Si le droit de la vente apparait comme un droit riche, il est également devenu un droit complexe, voire confus. La question des actions que les victimes– acquéreurs ou tiers – peuvent mettre en œuvre, en cas de violation des attentes légitimes relatives à l’état du bien, se trouve au cœur de cette complexité. La diversité des actions offertes aux victimes semble a priori être un facteur de protection de leurs intérêts et gage d’une réparation efficace. Elle se révèle pourtant très vite source d’insécurité juridique. Soumis à des notions imprécises et a des règles de concours d’actions incertaines, le choix de l’action s’avère délicat. Une réforme s’impose afin de déterminer avec clarté et cohérence l’action à exercer pour obtenir réparation. La transposition de la directive n° 1999/44/ce du 25 mai 1999 était sans doute l’occasion d’une telle réforme. L’opportunité n’a malheureusement pas été saisie. Une nouvelle action en garantie de conformité dont seuls les consommateurs sont bénéficiaires a été consacrée, créant ainsi de nouveaux concours d’actions. Une réorganisation profonde des actions, fondée sur le critère de la nature des dommages, s’avère souhaitable. Pour les dommages subis par la chose, une action en garantie de conformité, sans distinction quant a la cause des désordres ou la qualité de consommateur, est préconisée. Quant aux dommages causés par la chose, la responsabilité du fait des produits défectueux, régime impératif en cas d’atteintes à la sécurité, et la responsabilité du fait personnel devront se coordonner / Sales law appears as a rich law. However, it is also a complex law, verily a confused law. The question of the lawsuits that victims (purchasers or third parties) can file, in case of a breach of the legitimate expectations relating to the state of a good they purchased, is the main issue. The fact that the victims can file many different lawsuits could be interpreted as a good way to protect their interests as well as to obtain an effective compensation for the damage suffered by them. Nevertheless, this diversity leads mostly to legal uncertainty. Indeed, the choice of the right lawsuit appears tricky because it depends on some unspecified notions and confused rules relating to the multiplicity of lawsuits. A reform is also required to define with clarity and coherence which lawsuit has to be filed in order to obtain compensation for damage. The transposition of the directive n° 1999/44/ce of 25 may 1999 was without any doubt the occasion to implement such a reform. Unfortunately, the opportunity was not grabbed. A new lawsuit regarding conformity of goods, which can only be filed by consumers, has been established increasing the risk of multiplicity of lawsuits. It is advisable to carry out a deep reorganisation of the lawsuits based on the criteria of the nature of the damage. Regarding damage to the goods, a lawsuit based on the conformity guarantee, without any distinction linked to the cause of the damage or the status of the consumer, is recommended. Regarding damage due to the goods, the liability for defective products, which is a mandatory liability in case of a breach to the safety, should coordinate with the personal liability

The purposes of this study were to determine 1) the tasks that the Nigerian university vice-chancellor should perform personally, 2) the functions that the vice-chancellor should delegate to other university staff to achieve effective administration, 3) the factors that should be considered in the selection of a vice-chancellor, and 4) the criteria that should be considered in the evaluation of the vice-chancellor's job performance effectiveness. Chapter 1 includes a statement of the problem, purposes, research questions, background, significance of the study, definition of terms, limitations of the study, and basic assumptions. Chapter II is a review of related literature, and Chapter III presents information on the procedure followed in the collection and treatment of data. The analysis and evaluation of the findings are presented in Chapter IV; and the summary, findings, implications, and recommendations of the study are presented in Chapter V.

No description available.

