Hur påverkar kulturen det kliniska arbetsterapeutiska arbetet med människor från en annan kulturell bakgrund? Den/de referens-ram/ar arbetsterapeuter använder sig av kommer, åtminstone oftast, från västvärlden med de värderingar och normer som finns här. I östasiatiska kulturer finns en delvis annan ”tids- och jag-uppfattning” än i västvärlden. Om värderingar och normer inte stämmer med patienternas finns en risk att behandlingen inte blir av tillräckligt god kvalitet. Smärtpatienter är en stor patientgrupp i primärvården. Förändringar av aktivitetsförmågan som påverkar delaktighet i både personligt liv, socialt liv och arbetsliv förekommer ofta. För att knyta samman de båda aspekterna, kultur och aktivitet, gjordes en kvalitativ studie med syfte att belysa uppfattningar om smärta vid aktivitet samt kulturens betydelse för en grupp vietnameser boende i Sverige. Fem informanter med smärta valdes genom lämplighetsurval och intervjuades med semistrukturerade frågor. Genom snöbollssampling valdes två informanter för ett samtal om kulturens betydelse med hjälp av frågeområden från en teoretisk modell. Genom att använda begreppen i två olika teoretiska modeller och fenomengrafisk metod redovisas uppfattningar om smärta vid aktivitet och hur kulturen påverkar dessa uppfattningar. Resultatet visar att smärtan påverkar aktivitetsförmågan negativt och att kulturella faktorer kan göra att arbetsterapeut och patient missuppfattar varandra. / How does culture influence occupational therapy practice with people from another cultural background. The clinical frame/es used by occupational therapists is, most likely, based on values and norms from the western world. In East Asian culture there is partly a different way to relate to self and temporal orientation than in west. If values and norms don’t fit the patient the risk is that the treatment will not be good enough. Patients in pain are a large group in primary care. Change in activities will often have affect on the participation in personal, social and work related areas. In order to connect these two aspects, culture and activity, a qualitative study was made in  purpose of enlightening opinions on pain in activity and the influence of culture in a group of Vietnamese living in Sweden. Five informants with pain were chosen by suitable selection and were interviewed by semi structured questions. With snowball selection two informants were chosen to a conversation about the influence of culture. The questions emerged from a theoretical model. In using the concepts of two different theoretical models and phenomenografical method the experience of pain due to activity and how culture influence these opinions is shown. The result show that pain has a negative impact on the ability to be active and that cultural factors might lead to misunderstanding between occupational therapist and patient.

The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze (1) how Vietnamese business culture resembles and differs from Unilever corporate culture, (2) what advantages and disadvantages are resulted from these similarities and differences, and (3) how the company made use of the advantages and overcome the disadvantages. This thesis also aims at (4) indicating some shortcomings in Unilever‟s adaptation strategy and providing some recommendations. This research work is qualitative in nature and is based upon a case study. Both primary and secondary data are used for the case analysis. Primary data are collected by semi-structured interviews. As a Western company entering Vietnam – an Eastern market, Unilever has encountered both challenges and benefits from the differences and similarities between its global core values and Vietnamese culture. With its global vision: “We have local roots with global scale”, the company made a number of changes to accommodate the differences and took advantage of the similarities. Its adaptation strategies not only build up a strong and appropriate culture but also act as a source of competitive advantage, which contributes to Unilever impressive success in theVietnamese market. However, there are still some shortcomings that need to be taken into consideration.

