<p>To get rid of our dependence on fossil fuels we need to make use of renewable energy sources like wind power to a greater extent. Even though wind power is a renewable energy source it can still cause some problems for the close environment. </p><p>One of the problems is shadow flickering. When the sun is low and the wind blows in a direction so that the rotor blades are positioned at right angles to the sunbeams and ‘cut’ the sunbeams off. The beholder will see this as a flashing light, comparable to driving a car or going by train through an alley of trees. This shadow flickering experienced is aggravating for people living in the close surroundings of windmills. The research that has been done about how these shadows affect the people living close is insufficient. We hope that the result from this project can be used as a base for better judging on how people in the vicinity of windmills get affected by the shadows they are exposed to. Hopefully, this will simplify and speed up the application process for establishing new wind power plants. To calculate how many hours of shadow exposure the people in the close environment to the mills get, the windmill planning program WindPro 2.6 from EMD international A/S was used. The results were then compared to self reported disturbances by shadows collected in former epidemiological studies and have been presented mainly in diagrams. The study shows that there is a connection between shadow exposure and experienced disturbance. The disturbance seems to rely as much on the number of shadow hours as on the number of shadow occasions, most likely because these are usually closely related.</p>

To get rid of our dependence on fossil fuels we need to make use of renewable energy sources like wind power to a greater extent. Even though wind power is a renewable energy source it can still cause some problems for the close environment. One of the problems is shadow flickering. When the sun is low and the wind blows in a direction so that the rotor blades are positioned at right angles to the sunbeams and ‘cut’ the sunbeams off. The beholder will see this as a flashing light, comparable to driving a car or going by train through an alley of trees. This shadow flickering experienced is aggravating for people living in the close surroundings of windmills. The research that has been done about how these shadows affect the people living close is insufficient. We hope that the result from this project can be used as a base for better judging on how people in the vicinity of windmills get affected by the shadows they are exposed to. Hopefully, this will simplify and speed up the application process for establishing new wind power plants. To calculate how many hours of shadow exposure the people in the close environment to the mills get, the windmill planning program WindPro 2.6 from EMD international A/S was used. The results were then compared to self reported disturbances by shadows collected in former epidemiological studies and have been presented mainly in diagrams. The study shows that there is a connection between shadow exposure and experienced disturbance. The disturbance seems to rely as much on the number of shadow hours as on the number of shadow occasions, most likely because these are usually closely related.

The purpose of this study is to investigate how much of the estimated annual electric energy production from Swedish wind power that actually was produced, as well as the history of this agreement over time. The aim is to also examine if there are properties that have caused some group of wind power plants to produce more or less, compared to their estimated production. Operational data on wind turbines collected by the Swedish Energy Agency was analyzed. A survey was made among owners of wind power plants with a nominal power of at least 2 MW. Two different methods for normal year correction of production data were used and compared. The result shows that wind power plants in the data from the Swedish Energy Agency on average had a normal year corrected production that amounted to 87 % of their estimated production during the years 2008 - 2010. The agreement between estimated and actual downtime appears to have a strong correlation to the agreement between actual and estimated production in all parts of the study. The larger wind power plants and the power plants taken into operation during the last ten years tend to have a normal year corrected production closer to their estimated production.

Syftet med detta arbete har varit att kartlägga, beskriva och förklara de förändringar som skett när det gäller markanvändningen under de senaste hundra åren. Fallstudien har särskilt fokuserat på ängs- och hagmarken inom byarna Stora Heda, Lilla Heda och Karryd i nordöstra Sjösås församling. Studien har studerat förändringar i omfång och användning av markslagen, sökt de orsakssamband som kan tjäna till förklaringar och även studerat samtida förändringar vilka kan ha en påverkan på en framtida användning. Resultatet visar på ett orsakssamband där minskad djurhållning kräver mindre vinterfoder från ängsslåtter. En förändring av den plöjda åkermarken från säd till vall. Detta har flyttat skogs- och hagbetet till vallåkern eller ängen för att sedan nästen helt ha övergett ängs- och hagmarken. En ytterligare minskning av antalet betande djur har gjort att det idag är koncentrerat till vallbärande åker. Det finns också en koppling mellan antalet permanentboende i en by och graden av hävdade och betade marker. Samtida förändringar vilka uppfattas som centrala för en framtida markanvändning är vindkraftens utbyggnad och dess etableringskoncentration. Den medialiserade bilden av svenskt kulturlandskap diskuteras också som en viktig dimension av ett framtida markanvändande.

