A presente pesquisa objetiva identificar a natureza jurídica do instituto do consentimento do ofendido para o direito penal brasileiro atual, evidenciando o papel da vítima. Para tanto, inicia-se a pesquisa com uma análise sobre o ofendido, estabelecendo sua evolução histórica, seu conceito atual, bem como os conceitos de vitimologia e vitimodogmática. Logo, aborda-se o consentimento propriamente dito, determinando seu histórico, seu conceito, seu objeto (bem jurídico disponível), seus requisitos e diferenças em relação à autocolocação da vítima em risco. Em seguida, verifica-se o estado atual da questão da natureza jurídica do consentimento. Parte-se da legislação brasileira e do entendimento doutrinário atual. Em razão da predominância do entendimento pela causa de justificação, os fundamentos histórico dogmáticos do conceito material de antijuridicidade são verificados. Ainda no campo da análise da natureza jurídica, fundamental a análise da questão da tipicidade (formal e substancial) pressuposto da antijuridicidade. Assim, analisa-se o consentimento do ofendido como causa de exclusão da tipicidade material. Tendo em vista a teoria unitária, busca-se afastar a diferenciação entre o consentimento e o acordo. Na sequência, trata-se do direito comparado. Assim, torna-se possível a análise do consentimento do ofendido no direito penal brasileiro, tendo em vista a legislação penal em vigor. / This paper aims to identify the legal institute of the need for the offended persons consent for the current Brazilian criminal law, highlighting the role of the victim. To this effect, the study begins with an analysis of victims rights, establishing their historical evolution, the current concept, as well as the concepts of victimology and victim dogmatism (a branch that studies the behavior of crime victims and their contribution to the occurrence of the event, as well as the repercussion of that participation on setting the penalty imposed on the perpetrator). Then it examines consent itself, determining its history, concept, object (alienable rights), the requirements and differences in relation to the victims self-exposure to risk. Next it describes the current state of the legal nature of the consent question based on Brazilian legislation and the interpretation of legal scholars. Because of the predominant position regarding cause for justification, dogmatic historical foundations of the material concept of material illegality are addressed. Still in the field of the legal nature, it is fundamental to analyze the question of classification of the crime (formal and substantive), which is a presupposition for illegality. Therefore, consent of the offended person is analyzed as cause to exclude the classification of the act as a crime. Based on unitary theory, I argue against the distinction between consent and concurrence. Finally, the matter is examined from the perspective of comparative law, to analyze the issue of victims consent in current Brazilian criminal law.