<p>Hur påverkar kulturen det kliniska arbetsterapeutiska arbetet med människor från en annan kulturell bakgrund? Den/de referens-ram/ar arbetsterapeuter använder sig av kommer, åtminstone oftast, från västvärlden med de värderingar och normer som finns här. I östasiatiska kulturer finns en delvis annan ”tids- och jag-uppfattning” än i västvärlden. Om värderingar och normer inte stämmer med patienternas finns en risk att behandlingen inte blir av tillräckligt god kvalitet.</p><p>Smärtpatienter är en stor patientgrupp i primärvården. Förändringar av aktivitetsförmågan som påverkar delaktighet i både personligt liv, socialt liv och arbetsliv förekommer ofta. För att knyta samman de båda aspekterna, kultur och aktivitet, gjordes en kvalitativ studie med syfte att belysa uppfattningar om smärta vid aktivitet samt kulturens betydelse för en grupp vietnameser boende i Sverige. Fem informanter med smärta valdes genom lämplighetsurval och intervjuades med semistrukturerade frågor. Genom snöbollssampling valdes två informanter för ett samtal om kulturens betydelse med hjälp av frågeområden från en teoretisk modell. Genom att använda begreppen i två olika teoretiska modeller och fenomengrafisk metod redovisas uppfattningar om smärta vid aktivitet och hur kulturen påverkar dessa uppfattningar.</p><p>Resultatet visar att smärtan påverkar aktivitetsförmågan negativt och att kulturella faktorer kan göra att arbetsterapeut och patient missuppfattar varandra.</p> / <p>How does culture influence occupational therapy practice with people from another cultural background. The clinical frame/es used by occupational therapists is, most likely, based on values and norms from the western world. In East Asian culture there is partly a different way to relate to self and temporal orientation than in west. If values and norms don’t fit the patient the risk is that the treatment will not be good enough.</p><p>Patients in pain are a large group in primary care. Change in activities will often have affect on the participation in personal, social and work related areas. In order to connect these two aspects, culture and activity, a qualitative study was made in  purpose of enlightening opinions on pain in activity and the influence of culture in a group of Vietnamese living in Sweden. Five informants with pain were chosen by suitable selection and were interviewed by semi structured questions. With snowball selection two informants were chosen to a conversation about the influence of culture. The questions emerged from a theoretical model. In using the concepts of two different theoretical models and phenomenografical method the experience of pain due to activity and how culture influence these opinions is shown.</p><p>The result show that pain has a negative impact on the ability to be active and that cultural factors might lead to misunderstanding between occupational therapist and patient.</p>

For the Diploma work we chose the theme: ``Algesia and pain tolerance across cultures``. We chose it because due to globalisation and migration of inhabitants cultures from the whole world reside in the Czech Republic. We decided for three the most numerous cultural groups in the Czech Republic, which are Czechs, Romanies and Vietnamese. These cultures, despite living in one territory, have a different history, different customs and traditions and approach differently to health and disease. They perceive pain differently, it has a different importance for them and they use different ways of calming the pain. To get to know these cultures closer in the area of pain and to describe differences between Czechs, Romanies and Vietnamese is the essential for a good quality professional and especially multicultural care. For better lucidity and coherence we divided the theoretical part into four sections. The first one is devoted to basic information about pain, its history, factors that affect algesia and its treatment. Other sections are focused gradually on each culture separately. We mention brief history of the relevant culture, pain treatment in the past and especially pain symptoms in the relevant culture, algesia and tolerance of pain. For the empirical section there were defined three targets and five hypotheses. We should find out and compare the differences in calming pain in Romany, Vietnamese and Czech culture in domestic and hospital environment. We should further find out whether the designated cultures consider pain a part of their lives and the last target was to find out the effect of pain on normal activity leading to initiation of activities for pain calming. The targets were established based on the assumption that members of nation minorities in the Czech Republic, in this work specially Romanies and Vietnamese, prefer non-pharmacological ways of calming pain to the pharmacological ones and that Czechs do not consider pain a part of their life unlike members of the nation minorities in the Czech Republic. Other assumption was that a church person bears pain better than an atheist. And last two assumptions were that Romanies have lower pain tolerance than Czechs and that Vietnamese higher. The research was carried out at a selected sample of representatives of all three cultures in form of questionnaires. On the basis of results it is possible to say that the work targets were met. The first two hypotheses were not proved and the last three were.

