Renewable energy will presumably constitute most of the energy production within the next coming years. Both globally and in Sweden the governments continuously implement new guidelines to enable more renewable energy in the energy system. This implicates higher amount of intermittent energy resources, for instance wind power, which can be a challenge due to electricity demand and electricity production. There are several solutions which can be implemented in order to adapt the electricity production to the electricity demand, one of them is a power-to-power system.    This project aims to analyze whether a power-to-power system with hydrogen storage can be profitable. A power-to-power system is defined by storing the surplus power production from intermittent energy resources as form of hydrogen. The hydrogen will at a future time be generated back to power when the electricity demand increases. In the examined work the hydrogen is produced through a water electrolysis with electricity from wind power when the electricity prices are low. The hydrogen will be used in fuel cells to generate electricity which can be sold when the electricity prices are high. The project investigates two counties with different amount of installed capacities from wind power. Two scenarios are applied for the two counties, what distinguish each scenario is the limit of electricity price when the electricity from wind power starts being utilized to produced hydrogen instead of transferred to the electricity grid.   The results indicates that the electricity price need to reach a high level for the system to be profitable. It is not likely the electricity prices will reach that level more than a few times a year considering the electricity price levels the last couple of years.

Syfte: Expansionen av vindkraft i Sverige har ökat starkt under de senaste åren och kommer att fortsätta i samma raska takt. Fler och fler invånare kommer då att bli utsatta för vindkraftsbuller vilket för med sig en större utmaning i att finna lämpliga lokaliseringar för den fortgående expansionen. De beräkningsmodeller som vanligtvis används för att bestämma andelen vindkraftsbuller, SEPA och Nord2000, har mött kritik för att felaktigt bedöma den verkliga ljudnivån. Syftet med detta examensarbete är tvåfaldigt: -          Öka kunskapen kring de brister som finns i dagens mätmetoder av vindkraftsbuller vid bostäder genom att tydliggöra den kritik som framförts på senare tid och även att presentera förbättringsförslag. -          Utföra ett experiment som undersöker möjligheten att analysera immissionsinspelningar med en algoritm för att erhålla ett resultat som bättre stämmer överens med bullerupplevelsen hos invånarna. Metod: Litteraturstudier, hypotesbildande och experiment Resultat: Bestämmandet av ljudnivåer som vindkraftverk skapar vid bostäder, eller andra viktiga lokaliseringar, har en del brister. Beräkningsmodellerna SEPA och Nord2000 har båda otillräcklig noggrannhet på grund av att de inte tar hänsyn till flera av de vädereffekter som påverkar vindkraftsljudets spridning och styrka. Användningen av immissionsinspelningar är i nuläget undermålig på grund av att mycket bakgrundsljud blir en del av mätresultatet. Genom att använda en algoritm som kan hitta vindkraftsljud i en inspelning och extrahera endast de delarna kan en inspelning, som bättre representerar tillfällen då vindkraftsljudet är som mest störande, erhållas. Konsekvenser: För att lindra den underskattning av förmodade immissionsvärden kan nyformulerade gränsvärden för ljudnivåer sättas upp, hanteringen av mätresultat revideras och ett minsta avstånd från vindkraftverk till mottagare antas. En algoritm som filtrerar ut vindkraftsljud ur en inspelning har goda möjligheter att ge mer noggranna mätresultat. Begränsningar: Detta arbete behandlar inte hanteringen av mätutrustning eller havsbaserade vindkraftverk. Litteraturstudien består i att jämföra av Naturvårdsverket framställda dokument, vilka används som beslutsunderlag för bygglov av vindkraftverk, med forskningsrapporter som ifrågasätter värdet av dessa. Utifrån detta bildas hypoteser som ligger till grund för algoritmens arbetsgång och testmiljö. Algoritmen kommer att behandla en fiktiv inspelning där ett enskilt vindkraftverk är i drift. / Purpose: The expansion of wind power in Sweden has increased rapidly and will continue to do so for the foreseeable future. More and more inhabitants will then be exposed to wind turbine noise which in turn leads to a greater challenge in finding suitable locations for the continuing expansion. The often used models for calculation of wind turbine noise, SEPA and Nord2000, has been criticized for not resulting in an estimated value that matches the real noise level. The purpose of this final report is twofold: -          Increasing knowledge of the flaws in present calculation models by presenting the critique that has been lifted in recent years as well as presenting suggestions for improvement. -          Performing an experiment that examines the possibility of analyzing recordings of immission levels with an algorithm in order to obtain a result that better coincides with the noise experience of inhabitants. Method: Literature analysis, hypothesis construction and an experiment Findings: The calculation models SEPA and Nord2000 lacks in accuracy because they do not take several of the weather effects that can influence the spreading and strength of wind turbine noise in consideration. The usage of immission recordings are, as of now, substandard due to the large amount of background noise becoming a part of the measured result. By using a computer algorithm that can find wind turbine noise in a recording and extracting only those parts, a recording that better represents situations where extreme wind turbine noise occurs can be produced. Implications: To limit the underestimating of estimated noise immission values, newly formulated limits can be presented. An algorithm that extracts wind turbine noise from a recording has good potential to give more accurate measuring results. Limitations: This final report does not deal with the handling of measuring equipment nor sea based wind turbines. The literature analysis consists of comparing official documents, made by the Swedish Environment Protection Agency, which are used as basis for building permits of wind turbines, with reports and studies that questions the feasibility behind those documents. Based on this, hypotheses are formed that becomes the foundation for the algorithm’s workflow and test environment.