Au croisement des études culturelles, de la comparaison différentielle et des études genre et queer, cette thèse propose une analyse mythopoétique des (re)configurations discursives et genrées du mythe d’Hercule à la croisée des chemins dans les cultures européennes, de l’Antiquité aux débuts du XIXe siècle, dans les domaines allemand, anglais, français et italien. La thèse commence par une relecture critique des interprétations humanistes du mythe, qui font du héros hésitant entre le vice (ou le plaisir) et la vertu le paradigme universel et désincarné d’un sujet moral. Grâce aux apports des études sur les masculinités, la deuxième partie procède à une recontextualisation et à une historicisation genrées des réécritures du choix herculéen. Étudiant successivement les reconfigurations du mythe dans la pédagogie humaniste, ses réinvestissements dans des textes épiques sur la longue durée européenne, ses reprises dans des pièces et poèmes didactiques du XVIIIe siècle, puis sa réélaboration dans les romans de formation, qui émergent au tournant des XVIIIe-XIXe siècles européens comme formes privilégiées de mise en récit d’un devenir-masculin hégémonique, la présente étude avance que ce mythe constitue une puissante « technologie de genre » (Teresa de Lauretis), à travers laquelle s’est engendrée, selon des modalités (con)textuelles variées, la figure d’un sujet libéral, masculin, blanc et straight, érigé en mythe fondateur de la modernité européenne (et de sa raison discriminante). Une dernière partie propose dès lors une relecture queer du mythe, en explorant plusieurs réécritures qui troublent la binarité du choix à la croisée des chemins pour mieux désorienter son héros. / This PhD thesis proposes a mythopoetic analysis of the discursive and gendered (re-)configurations of the myth of Hercules at the crossroads, as it has taken shape in the realm of European cultures, from Antiquity until the beginning of the 19th century, in German, English, French, and Italian. Adopting an approach at the intersection of cultural studies, comparative studies, gender and queer studies, the thesis begins with a critical rereading of the humanist interpretations of the myth, where the hesitating hero, torn between vice (or pleasure) and virtue, is the universal paradigm of a moral subject. Based on masculinity studies, the second part of the thesis recontextualises and historicizes Hercules choices from a gendered perspective. The core of this thesis revisits historical reconfigurations of the myth by looking at humanist pedagogy and its resurgence of epic forms in the long European tradition—including 18th century didactic plays and poems and coming-of-age novels that emerge at the turn of the 18th to 19th century. These become the primary discursive forms for narrating a hegemonic idea of masculinity. The thesis demonstrates that the Hercules myth constitutes a powerful “gender technology” (Teresa de Lauretis), that has operated as a vector for engendering, in varying contextual modalities, the figure of the liberal, masculine, white and straight subject, erected as the founding myth of European modernity (and its discriminatory implications). Departing from this argument, the last part proposes a queer reading of the myth, by exploring several rewritings that trouble the binary choice of the crossroads in order to better disorient its hero.

This research address the topic of hipster phenomenon and its discursive manifestations in the online magazine VICE. The theoretical part of the thesis submits the basic discursive frameworks which serve as a theoretical anchoring for the practical part based on discursive analysis of the articles. The analysis itself is based on 11 articles mainly from the section ​Remembering the Hipster, ​which was chosen as the most appropriate for this study. The aim of the thesis is to explore the main discursive manifestations of hipster culture in those articles and to find out, whether those reproduced manifestations overlap with identified categories from the theoretical part, or whether they differ from each other. The main purpose of this analysis is then to find out what does it mean to be ​hipster according to VICE magazine contributors.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:22:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mauritania Elvira de Sousa Mendonca.pdf: 878288 bytes, checksum: e49637cde367b35c0ab769782d2ffcc7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-07 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Based on the administrative procedure act, the present study has the objective to propose safe criteria (uniting the process of production act enunciationutterance and utterance-utterance) with internal and external aspects of the administrative procedure act in order to identify vices formal and material which may affect the assessment, if its formation does not occur under the regulations (vices as a result of disobedience of rules which discipline the normative process or the regulator rules of its substantial aspects). This is due to the fact that the administrative authority does not always promote the application of tax and legal rules within the strict legal limits. Moreover, in light of the established propositions, this study will consider that all vices which damage the act of tax assessment must be reported through the use of competent language, and can be identified in its own normative structure. The contribution of this study, as a formal vice, in terms of article 173, II of the National Tax Code, is that there is possibility that the Exchequer reassesses what causes some juridical uncertainty to tax payers, mainly for not having doctrinaire and jurisprudential consensus regarding which flaw of the administrative act assessment would indeed characterize a formal vice or material vice / O presente trabalho tem por escopo, tomando o lançamento como ato administrativo, propor o oferecimento de critérios seguros (conjugando o processo de produção do direito (enunciação-enunciada e enunciadoenunciado) com os aspectos externos e internos do ato administrativo, para identificação dos vícios formais e materiais que podem atingir o lançamento, caso sua formação não se realize nos termos da lei (vícios decorrentes de desobediência das normas que disciplinam o processo de positivação ou das normas reguladoras de seus aspectos substanciais). Isso porque a autoridade administrativa nem sempre promove a aplicação das normas jurídicas tributárias, nos estritos limites legais. Ademais, ante as premissas firmadas, o estudo considerará que todos os vícios que maculam o ato do lançamento tributário devem estar relatados na linguagem competente e podem ser identificáveis em sua própria estrutura normativa. A pesquisa se justifica, pois, em se tratando de vício formal, nos termos do art. 173, II do Código Tributário Nacional, há possibilidade de o Fisco proceder a novo lançamento, o que causa certa insegurança jurídica para os contribuintes, principalmente por não haver consenso doutrinário e jurisprudencial no tocante a qual defeito do ato administrativo de lançamento caracterizar-se-ia, exatamente, como vício formal ou material