<p>The purpose of this essay is to define the meaning of the concept of crime victim and how the crime victim as a concept is constructed. The question is answered through an investigation of the discourse that constructs and reproduces the crime victim. Furthermore the purpose is to open a theoretical discussion which aims to clarify whether or not the crime victim is a subject or an object through an examination of how the individual is constructed as a crime victim by the crime victim discourse.</p><p>The essay takes a theoretical point of view based on a mixture of Michel Foucault’s and Ernesto Laclau & Chantal Mouffe’s discourse theories. The method used to organize the research – regarding the meaning of the concept of crime victim – is Laclau & Mouffe’s discourse analysis which is an extension and a part of the theory mentioned above.</p><p>The discourse analysis creates a model of the crime victim discourse which answers the question of how the concept of crime victim is constructed, and how this concept should be understood. By observing the construction closely – of the individual as a crime victim – a discussion concerning the crime victim as a subject or an object is elaborated upon. Throughout the discussion the view of the subject as a construction is questioned and another theoretical complementary addition is being made – to the discourse theory – to solve the questions that otherwise would have been left unsolved. The theory which is brought in to complement the discourse theory at this point is Emma Engdahl’s theory about the elementary forms of social life.</p><p>The essay ends in five conclusions which together answer the essays questions in order to fulfil its purpose. The conclusions are: (1) The concept of crime victim is defined by two statements: (a) A crime victim is a person who has been subjected to a crime and has suffered pain. (b) All crime victims are in need of redress. (2) A crime victim who has been constructed exactly like the pattern of the concept of crime victim is an object. (3) The crime victim is a construction of an individual with innate capability to create a subject. (4) The discourse of the crime victim is trying to construct an object of a subject. (5) Whether the crime victim is a subject or an object depends on how the individual chooses to conduct himself in relation to the concept of crime victim used in the discourse.</p> / <p>Syftet med denna studie är att ta reda på vad brottsofferbegreppet innebär, och hur brottsofferbegreppet är konstruerat. Frågan besvaras genom en kartläggning av den diskurs som har konstruerat och reproducerar brottsoffret. Vidare syftar studien till att öppna en teoretisk diskussion som har för avsikt att klargöra om brottsoffret är ett subjekt eller ett objekt genom att titta på hur brottsofferdiskursen konstruerar individen till ett brottsoffer.</p><p>Studien har tagit utgångspunkt i både Michel Foucaults och Ernesto Laclau & Chantal Mouffes diskursteorier. Den arbetsmetod som används i studien är Laclau & Mouffes diskursanalys vilken bör ses som en förlängning och en del av den teoretiska utgångspunkten som nämnts ovan.</p><p>Den diskursanalys som genomförs i studien målar upp en modell av brottsofferdiskursen vilken svarar på frågan om hur brottsofferbegreppet konstrueras och hur begreppet ska förstås. Genom att titta på hur individen konstrueras som ett brottsoffer utvecklas en diskussion kring brottsoffret som ett subjekt eller ett objekt. I diskussionen uppkommer en kritisk hållning till att se subjektet som en konstruktion och ytterligare en teoretisk komplettering till diskursteorin görs för att lösa de frågor som annars skulle ha lämnats obesvarade. Den teori som här förs in i diskussionen och förenas med diskursteorin är Emma Engdahls teori om det sociala livets elementära former.</p><p>Uppsatsen mynnar ut i fem slutsatser som tillsammans svarar på studiens frågeställningar och uppfyller dess syfte. Dessa slutsatser är: (1) Definitionen av brottsofferbegreppet är tvådelad: (a) Den individ är ett brottsoffer som utsatts för ett brott och därav oskyldigt lidit skada. (b) Alla brottsoffer är i behov av upprättelse. (2) Ett brottsoffer som är helt konstruerat efter brottsofferbegreppets mönster är ett objekt. (3) Brottsoffret är en konstruktion av en individ med medfödda förmågor att skapa ett subjekt. (4) Brottsofferdiskursen försöker att göra ett objekt av ett subjekt. (5) Om brottsoffret är ett subjekt eller ett objekt beror på hur individen väljer att – i brottsofferdiskursen – positionera sig till begreppet brottsoffer.</p>

