This study examines how hopelessness impacts youth engagement in violent behavior over time. The data are from waves I and II of The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). Poisson regression was used to analyze contributors to violence in just wave I, and then again across time in wave II using explanatory and control variables from wave I. Results indicate that hopelessness is positively associated with violent behavior. Furthermore, while hopelessness and most of the other explanatory variables predicted violent behavior in wave I, almost all the variables became non-significant or negative except hopelessness and a measure of community when predicting violence in wave II. This shows that hopelessness is a concept that needs to be explored more closely when studying violence among youth.

The present review focuses on understanding the explanatory mechanisms behind the use of violence within intimate relationships, highlighting the consequences of adolescents’ exposure to Inter-parental violence and gauging the role of their (adolescents) appraisal and coping strategies. The theories reviewed stress the significant impact of close figures’ behaviors on the developing child and adolescent trough observational and imitational processes, secure and insecure attachment patterns and related internal working models as well as trough building own understanding of the world and human interrelations. The review revealed also that adolescents’ exposure to Inter-parental violence constituted an unequivocal risk factor leading to a range of consequences categorized as internalizing and externalizing problems. It however indicates that the outcome behaviors are not a result of a linear process because there is range of mediating factors that explain the association between adolescents’ exposure to Inter-parental violence and outcome behaviors. Finally, appraisal of Inter-parental violence was identified as a central mechanism that impacts both the magnitude of the consequences of exposure and the adolescents’ conception and execution of coping strategies.

Flera kandidatgener har föreslagits spela en roll i utvecklingen av antisociala beteenden i samband med miljöfaktorer. Syftet med den föreliggande studien var därmed att undersöka sambandet mellan genen Katekol-O-Metyltransferas (COMT) och våld; och om det fanns interaktioner mellan exponering för tidigare övergrepp och COMT i samband med senare våld. Data hämtades från en Svensk populationsbaserad studie baserad på 2500 20-24 åringar. Den aktuella studien fann att beroende på vilken variant av genen man besitter, kommer man att påverkas i olika grad av negativa miljöfaktorer såsom försummelse och sexuella övergrepp i samband med våld. / Several candidate genes have been suggested to play a role in the development of antisocial behavior in association with social and environmental factors. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the gene Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT) and violence; and to examine whether there were interactions between earlier abuse and COMT in the association of violence. Data were drawn from a Swedish population-based study including 2,500 20-24 year olds. The present study found that depending on which variant of the gene one possess, one will be affected to different degree of adverse environmental factors in association with violence.