Depuis le Moyen Âge, l’intérêt philosophique pour le péché originel, la chute d’Ève et d’Adam, ainsi que le châtiment divin, a produit de nombreuses interprétations du récit de la Genèse. La question la plus importante était celle de comprendre la responsabilité de l’homme dans le mal et de disculper Dieu. Comment un Dieu tout puissant et tout bon pourrait-il accepter que ses créatures tombent dans l’abîme du péché ? Contrairement à ce qu’on pourrait s’attendre, cet intérêt ne perd pas en vigueur au début de la Renaissance : il se voit même renforcer à travers les divergences naissantes de la Réforme. C’est pourquoi il est intéressant d’interroger la pensée de Montaigne et de Descartes, deux penseurs à première vue sans rapport avec une quelconque controverse religieuse (ou en tout cas officiellement non engagés dans des débats de nature théologique). Considèrent-ils le péché dans sa compréhension théologique et religieuse ? Ou le concept de péché se présente-t-il sous une nouvelle forme, qu’on pourrait alors appeler humaniste ou encore naturaliste ? Ni Montaigne ni Descartes n’emploient le terme de péché originel, ce qui marque leur originalité par rapport aux autres penseurs de leurs époques. L’intérêt est donc de savoir si l’absence de ce terme signifie un désintérêt pour la religion chrétienne dans leurs morales, ou si elle marque le début d’une pensée qui essaie de donner une interprétation laïque et sécularisant du mal et du péché. Montaigne et Descartes séparent-ils leurs morales avec la tradition chrétienne ? / Since the Middle Ages, philosophers’ interest in the original sin, in the fall of Eve and Adam and in divine retribution has produced many interpretations of Genesis. The most important question was to understand the responsibility of man in evil and to exculpate God. How could almighty and merciful God accept that his creatures fall into the abyss of sin? Contrary to what one might expect, this interest does not lose its force at the beginning of the Renaissance: it is even strengthened through the emerging differences of the Reformation. This is why it is interesting to analyze the thought of Montaigne and Descartes, two thinkers who seem at first sight unrelated to any religious controversy (or, at least, officially non-engaged in debates of a theological nature). Do they consider sin in his theological and religious understanding? Or, does the concept of sin face a new form of understanding which could then be called humanist or naturalist? Neither Montaigne nor Descartes uses the term original sin, a choice which marks their originality compared to other thinkers of their times. Therefore, we must examine if the absence of this term means a disinterest in the Christian religion in their morals, or if it marks the beginning of a thought which tries to propose a laic and secularized interpretation of the evil and the sin. Do Montaigne and Descartes distance their moral thoughts from the Christian tradition?