This study explores storybook illustrations in learning word meanings among English learners in a university intensive language program. The impact of children’s literature on the comprehension and vocabulary development of second language children is well-documented. However, the use of the literature with adults still needs to be researched. Therefore, a mixed-method study was designed (1) to investigate whether readers who read an authentic illustrated story differed from those who read the same story without illustrations; and (2) to learn more about the readers’ process of learning words from storybook illustrations. Results suggest that illustrations play an important role in both comprehending the text and learning individual words, however issues related to the accessibility of the text and readers’ ability to use context should also be taken into consideration. The findings support prior research that the benefits of learning from context take time to become robust. The study suggests that illustrated storybooks provide a rich context for adults to infer word meanings and recommends children’s literature as an alternative source of reading in programs serving adult English learners.

Cette thèse étudie l’insertion professionnelle francophone au Vietnam dans une optique communicationnelle. La situation étudiée met en présence des recruteurs français et des candidats vietnamiens, dans une situation authentique d’embauche professionnelle. L’introduction pose la problématique générale : si, comme le déclare E.T. Hall, culture et communication sont le même phénomène envisagé sous deux facettes particulières, comment est-il possible de communiquer avec que recruteur français et candidat vietnamien s’entendent, se comprennent, concluent un accord ? Comment, en situation de la différence culturelle, la communication reste-t-elle envisageable ? En effet, les codes culturels favorisent la communication seulement s’ils sont partagés. Le paradoxe est qu’elle semble théoriquement impossible et pourtant force est de constater qu’elle se déroule souvent de manière suffisamment satisfaisante pour permettre la coopération. La problématique générale aborde deux questions touchant au processus d’insertion professionnelle entre un sujet français et un sujet vietnamien : comment les éthiques culturelles et professionnelles divergentes des acteurs provoquent-elles des malentendus au cours de l’interaction ? comment la coopération permanente des acteurs dans leurs stratégies d’interaction permet-elle à la communication interculturelle de se développer ? Le chapitre 1 expose les principes de l’approche culturaliste rapportée à la communication interculturelle. Cette présentation débouche sur une conclusion pessimiste : chacun étant enfermé dans sa culture, la communication avec une personne d’une autre culture s’avère logiquement impossible. En définitive, la culture fonctionne comme un facilitateur à condition de partager la même culture. Elle fonctionne comme un obstacle dans les autres cas. Le chapitre 2 présente l’approche interactionniste, laquelle postule des stratégies universelles qui facilitent l’interaction. À l’inverse du culturalisme, l’interactionnisme aboutit donc à une conclusion optimiste, considérant comme toujours possible la communication interculturelle pour peu que les stratégies d’interaction soient appliquées. Or, ces stratégies, supposées universelles, ont été établies sans prendre en compte la dimension culturelle. Le chapitre 3 s’efforce d’articuler logiquement le culturalisme et l’interactionnisme. Cette articulation suit le raisonnement suivant : on pose une distinction entre le plan des stratégies (générales, universelles) et celui des réalisations (culturellement marquées) ; or, les réalisations étant particulières à une culture donnée, une stratégie peut ne pas être reconnue pour ce qu’elle est. Il existe une sorte de hiatus entre les deux plans qui ne peuvent pas toujours fonctionner ensemble. c’est pourquoi une troisième instance est nécessaire, rendant compte de procédés facilitant le passage d’une stratégie à une réalisation. Ces procédés compensatoires, car ils visent à combler l’écart entre réalisations et stratégies, sont langagiers (fournir ou demander des explications, par exemple) et comportementaux (coopération, empathie) ; on obtient donc le mécanisme général du fonctionnement de la communication interculturelle : des stratégies similaires (plan 1) ; des réalisations différentes (plan 2) ; et des procédés de passage entre les deux plans ci-dessus mentionnés. Le chapitre 4 présente le corpus qui sert de base à cette étude. Le corpus est composé de trois séries de documents de première main. Le premier comprend 17 entretiens d’embauche authentiques, enregistrés, transcrits en français. Le second rassemble 9 entretiens semi-directifs menés par la doctorante auprès des recruteurs. Le troisième se compose de 9 entretiens semi-directifs également menés par la doctorante auprès des candidats.Le chapitre 5 rappelle les principes de la méthodologie, en l’occurrence, l’analyse de contenu, pour traiter les données brutes contenues dans le corpus. etc / This thesis studies the professional integration in Vietnam of French-speakers in terms of communication. The study context involves French recruiters and Vietnamese candidates