Due to the increase interest of renewable energy throughout Sweden and the world wind power have grown and is now built in places where it wasn’t built before. Wind power turbines are now built in cold climates like northern Sweden and because of that icing problems arise. To deal with this new anti-icing and de-icing system are used. This report analyses these systems. The aim of this report is to evaluate the de-icing system of three different producers. The evaluation is done by comparing the production losses due to ice for turbines with working de-icing systems to the losses of turbines whose system are not working. The loss calculations are done with the ice loss program T19 Ice Loss Method in Python and are then presented as an increase or decrease of the losses. The goal is to show how much the losses due to ice is decreased when using the three different systems. When comparing turbines without working systems to the rest of the park the two systems located in the coldest climate both got a decreased loss due to ice of 49%. All the selected turbines without working systems in these parks got more losses then park average. The last park, park 3 had a decrease in losses for the turbines without working systems. This results in a 10% increase of losses due to ice with system 3. This increase could be a result of the parks location in a medium icing climate. In order to evaluate the results a statistic analysis was made. The analysis show that the result lack significance due to the low sample size.

No description available.

<p>The dependency of fossil fuels has to decrease in order to reduce emissions of green house gases. Wind turbines generate electricity with low environmental impact, but the local opinion in Sweden is sometimes an obstacle to new developments. The acceptance of nuclear power increases at the same time. Mining uranium is once again on the agenda and prospectors are currently drilling for uranium. This cross-sectional study deals with acceptance of wind farms and uranium drilling. The aim was to describe the perception of the planed wind farm at Hedbodberget and the uranium drilling in the area among the residents of Dalfors, Dalarna. A questionnaire was answered by 61 persons (response rate: 91 %). The respondents had a negative attitude to the uranium drilling, but positive to the wind farm. Women were more negative to uranium drilling than men. Most respondents were positive to wind power on a general level (92 %) but less positive to nuclear power (44 %). Respondents who had attended the information meeting about the wind farm were more positive to the information provided by the local authorities and the developers than those who did not attend. Among respondents that attended the meeting about uranium drilling, 86 % had a negative attitude from the beginning compared to 51 % of those who did not attend the meeting. The information from the developers was rated negatively by 93 % of those who attended the meeting in comparison to 70 % who did not. The results indicate that people who have a negative attitude more often than others attend information meetings and that good information gives a more positive attitude to planned project.</p>

<p>Wind power is a difficult subject to study, since it is both economical and ecological interests involved. Today the society is depending in lots of energy and therefore we are in needs of a less polluting energy-source, and one of the alternatives is wind power. The wind power is developed in a large scale, with all of Sweden included. When there are so huge economical interests involved, it might be a risk that other interests are put a side, for example the ecological ones.</p><p>This study will give a greater knowledge about how wind power plants affect certain bird species. The study is limited to Halmstad municipality and areas with wind power plants. My method was to compile old reports of migrating birds, and to find an adequate location to proceed with the field studies, and then perform field studies close to wind power plants.</p><p>The field study was performed during a limited period which resulted in too less information for making any certain conclusions. The information that was withdrawn from the study shows that the migrating birds flies on a higher elevation than the maximum height of the wind power plants. Birds flying at a lower elevation manage to dodge the plants and fly either around or above them.</p><p>The wind power should be able to develop in Sweden, under the circumstances that more studies and more knowledge, about the effects on birdlife, is obtained. The study does not give an answer if wind power is the optimal energy source but it gives an increased knowledge for future decision.</p>

No description available.

