décadent, bourgeois, parvenu ou nouveau riche et classe moyenne. La pertinence de cette étude est validée par l'absence, jusqu'à aujourd'hui, d'un travail qui explique, à partir de l'œuvre, de la théorie littéraire et de l'histoire colombienne, les préjugés et stéréotypes au sein de la société décrite par l'écrivaine. D'un point de vue méthodologique, nous avons analysé les opinions exprimées par les voix narratives lorsqu'elles décrivent et qualifient les personnages et les situations. Par conséquent, nous avons démontré que dans l'univers fictif de l'auteure, les idées reçues depuis la Colonie façonnent les modes de pensée et les relations de la haute société de Barranquilla, société raciste et discriminante. / The present research establishes an analysis of the discourse and narrative of the Barranquillan author Marvel Moreno. First, it was necessary to determine the background investigation on the same topic to be able to later elaborate a corpus which took into account the maximum of value judgments about the two notions, consequently. Finally, the reconstruction of the terms racist-code and social-code of the author’s literature, was reconstructed in accordance with the theoretical definitions as well as with the literature itself, analyzing terms such as racism, race, black person or negro, half blood, mulatto, white person, “down at heel person”, an upstart person or parvenu and middle class, aristocracy and bourgeoisie. The pertinent of this study is therefore justified by the absence so far of another study that treats the same chosen narratives and discourses used by the author to explain the social conflict in the fictional Barranquilla. From a methodological point of view, the goal was to see how narrators and characters judge and were judged. Consequently, it was demonstrated that the narrative voices focus on describe the social and racial codes belonging to the upper class, which at the same time and through their prejudices construct the rest of the society validating in this way the elite’s racist and excluding identity. / La presente indagine consiste in un’analisi discorsiva delle nozioni di razza e di classe sociale nella narrativa di Marvel Moreno, scrittrice di Barranquilla. In un primo momento è stato necessario determinare gli antecedenti dei due temi, per poi stabilire un corpus di racconti che ne trattano. Infine, si sono ricostruiti il codice razzista e il codice sociale dell’opera attraverso lo studio di termini come razzismo, razza, meticcio, mulatto, bianco, negro, aristocrazia, borghesia, fallito, arricchito, nuovo ricco e classe media. L’importanza di questa ricerca è avvalorata dall’assenza, fino ad oggi, di un lavoro che chiarisca i pregiudizi e gli stereotipi della società rappresentata dall’autrice a partire dall’opera stessa, dalla teoria letteraria e dalla storia colombiana. Da un punto di vista metodologico si sono analizzate le opinioni delle voci narranti per descrivere e qualificare personaggi e situazioni. Di conseguenza, si è dimostrato che, all’interno dell’universo fittizio dell’autrice, le ideologie ereditate dal periodo coloniale configurano modalità di pensiero e relazioni di potere nella società.

In the interplay between protection of rights and majoritarianism, the court is the arena. This research focuses on the conflicting role of the court within a constitutional democracy and a contestation of the counter-majoritarian dilemma that emerges from such a role. The counter-majoritarian dilemma centres on the idea that judges overturning decisions of the legislature through judicial review undermines democracy by thwarting the will of the majority through a subjective reading of abstract constitutional principles. As a point of departure, the counter-majoritarian dilemma is contested by revealing that the court can be seen as a democratically consistent institution if democracy can be reconceptualised. The examination of the South African jurisprudential climate and the adjudicative guidelines followed by the court suggests a rejection of such anti-democratic contention. The court upholds the commitments consented to at the time of the Constitution’s adoption and adjudication is reflective of the values undertaken by the country in reaction to its past. Within these values, minority rights can find a lifeline. Thus minority rights can exist through the implications of majoritarian consent. This research further identifies, in response to the counter-majoritarian dilemma, a constraining self-consciousness on the part of the court and an acute awareness of the court’s precarious role within a democratic infancy. The core of the counter-majoritarian dilemma is the view that interpretative indeterminacy of the Constitution means that the will of the people could be substituted for judicial preference. Through the examination of the court’s interpretative strategies and judicial subjectivity, this research suggests that within judicial subjectivity, adjudication continues to be reflective of the will of the people. Far from a constraining and mechanistic interpretation to avoid judicial subjectivity, the research reveals that open and non-formalist interpretative strategies are necessary to effectuate democratic conciliation within the judicial mandate. The results of this research suggest that, far from being a democratically deviant institution, the court in the current South African jurisprudential context, is the most suited to uphold the concept of democracy. / Jurisprudence / LL. M.