This is a feasibility study that examines various aspects of building a wind farm on Malmön in Norrköping. The feasibility study deals with interests of conflict, park design, electrical connections, production calculation, financial calculations and operating- and timetable. The report is divided into two distinct parts. First a theoretical part, which deals with conflicting interests, park design and electrical connections. Second a part with simulations dealing with production calculations, and financial calculations. Opposing interests are mapped so that problem areas can be found, and help put focus on the right places at a future environmental impact assessment (EIA). There are a number of areas where planners have to assess on an EIA, this thesis point on the most important areas. There are a few areas of national interest and the Natura 2000 protection. Part of the area of the planned park is also within Norrköping Airport area of influence and an assessment must be made by the civil aviation authority (CAA) to determine if a wind farm on the location would affect the air traffic and if so, what part of the location would be affected. Furthermore, there is the area of a flight route for birds as well as an area that is a common livelihood for birds. These should be examined to see if wind power in the area can become a problem for these birds. A production calculation has been implemented in the program WindPRO. This feasibility study has dealt with three different park designs with the wind turbine, Vestas V-126 3.3MW, which is the largest low wind turbine we found. Based on wind data, data for wind turbines, distance between turbines and other data we can do a calculation of how much energy the wind farm produces annually. Calculations were also made In WindPRO regarding sound levels and shadow creation. This is so that the wind farm will be designed so target values for noise and shadows are met. All park designs in this project has been designed so that the sound and shadow benchmarks for buildings nearby are met. Based on production estimates, an economic calculation been carried out. The different park designs have between 7 and 11 wind turbines with an annual energy production of between 58 and 91 GWh per year. The wind turbines have been estimated to cost approximately 25 Mkr each, plus about 10 % of turbine cost for foundations, roads, power lines and other similar expenses. One calculation was made for the case the electric connection could be done directly to some of the industries in the location, for this simulation the cost over the wind mill was about 15 %. Under all these conditions, the project should be financially sustainable, with a payback period of about 6-11 years and a return of investment of 1-7 %.

This final thesis contains three major parts, which all have been time demanding: *Designing and construction of a small wind turbine. *Designing and construction of an electrical system. *Thesis with fundamental facts about wind, wind power and design. The thesis contains basic theory in wind power and the energy systems it can be combined with. Different types of wind turbines, which components they consists of and important issues to consider when designing is also mentioned. In the end of this report the technique of our wind turbine will be presented. In the end you can also read about our experiences during the time of designing and construction.

Syftet med detta examensarbete är att optimera produktionen för högst lönsamhet för den planerade vindkraftsparken Hästkullen i Härnösand och Timrå kommuner. Arbetet har utförts för SCA Energy i Sundsvall. SCA projekterar vindkraftsparken Hästkullen i samarbete med EON. Vid en satsning för etablering av en vindkraftspark krävs investering på miljardbelopp. Det är därför viktigt att säkerställa att investeringen på sikt blir lönsam. För att kunna göra denna uppskattning krävs det noggranna produktionsberäkningar med tillgång till ett års komplett vinddata. Det program som använts för att simulera produktionsberäkningarna är WindPRO. Beräkningsprogrammet Wasp har använts för att simulera vindens energiinnehåll och strömningsdynamik. Flera olika vindkraftsparkutformningar byggdes upp i WindPRO för tre scenarion. Scenarierna har olika antal vindkraftverk och varierad tornhöjd. Den ekonomiska analysen har gjorts i kalkylblad där den viktigaste ekonomiska förutsättningen var att uppnå en kalkylränta på sju procent. Framtidens elpris är en viktig, men osäker, faktor och i olika scenarier erhålls olika elpris för att uppnå den önskade kalkylräntan. I simulering av scenario 1 då parkutformning med 50 till 70 vindkraftverk med tornhöjd på 119 meter undersöktes framgick det att förslaget till parkutformning innehöll 61 vindkraftverk. Medelproduktionen för vindkraftverken i parkutformningen med 61 vindkraftverk var 10260 MWh per år. För att en parkutformning med 70 vindkraftverk ska generera en avkastning på sju procent krävs det att elpriset ökar från 331 kr/MWh till 340 kr/MWh. I simulering av scenario 2 då parkutformning med 50 till 100 vindkraftverk med blandade tornhöjder mellan 119, 139 och 159 meter undersöktes framgick det att förslaget till parkutformning innehöll 94 vindkraftverk. Medelproduktionen för vindkraftverken i parkutformningen med 94 vindkraftverk var 10920 MWh per år. För att en parkutformning med 100 vindkraftverk ska generera en avkastning på sju procent krävs det att elpriset ökar från 343 kr/MWh till 347 kr/MWh. I simulering av scenario 3 ändrades tornhöjden för samtliga vindkraftverk från scenario 2 till 159 meter. Då höjdes parkens medelproduktion till 11140 MWh per år. Det betyder att medelproduktionen ökade med 2 %. Resultatet visar att Hästkullen är ett lämpligt område för etablering av vindkraft. De viktigaste parametrarna som påverkar resultatet är elpris och vindens energiinnehåll. / The purpose of this master thesis is to optimize the electricity generation to reach as high viability as possible for the planned wind farm Hästkullen in Härnösand and Timrå municipalities. The project has been made at SCA Energy in Sundsvall. SCA is developing the wind farm Hästkullen in cooperation with EON. Investments in wind farms demands billions of Swedish crowns. Therefore, careful considerations have to be made to ensure future gains. Electricity generation calculation has to be made to make an economical assessment. At least one year´s data of wind measurements is necessary to reduce the uncertainty of the data to an acceptable level. The program WindPRO has been used to simulate the electricity generation calculations. The program Wasp has been used to simulate the energy content in the wind and fluid dynamics. Several different wind farm layouts have been implemented in three scenarios. The wind power plants have different hub heights and varying amounts in the different scenarios. The economic analysis has been made in a spreadsheet where the most important economic requirement was to gain an interest rate of seven percent. The price of electricity in the future is an important, yet uncertain, factor and different prices are obtained in various scenarios to achieve desired interest rate. In the simulation of scenario 1 when the wind farm layout with 50 to 70 wind power plants and hub height 119 meter were investigated the result showed that the suggested wind farm formation contained 61 wind power plants. The average electricity generation for the wind power plant in the layout with 61 wind power plants was 10260 MWh per year. The electricity price has to increase from 331 SEK/MWh to 340 SEK/MWh to maintain the economical requirements with a layout with 70 wind power plants. In the simulation of scenario 2 when the wind farm layout with 50 to 100 wind power plants and mixed hub heights 119, 139 and 159 meter were investigated the result showed that the suggested wind farm formation contained 94 wind power plants. The average electricity generation for the wind power plant in the layout with 94 wind power plants was 10920 MWh per year. The electricity price has to increase from 343 SEK/MWh to 347 SEK/MWh to maintain the economical requirements with a layout with 100 wind power plants. The hub height for all wind power plants that was used in scenario 2 was changed to 159 meter in scenario 3. The average electricity generation increased to 11140 MWh per year or 2 percent increase of production. The result shows that Hästkullen is a suitable location for a wind farm. The most important parameters that affect the result are the electricity price and wind energy content.