The purpose of this essay is to define the meaning of the concept of crime victim and how the crime victim as a concept is constructed. The question is answered through an investigation of the discourse that constructs and reproduces the crime victim. Furthermore the purpose is to open a theoretical discussion which aims to clarify whether or not the crime victim is a subject or an object through an examination of how the individual is constructed as a crime victim by the crime victim discourse. The essay takes a theoretical point of view based on a mixture of Michel Foucault’s and Ernesto Laclau &amp; Chantal Mouffe’s discourse theories. The method used to organize the research – regarding the meaning of the concept of crime victim – is Laclau &amp; Mouffe’s discourse analysis which is an extension and a part of the theory mentioned above. The discourse analysis creates a model of the crime victim discourse which answers the question of how the concept of crime victim is constructed, and how this concept should be understood. By observing the construction closely – of the individual as a crime victim – a discussion concerning the crime victim as a subject or an object is elaborated upon. Throughout the discussion the view of the subject as a construction is questioned and another theoretical complementary addition is being made – to the discourse theory – to solve the questions that otherwise would have been left unsolved. The theory which is brought in to complement the discourse theory at this point is Emma Engdahl’s theory about the elementary forms of social life. The essay ends in five conclusions which together answer the essays questions in order to fulfil its purpose. The conclusions are: (1) The concept of crime victim is defined by two statements: (a) A crime victim is a person who has been subjected to a crime and has suffered pain. (b) All crime victims are in need of redress. (2) A crime victim who has been constructed exactly like the pattern of the concept of crime victim is an object. (3) The crime victim is a construction of an individual with innate capability to create a subject. (4) The discourse of the crime victim is trying to construct an object of a subject. (5) Whether the crime victim is a subject or an object depends on how the individual chooses to conduct himself in relation to the concept of crime victim used in the discourse. / Syftet med denna studie är att ta reda på vad brottsofferbegreppet innebär, och hur brottsofferbegreppet är konstruerat. Frågan besvaras genom en kartläggning av den diskurs som har konstruerat och reproducerar brottsoffret. Vidare syftar studien till att öppna en teoretisk diskussion som har för avsikt att klargöra om brottsoffret är ett subjekt eller ett objekt genom att titta på hur brottsofferdiskursen konstruerar individen till ett brottsoffer. Studien har tagit utgångspunkt i både Michel Foucaults och Ernesto Laclau &amp; Chantal Mouffes diskursteorier. Den arbetsmetod som används i studien är Laclau &amp; Mouffes diskursanalys vilken bör ses som en förlängning och en del av den teoretiska utgångspunkten som nämnts ovan. Den diskursanalys som genomförs i studien målar upp en modell av brottsofferdiskursen vilken svarar på frågan om hur brottsofferbegreppet konstrueras och hur begreppet ska förstås. Genom att titta på hur individen konstrueras som ett brottsoffer utvecklas en diskussion kring brottsoffret som ett subjekt eller ett objekt. I diskussionen uppkommer en kritisk hållning till att se subjektet som en konstruktion och ytterligare en teoretisk komplettering till diskursteorin görs för att lösa de frågor som annars skulle ha lämnats obesvarade. Den teori som här förs in i diskussionen och förenas med diskursteorin är Emma Engdahls teori om det sociala livets elementära former. Uppsatsen mynnar ut i fem slutsatser som tillsammans svarar på studiens frågeställningar och uppfyller dess syfte. Dessa slutsatser är: (1) Definitionen av brottsofferbegreppet är tvådelad: (a) Den individ är ett brottsoffer som utsatts för ett brott och därav oskyldigt lidit skada. (b) Alla brottsoffer är i behov av upprättelse. (2) Ett brottsoffer som är helt konstruerat efter brottsofferbegreppets mönster är ett objekt. (3) Brottsoffret är en konstruktion av en individ med medfödda förmågor att skapa ett subjekt. (4) Brottsofferdiskursen försöker att göra ett objekt av ett subjekt. (5) Om brottsoffret är ett subjekt eller ett objekt beror på hur individen väljer att – i brottsofferdiskursen – positionera sig till begreppet brottsoffer.

The current case involves a female rape victim. Research has shown the level of victim blaming can be elevated if the victim is a lesbian woman compared to a heterosexual woman. Mock jurors’ responses to personality trait questionnaires (e.g., Belief in a Just World, Attitudes Toward Women, Attitudes Toward Lesbians) and amount of contact they have with homosexual people were employed as predictors of how they would decide victim blaming and perpetrator guilt. Personality trait findings were not good predictors; however, greater contact with homosexuals did decrease negative attitudes toward lesbian victims. Limitations and implications for future research are addressed.