Introdução: A alta prevalência de transtornos mentais na população geral pode refletir no aumento de pessoas nos serviços de emergência de hospitais gerais em sua maioria apresentando queixas de sintomas de um transtorno mental ou de alteração do comportamento. O comportamento violento pode estar associado ao transtorno mental e a agressão por parte desses indivíduos é considerado um problema grave que vem sendo vivenciado nos serviços de saúde, principalmente nas unidades psiquiátricas de curta permanência. Por passarem mais tempo na interação com o paciente, o enfermeiro e a equipe de enfermagem ficam sujeitos à agressão derivada do comportamento violento. A abordagem que a equipe irá adotar depende das suas crenças e atitudes diante das causas desse tipo de comportamento, pois, as mesmas afetarão na qualidade da assistência prestada ao indivíduo e os possíveis danos físicos e psicológicos ao próprio profissional. Objetivo: verificar as atitudes e visões de manejo de enfermeiros de Serviços de atendimento em Urgência e Emergência Psiquiátrica frente ao comportamento violento. Método: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, exploratório e transversal realizado em 17 serviços públicos referenciados de atendimento psiquiátrico da cidade de São Paulo com uma amostra de 185 enfermeiros que trabalhavam nesses locais. Para coleta de dados foram utilizados a The Management of Aggression and Violence Attitude Scale (MAVAS-BR) e um questionário com dados sociodemográficos. Para análise, os dados foram agrupados em um banco construído no Statistical Package for Social Sciences onde se realizou análise exploratória com frequência absoluta e relativa e medidas de locação (média/mediana) e dispersão (desvio-padrão) para cada item e dos quatro fatores da escala. Para interpretação, quanto menor a média mais a concordância com o fator ou item da escala. Resultados: As atitudes dos enfermeiros estão mais relacionadas aos modelos externo e situacional ou interacional de explicação para o comportamento violento, os participantes mostraram-se mais favoráveis com utilização de métodos de controle para manejo do mesmo. Referente às visões de manejo, concordaram com o uso dos manejos de controle que podem indicar fatores como falta de conhecimento dos enfermeiros em utilizar os manejos não físicos e escassez de recursos humanos nos serviços de saúde. Conclusão: Esse estudo fornece subsídios para elaboração de estratégias educacionais para que o enfermeiro adquira conhecimento e segurança nas intervenções frente a pacientes que apresentem comportamento violento, sugerindo que novas pesquisas sejam realizadas sobre esse fenômeno ainda pouco explorado no contexto brasileiro e latino Americano. / Introduction: The high prevalence of mental disorders in the general population may reflect an increase of people in general hospital emergency services, in which mostly of them presenting complaints of symptoms of a mental disorder or behavioral disorder. Violent behavior may be associated with mental disorder and the aggression on the part of these individuals is considered a serious problem that is being experienced in the health services, especially in the short-stay psychiatric units. Because one will spend more time interacting with the patient, the nurse and a nursing staff members are subject to aggression derived from violent behavior. The approach adopted by the members of the nursing staff will depend on their beliefs and attitudes towards the causes of this type of behavior, cause these kind of behavior will affect the assistances quality provided for the individual and may cause physical and psychological damage for the professionals themselves. Objective: to verify the nurses attitudes and views towards violent behaviour in the urgent care and psychiatric. Method: This is a descriptive, exploratory and cross-sectional study carried out in 17 public services referenced in psychiatric care in the city of São Paulo, with a sample of 185 nurses who worked in these places. For the data collection the management attitude scale of aggression and violence (MAVAS-BR) \"and a questionnaire with sociodemographic data were used. For analysis, the data were grouped in a bank built in the Statistical Package for Social Sciences where an exploratory analysis was carried out with absolute and relative frequency and measurements of lease (mean / median) and dispersion (standard deviation / quartiles / minimum / maximum) for each item and each of the four scale factors. For interpretation, the lower the mean, the greater the agreement with the scale factor or item. Results: Nurses\' attitudes are more related to external and situational or interactional models of explanation for violent behavior, the participants were found to be more favorable to the use of control methods to manage it. Regarding management visions, they agreed on the use of control measures that may indicate factors such as lack of knowledge of nurses to use non-physical management and shortage of human resources in health services. Conclusion: This study provides support for the elaboration of educational strategies so that the nurse can acquire knowledge and safety in the interventions against patients who present violent behavior, suggesting that new researches have to be done on this phenomenon still little explored in the Brazilian and Latin American context.

Youth violence is a public health threat in the United States. Inadequate sleep is identified as a risk factor, however, the majority of previous studies were cross-sectional and focused only on adolescents. This study aimed to investigate the association between average hours of sleep during adolescence and violent behavior among youths. Individuals who participated in both Waves II (1996) and III (2000-2001) of National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent and Adult Health (n=3,557) were included. A composite variable on violent behavior was created using three different questions on fighting or using a weapon. Age, gender, ethnicity, violent behavior during adolescence, depressive symptoms, impulsivity, and current sleep hours were considered as covariates. Negative binomial regressions were conducted using SAS 9.4. The mean age of the participants was 15.85 years (SD=1.62) and 21.29 years (SD=1.60) in waves II and III, respectively. The majority of the participants were female (54.15%) and non-Hispanics (88.93%). Average hours of sleep during adolescence was not significantly associated with violent behavior during young adulthood (p=0.75). In the final model, gender (beta=1.65, p<0.001), age (beta=-0.1267, p<0.001), history of violent behavior (wave II) (beta=0.3158, p<0.0001), current average hours of sleep (wave III) (beta=-0.073, p=0.044), depressive symptoms (beta=0.0834, p <0.0001), and impulsivity (beta=0.1379, p<0.0001) were significantly associated with violent behavior in early adulthood. Reduced number of sleep hours during early adulthood, unlike during adolescence, increased the likelihood of getting involved in violent activities during early adulthood. This information is useful to promote healthy behavior among individuals in all phases of their life.