Wind power is a difficult subject to study, since it is both economical and ecological interests involved. Today the society is depending in lots of energy and therefore we are in needs of a less polluting energy-source, and one of the alternatives is wind power. The wind power is developed in a large scale, with all of Sweden included. When there are so huge economical interests involved, it might be a risk that other interests are put a side, for example the ecological ones. This study will give a greater knowledge about how wind power plants affect certain bird species. The study is limited to Halmstad municipality and areas with wind power plants. My method was to compile old reports of migrating birds, and to find an adequate location to proceed with the field studies, and then perform field studies close to wind power plants. The field study was performed during a limited period which resulted in too less information for making any certain conclusions. The information that was withdrawn from the study shows that the migrating birds flies on a higher elevation than the maximum height of the wind power plants. Birds flying at a lower elevation manage to dodge the plants and fly either around or above them. The wind power should be able to develop in Sweden, under the circumstances that more studies and more knowledge, about the effects on birdlife, is obtained. The study does not give an answer if wind power is the optimal energy source but it gives an increased knowledge for future decision.

Vid en vindkraftsetablering är verksamhetsutövaren enligt miljöbalken skyldig att samråda med berörda parter. Miljöbalken är emellertid vag i riktlinjerna kring utformningen av samrådet och även om Boverkets vindkraftshandbok ger fler råd, vilar ett tolkningsansvar på verksamhetsutövaren. Studien syftar till att undersöka hur olika aktörer tolkar samrådsbegreppet. Fokus ligger på centrala arenor och aktörer samt vilka påverkansmöjligheter olika aktörer har. Demokratimodeller illustrerar att synen på vad samråd bör inneböra är beroende av vald utgångspunkt. Begreppet tolkningsflexibilitet visar hur synen på företeelser som samråd och demokrati kan variera. Tidigare forskning om samrådsprocesser, med fokus på nationell, visar att samrådsbegreppet har tolkats på flera sätt i olika sammanhang; främst verksamhetsutövaren har påverkat samrådsutformningen. I studien har kvalitativa intervjuer med projektörer och intressegruppsrepresentanter med erfarenhet av samråd vid vindkraftsetableringar samt en dokumentanalys genomförts. En uppdelning har gjorts i skriftliga synpunkter samt två huvudsamråd – ett stängt formellt med politiker samt ett informellt öppet hus. Informationsmöten, privata möten samt lokala kommunikationsaktiviteter inräknas oftast inte i samrådsbegreppet. För att påverka projekten ansåg sig intressegrupperna behöva använda arenor utanför samrådet. Intressegruppsrepresentanterna betonar vikten av politikers involvering men har inte haft kontakt med dem på tillhandahållna samrådsarenor. Fynden har likheter med tidigare forskning men har gett en fördjupad inblick i problematiken. Slutsatser som dras är att större engagemang från politiker samt tydligare politiska riktlinjer om vindkraftsetableringar är nödvändiga. Det bör inte råda ovisshet om vilka aktörer som ska kunna påverka samrådsprocesser samt vilket syfte ett samråd ska ha.

The dependency of fossil fuels has to decrease in order to reduce emissions of green house gases. Wind turbines generate electricity with low environmental impact, but the local opinion in Sweden is sometimes an obstacle to new developments. The acceptance of nuclear power increases at the same time. Mining uranium is once again on the agenda and prospectors are currently drilling for uranium. This cross-sectional study deals with acceptance of wind farms and uranium drilling. The aim was to describe the perception of the planed wind farm at Hedbodberget and the uranium drilling in the area among the residents of Dalfors, Dalarna. A questionnaire was answered by 61 persons (response rate: 91 %). The respondents had a negative attitude to the uranium drilling, but positive to the wind farm. Women were more negative to uranium drilling than men. Most respondents were positive to wind power on a general level (92 %) but less positive to nuclear power (44 %). Respondents who had attended the information meeting about the wind farm were more positive to the information provided by the local authorities and the developers than those who did not attend. Among respondents that attended the meeting about uranium drilling, 86 % had a negative attitude from the beginning compared to 51 % of those who did not attend the meeting. The information from the developers was rated negatively by 93 % of those who attended the meeting in comparison to 70 % who did not. The results indicate that people who have a negative attitude more often than others attend information meetings and that good information gives a more positive attitude to planned project.