A dearth in research pertaining to the secondary victimisation of child victims in the criminal justice system (CJS) exists. The study set out to conduct a criminological investigation into the prevalence and nature of secondary victimisation of child victims, identifying whether current policies and legislation are enforced in practice, and considering and describing measures which should be taken to reduce the occurrence of secondary victimisation of child victims in the CJS. In order to achieve this aim, a qualitative research approach was applied and Piquero and Hickman’s extended control balance theory guided the study. Eleven semi-structured interviews were conducted with role-players who have at least two years’ experience working with child victims in the CJS. These role-players consisted of one social worker in private practice and social workers from the Teddy Bear Clinic for Abused Children. By utilising thematic analysis, distinct themes and sub-themes were identified. The results indicated that child victims invariably encounter secondary victimisation whilst proceeding through the CJS. This victimisation was reiterated to be related to various criminal justice professionals who deal with child victims without the sufficient training and knowledge needed. The effect of secondary victimisation was proven to be substantial on child victims and showed to often result in withdrawal, delinquent behaviours as well as suicidal tendencies. The majority of the participants affirmed that the current provisions, although powerful in theory, are not being enforced in practice and expressed the dire need for training to be provided to all professionals who engage with child victims. / Dissertation (MA)--University ofPretoria, 2019. / Social Work and Criminology / MA / Unrestricted

Uppsatsens syfte var att undersöka hur intervjudeltagare verksamma inom för studien relevanta organisationer och myndigheter resonerade angående barriärer för polisanmälan som kvinnor kan uppleva vid våld i nära relation. Vidare var syftet att diskutera hur intervjudeltagarna såg på sin roll att öka anmälningsbenägenheten genom att underlätta för kvinnorna att överkomma dessa barriärer. Teorin utgick från normalisering, victim blaming och sekundär viktimisering samt det ideala offret. Metoden som användes var kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer. Uppsatsens resultat visade att deltagarna var medvetna om dessa barriärer och att de hade utvecklat förhållningssätt och strategier för att bemöta dessa, exempelvis genom att avnormalisera våldet. Vidare konstaterades att även om ingen av intervjudeltagarna ansåg att bidra till ökad anmälningsbenägenhet var deras huvuduppgift kan deras bemötande av barriärerna indirekt öka denna. / The aim of the study was to examine how the interviewees from different organizations and authorities relevant to our study reasoned on the barriers women might experience when it comes to reporting intimate partner abuse to the police. The aim was also to examine how the interviewees viewed their role in increasing the propensity to report by encouraging the women to overcome these barriers. Our theory was based on the theories of the normalization process, victim blaming and secondary victimization and the ideal victim. The method used was qualitative, semi-structured interviews. The results showed that the interviewees were aware of these barriers and that they had developed different approaches and strategies to meet these barriers, for example by de-normalizing the violence. Another finding was that although none of the interviewees regarded increasing the women’s propensity to report as their first priority, their work in helping the women to overcome the barriers indirectly can contribute to increase the propensity to report to the police.

Text in Afrikaans / Verkragting, 'n toenemende misdaad, word deur verskeie mites omring. Die doel van die navorsing was om verkragtingsmites te beskryf en oak om vas te stel of daar 'n verskil tussen mans en vroue bestaan betreffende die aanvaarding van die verkragtingsmites. 'n Verkennende studie van bestaande literatuur het aan die lig gebring dat die gemeenskap, polisie, hofamptenare, mediese personeel en die media bepaalde wanvoorstellings aangaande verkragting het. Om die bestaan van verkragtingsmites te bewys, is 'n kwantitatiewe studie uitgevoer wat 136 mans en 165 vroue se persepsies oar verkragtingsmites getoets het. Statisties-beduidende verskille tussen die geslagte is aangeteken. Die resultate van die navorsing dui daarop dat mans en vroue die mite aanvaar dat verkragting 'n seksuele eerder as 'n geweldsmisdaad is. Verder blyk dit duidelik dat vroue meer geneig is om verkragtingsmites te aanvaar wat hul slagoffervatbaarheid kan verhoog. / Rape, an increasing crime is surrounded by various myths. The aim of this research was to describe these myths and also to establish whether or not men and women differ with regard to the acceptance thereof. An exploratory study revealed that society, the police, court officials, medical staff and the media have certain misconceptions with regard to rape. To prove the existence of these myths a quantitative study with 136 males and 165 females was undertaken during which their perceptions pertaining to rape myths were tested. Statistically significant differences were noted. Research results indicated that men and women accept the myth that rape is a sexual rather than a violent crime. It furthermore became evident that women are more inclined to accept rape myths which in tum increase their victim vulnerability. / Sociology / M.A. (Criminology)