Introdução: A alta prevalência de transtornos mentais na população geral pode refletir no aumento de pessoas nos serviços de emergência de hospitais gerais em sua maioria apresentando queixas de sintomas de um transtorno mental ou de alteração do comportamento. O comportamento violento pode estar associado ao transtorno mental e a agressão por parte desses indivíduos é considerado um problema grave que vem sendo vivenciado nos serviços de saúde, principalmente nas unidades psiquiátricas de curta permanência. Por passarem mais tempo na interação com o paciente, o enfermeiro e a equipe de enfermagem ficam sujeitos à agressão derivada do comportamento violento. A abordagem que a equipe irá adotar depende das suas crenças e atitudes diante das causas desse tipo de comportamento, pois, as mesmas afetarão na qualidade da assistência prestada ao indivíduo e os possíveis danos físicos e psicológicos ao próprio profissional. Objetivo: verificar as atitudes e visões de manejo de enfermeiros de Serviços de atendimento em Urgência e Emergência Psiquiátrica frente ao comportamento violento. Método: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, exploratório e transversal realizado em 17 serviços públicos referenciados de atendimento psiquiátrico da cidade de São Paulo com uma amostra de 185 enfermeiros que trabalhavam nesses locais. Para coleta de dados foram utilizados a The Management of Aggression and Violence Attitude Scale (MAVAS-BR) e um questionário com dados sociodemográficos. Para análise, os dados foram agrupados em um banco construído no Statistical Package for Social Sciences onde se realizou análise exploratória com frequência absoluta e relativa e medidas de locação (média/mediana) e dispersão (desvio-padrão) para cada item e dos quatro fatores da escala. Para interpretação, quanto menor a média mais a concordância com o fator ou item da escala. Resultados: As atitudes dos enfermeiros estão mais relacionadas aos modelos externo e situacional ou interacional de explicação para o comportamento violento, os participantes mostraram-se mais favoráveis com utilização de métodos de controle para manejo do mesmo. Referente às visões de manejo, concordaram com o uso dos manejos de controle que podem indicar fatores como falta de conhecimento dos enfermeiros em utilizar os manejos não físicos e escassez de recursos humanos nos serviços de saúde. Conclusão: Esse estudo fornece subsídios para elaboração de estratégias educacionais para que o enfermeiro adquira conhecimento e segurança nas intervenções frente a pacientes que apresentem comportamento violento, sugerindo que novas pesquisas sejam realizadas sobre esse fenômeno ainda pouco explorado no contexto brasileiro e latino Americano. / Introduction: The high prevalence of mental disorders in the general population may reflect an increase of people in general hospital emergency services, in which mostly of them presenting complaints of symptoms of a mental disorder or behavioral disorder. Violent behavior may be associated with mental disorder and the aggression on the part of these individuals is considered a serious problem that is being experienced in the health services, especially in the short-stay psychiatric units. Because one will spend more time interacting with the patient, the nurse and a nursing staff members are subject to aggression derived from violent behavior. The approach adopted by the members of the nursing staff will depend on their beliefs and attitudes towards the causes of this type of behavior, cause these kind of behavior will affect the assistances quality provided for the individual and may cause physical and psychological damage for the professionals themselves. Objective: to verify the nurses attitudes and views towards violent behaviour in the urgent care and psychiatric. Method: This is a descriptive, exploratory and cross-sectional study carried out in 17 public services referenced in psychiatric care in the city of São Paulo, with a sample of 185 nurses who worked in these places. For the data collection the management attitude scale of aggression and violence (MAVAS-BR) \"and a questionnaire with sociodemographic data were used. For analysis, the data were grouped in a bank built in the Statistical Package for Social Sciences where an exploratory analysis was carried out with absolute and relative frequency and measurements of lease (mean / median) and dispersion (standard deviation / quartiles / minimum / maximum) for each item and each of the four scale factors. For interpretation, the lower the mean, the greater the agreement with the scale factor or item. Results: Nurses\' attitudes are more related to external and situational or interactional models of explanation for violent behavior, the participants were found to be more favorable to the use of control methods to manage it. Regarding management visions, they agreed on the use of control measures that may indicate factors such as lack of knowledge of nurses to use non-physical management and shortage of human resources in health services. Conclusion: This study provides support for the elaboration of educational strategies so that the nurse can acquire knowledge and safety in the interventions against patients who present violent behavior, suggesting that new researches have to be done on this phenomenon still little explored in the Brazilian and Latin American context.