The ongoing disregard for the American vice presidency, and for those who would and do hold the office, in conjunction with the scarcity of academic research devoted specifically to the development of the institution, warrants the following study. Indeed, this study is relatively novel to the existent body of political science research which ventures to evaluate the vice presidency. Generally, research and publications on the vice presidency have tended to focus on variables such as ticket-balancing and home-state advantage; critiques of individual vice presidents; and more recently, specific policy spheres where modern vice presidents have been involved. In contrast, this project is devoted exclusively to isolating the institutional markers that have increased the broad utility of the position of vice president of the United States and, in the process, have augmented the development of the vice-presidential institution. These institutional markers include augmentation by precedent, statute, and constitutional amendment; increases in the resources made available to the institution; the addition of institutional identifiers; and the gradual accumulation of policy portfolios and responsibilities assigned to vice presidents. Underscoring each of the preceding institutional markers has been the vital role specific presidents have played in facilitating the development of the vice-presidential institution; indeed, the form and the substance of the vice presidency today is almost entirely the product of presidential initiative. In total, this study represents an interpretive synthesis of the historical record of the American vice presidency and how that record reflects the development of the institution. In the end, salient institutional markers have led to the development of a modern, utilitarian institution, one that is now fully integrated into the executive government. Of equal import, the standing of the vice presidency today, legitimizes the individual serving in the office, and furthers the influence of the vice president in the executive government. And, in telling the story of the development of the vice presidency, it is readily apparent that a combination of anecdotal and empirical evidence support the thesis of a changed institution, closely integrated with, and dependent upon, the presidency.

No description available.

This thesis traces the emergence of the American policewomen's movement through the career of Portland, Oregon's Lola Greene Baldwin, the first such officer hired by a municipality. It recounts the conditions which marked Baldwin's transition from a volunteer moral purity worker to a professional urban vice detective. The thesis connects Baldwin and her new profession to the Progressive era's social hygiene impulse. It considers how government absorption of the social hygiene agenda influenced the enforcement attitudes and methods of the early policewoman. Further, this work looks at the way Baldwin functioned within the bureaucracies and political structures of her environment. Baldwin's biographical history was obtained from her answers on a federal civil service application. The detective's original police department logs were a key element in researching her activities. Correspondence from the Portland city archives between the policewoman and five mayors and numerous police chiefs enhanced the information from her daily entries, as did a thorough perusal of contemporary newspaper items. Progressive-era city ordinances, reports of the Portland Vice Commission, and various memoranda of city council and local social hygiene committees also proved valuable. Miscellaneous personal documents and newspaper stories covering Baldwin's federal policing service during World War I were bolstered by articles from Social Hygiene. Baldwin professionalized women's police work by convincing Portland to pay for vice prevention and investigation formerly sponsored by private charities. She developed professional standards and procedures such as detailed case files, periodic statistical reports, and a specialized parole system for female delinquents. The female vice officer freely offered her ideas to other cities and helped form a national association of policewomen in 1912. Baldwin adopted social hygiene ideas through authoring laws which segregated females from sources of immorality in amusement and employment environments. The policewoman also championed detention homes for sexually precocious young women and special facilities for venereal cases. She fully accepted, moreover, social hygiene doctrine that prostitution was a medical as well as moral threat mandating complete abolition. When city authorities lagged in pursuing prostitution abatement, Baldwin helped establish a vice commission which forced appropriate action. National recognition of the female detective's vice policing won her appointment as a World War I federal military training facility protective agent. This work involved the detention of thousands of West Coast women and girls on mere suspicion of immorality. Baldwin returned to her police job in Portland after her federal task ended in late 1920. Used to the complete social control afforded by martial law, however, the policewoman became discouraged by postwar moral laxity in the Rose City, and retired in early 1922. The American urban policewomen's movement was engendered as a government effort to maintain traditional female purity in the modernizing environment of the Progressive era. Baldwin personified the transition from religious-based notions which relied on moral suasion to methods of modern professional social control which codified traditional standards and made them relevant to prevailing cultural and social conditions. The policewoman used the agenda and momentum of the social hygiene movement to empower herself and her new profession. Baldwin took advantage of growing acceptance of women as necessary partners in the management of a "parental" state. She embodied elements of "social feminism" because she believed that females were inherently different and needed state protection. Her insistence on professional equality with male cohorts, however, contradicted this pattern, as did her support of woman suffrage. Although Baldwin never reconciled to the vast cultural changes of her time, she left a proud legacy of professionalism to her daughters in modern law enforcement.