Buller från vindkraft är en viktig begränsande faktor för utbyggnaden. Syftet med denna studie var att genom djupintervjuer undersöka hur närboende vid en nyetablerad stor vindkraftpark i skogsterräng upplever ljudet och andra förändringar i miljön. Intervjuer gjordes med elva personer i närheten av vindkraftparken Jädraås i Gästrikland med 66 verk. Beräknad ljudnivå vid deltagarnas hus är mellan 33 och 42,5 dB(A). Resultatet av en tematisk analys, visade att upplevelsen av ljudet kan vara kopplad till ljudnivån, vindriktningen, förväntningar på ljudmiljön och ljudkänslighet. De sex intervjuade som upplever sig störda av vindkraftbuller, beskrev stor variation i ljudnivåerna, från att det lät som skogsbrus till att det lät som vid en flygplats. De fem intervjuade som störs måttligt eller inte alls, beskrev ljudet som ett susande eller ljummande. Faktorer som kan kopplas till upplevelsen av störning var graden av inflytande och möjligheten att få gehör för synpunkter hos projektör och myndigheter.

Växjö har ett intresse att förbättra sin miljöfråga om koldioxid utsläpp genom att öka mängden av förnybara energier resurser i samhället. Detta examensarbete bär med sig detta intresse och studerar om urbana vindkraftverk på tak. Syftet med arbetet är att öka kunskap om småskaliga vindkraftverk på tak i urban miljö som vidare kan bidra till utvecklingen med förnybar vindkrafts energi i staden. Rapporten studerar de faktorer som rör energiproduktions fråga från småskaliga vindkraftverk på tak i urbana miljöer som vindresurser, lämpliga vindkraftverk och förhållande mellan dem med dem medförande påverkningar samt problem. Resultatet av undersökningen visar energi beteende från småskaliga vindkraftverk på en befintlig offentlig byggnad i Växjö stad. Undersökningen visar en låg energiproduktion som bara täcker en liten del av bygg-nadens energianvändning. Urban vindkraft behöver mer insatser och studier för en fungerande marknad som kan konkurrera ut koldioxiden.

Wind power in Sweden is expanding in response to the government's decision that 49% of Sweden's power should originate from renewable energy sources by the year 2020. Problems with noise and sound emissions related to wind turbines are a constant argument against the wind power expansion and this paper means to examine if vertical axis wind turbines might be a viable alternative to the conventional horizontal design for noise sensitive areas. In order to determine factors like difference in frequency, noise propagation and noise emission level, measurements of both horizontal and vertical axis wind turbines have been completed and the data analyzed with MATLAB. It is shown that there is a difference in how the noise from the two types of turbines propagates due to avariation in the frequency spectra of the emitted sound. It is also shown that vertical axis wind turbines generate a lower sound emission with less intensity inthe lower frequencies.