Syftet var att ge en bild av vad som framkommer i tidigare forskning om vuxna individer med funktionsvariation och deras utsatthet för sexualbrott. Studien omfattar två frågeställningar: (1) Hur beskrivs funktionsvariation påverka utsattheten för sexualbrott enligt artiklarna? (2) Hur konstrueras sexualbrott i artiklarna? För att besvara syftet gjordes en översiktsstudie med totalt nio kvantitativa och kvalitativa vetenskapliga artiklar och en tematisk analys genomfördes. Resultatet analyserades utifrån ett socialkonstruktivistiskt perspektiv. Resultatet visade att en individ med en synlig funktionsvariation beskrevs som en symbol för svaghet. Resultatet visade också att artiklarna konstruerade sexualbrott som ett individualistiskt problem. Resultatet visade även att en individ med funktionsvariation ”samtycker” till sexuellt umgänge på grund av låg självkänsla. Slutsatsen är att mer forskning behövs för att kunna utveckla åtgärder för att förebygga sexualbrott mot individer med funktionsvariation så att de kan känna sig trygga i samhället. / The aim was to present a general view of what is found in earlier research on adults with disabilities and their vulnerability to sexual crimes. The study covers two issues: (1) How do the disability affect vulnerability to sexual crimes according to the articles? (2) How do the articles construct sexual crimes? To answer the aim a scoping review with a total of nine quantitative and qualitative scientific articles were used and a thematic analysis was conducted. The results were analyzed from a social constructionist perspective. The results showed that an individual with a visible disability was described as a symbol of weakness. The results also showed that the articles chose to construct sexual crimes as an individualistic problem. Moreover the results showed that an individual with a disability "consents" to sexual intercourse because of low self-esteem. The conclusion is that more research is needed in order to develop measures to prevent sexual crimes against individuals with disabilities to improve their feeling of security in society.

The aim of this study was to examine what roles media gave women and men during the civil war in Syria. It focuses on what the Swedish news television (TV4) chose to show to the public. With the use of a qualitative analysis and tools like Fairclough CDA (critical discourse analysis) and feminism theories, this study discovered that TV4 gives stereotypical roles to the genders. Women are portrayed mostly as victims and are sourced for how the war affects them and their family. Men, on the other hand, are seen as active and warrior-like and speak to how the war affects their people beyond just their family and personal situation. These gender rolls are common, however, this analysis also relived TV4 publicizing some strong and powerful women as well.

The purpose of the proposed study is to consider why and under which conditions do supervisors engage in abusive behaviours towards their subordinates. To answer my first research question, why do supervisors engage in abusive supervision, I draw on victim precipitation (e.g., Sparks, Glenn, & Dodd, 1977) and conservation of resources (COR; Hobfoll, 1989) theories to argue that certain subordinate performance-related behaviours and characteristics threaten supervisor resources leading to abuse as a stress reaction. To answer my second research question, under which conditions do supervisors engage in abusive supervision, I draw on attribution theory (Heider, 1958; Weiner, 1986). I argue that supervisors abuse subordinates when they attribute responsibility, or blame subordinates for negative performance-related behaviours and characteristics, as a means of protecting or guarding against future resource loss. To answer my research questions, I developed measures for self- and other-perceived general mental ability (GMA) and blame attributions. I obtained data from 211 supervisor-subordinate dyads in Canada and the United States. Respondents were surveyed for information about their work behaviours, characteristics, and relationships. Using Hayes (2013) PROCESS macros, I found partial support for the proposed model and offer refinements to COR and victim precipitation theories. I found relationships between both self- and supervisor-reported subordinate behaviours and characteristics and abusive supervision, largely in the direction hypothesized. I also found supervisor-reported subordinate performance behaviours and perceived GMA to share a stronger relationship with subordinate reports of abusive supervision than subordinate reported behaviours and characteristics in many instances. / October 2016