in authentic recruitment situations. Introduction presents an overview of the problem: if, as declared by E.T. Hall, culture and communication are the same phenomenon viewed under two particular facets, is it possible for French recruiters and Vietnamese candidates to communicate in order to understand, get along with each other, and reach agreement ? How can communication be viewed in the situation of cultural differences? In fact, cultural codes facilitate communication only when they are shared. The paradox is that theoretically, communication seems impossible; however, we have to admit that it usually takes place in a manner satisfactory enough to permit cooperation. Overview of the problem deals with two questions regarding the process of professional integration between a French subject and a Vietnamese subject: how do cultural ethics and professional divergences of the actors cause misunderstandings during interactions? does constant cooperation between the actors in their interactional strategies allow intercultural communication to develop? Chapter 1 presents the principles of the culturalist approach for intercultural communication. The presentation leads to a pessimistic conclusion: whenever an actor is locked in his/her culture, communication with a person from another culture is proved to be logically impossible. Definitely, culture functions like a facilitator on the condition of sharing the same culture. It functions like an obstacle in other cases. Chapter 2 presents an interactionist approach which applies universal strategies to facilitate interactions. Contrary to culturalism, the interactionist approach leads to an optimistic conclusion, considering intercultural communication to be always possible provided that the interactional strategies are applied. Yet, these strategies, supposedly universal, have been established without regarding the cultural dimension. Chapter 3 attempts to establish logical links between culturalism and interactionism. The connection is based on the following reasoning: we make the distinction between the plan of strategies (general, universal) and the plan of realisation (culturally marked); nevertheless, because the realisations are peculiar to a given culture, a strategy cannot be recognised as it really is. There exists some sort of hiatus between the two plans which usually cannot function together; that is why a third level is necessary to facilitate the transition from a strategy to a realisation. The compensation process that aims to fill in the gaps between realisation and strategy is bothlinguistic (providing or asking for explanations, for example), and behavioural (cooperation, empathy); so we can obtain the general mechanism for the functioning of intercultural dynamics: the similar strategies (plan 1); the different realizations (plan 2); and the transitional processes between the above mentioned plans. Chapter 4 presents a corpus which serves as the basis for this study. The corpus consists of three series of first-hand documents. The first series comprises 17 authentic job interviews which were recorded and transcribed in French. The second consists of 9 semi-directive interviews with recruiters conducted by the researcher. The third consists of 9 semi-directive interviews with the candidates conducted by the researcher. Chapter 5 repeats the principles of methodology – in this case being content analysis to process the raw data in the corpus. In Chapter 6, the three interview series are processed through content analysis to bring to light the principal parameters that intervene into the communication between the two speakers. Chapter 7 goes into some rigid elements that are likely to be obstacles to intercultural communication. etc

The master's thesis is devoted to the study of the important moral concept of honor and performed at the intersection of cognitive and linguo-culturological approaches. The student studied the information content of the concept of honor in Russian and Vietnamese language cultures based on lexicographic, text and experimental data. The paper presents the results of a survey of Russian and Vietnamese students, which revealed similarities and differences in the representation of this moral concept in different language cultures. / Магистерская диссертация посвящена изучению важного морально-нравственного концепта честь и выполнено на стыке когнитивного и лингвокультурологического подходов. Магистрантом изучено информационное содержание концепта честь в русской и вьетнамской лингвокультурах в опоре на лексикографические, текстовые и экспериментальные данные. В работе представлены результаты опроса русских и вьетнамских студентов, который выявил общее и различное в представлении о данном нравственном понятии в разных лингвокультурах / The master's thesis is devoted to the study of the important moral concept of honor and performed at the intersection of cognitive and linguo-culturological approaches. The student studied the information content of the concept of honor in Russian and Vietnamese language cultures based on lexicographic, text and experimental data. The paper presents the results of a survey of Russian and Vietnamese students, which revealed similarities and differences in the representation of this moral concept in different language cultures.