The unprecedented situation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic worldwide is characterized by social isolation, separation from loved ones and limited freedom. These events have been identified as adversely affecting the mental health of the population, who suffer mainly from depression, anxiety symptoms, anger and fear feelings as well as sleep problems. Based on general strain theory (Agnew, 1992) combined with the changing opportunities in crime (routine activity theories), the aim of the survey was to examine the impact of the negative mental health during the second wave of COVID-19 lockdown, in violent behavior and substance use of individuals residing or living in Greece. A secondary objective formulated based on gendered approach for which men are expected to act more violently than women and females are expected to have poorer mental health than males. An online survey was conducted and disseminated through Facebook groups. Approval of the informed consent was one of the criteria for participation in the study. The collected data included demographic characteristics, information about mental health, violent behavior, and substance use, like alcohol drinking and smoking cigarettes during the lockdown. The ANOVA shown that there is not any significant impact of poor mentality in aggressive behavior and substance use which could be explained by considering the Greek cultural context. The results of independent samples T-test indicated that male indeed act more violently than female, and that women report poorer mental health than men. This finding is consistent with the gender approach and could be further explored through feminist theories. The results of this research purposes to give more insight into this kindly new phenomenon and to present a perspective that may differ from other countries not only in the kind of measures adopted, but also in the perception of individuals that disclose the cultural variation.

Abstrakt Bakgrund. Aggressivt beteende är vanligt inom hälso- och sjukvården, med konsekvenser som försämrad arbetstillfredsställelse och burnout. Syftet med studien är att undersöka samband mellan egenskattad utsatthet för aggressivt samt våldsamt beteende och arbetstillfredsställelse, burnout samt sjukskrivning inom den psykiatriska öppenvården. Design. Tvärsnittsstudie med kvantitativ ansats. Metod. Analys av data, insamlat hösten 2014, från totalt 129 respondenter har utförts i SPSS. Resultatet visar att 20,6 % av respondenterna ofta är utsatt för aggressivt beteende samt att 7,3 % ofta är utsatt för våldsamt beteende. Inget samband sågs mellan att vara utsatt och dess inverkan på arbetstillfredsställelse samt burnout. Däremot ses en signifikant skillnad vad gäller utsatthet mellan de undersökta orterna. Slutsats. Den undersökta gruppen är sällan utsatt för våldsamt beteende, men däremot hög förekomst av aggressivt beteende. Trots utsattheten skattades arbetstillfredsställelsen högt. Nyckelord: Aggressivt beteende, våldsamt beteende, arbetstillfredsställelse, burnout, psykiatrisk öppenvård. / Abstract Background. Aggressive behavior is common in health care, with consequences such as impaired job satisfaction and burnout. The aim of the study is to investigate the relationship between self-rated exposure to aggressive and violent behavior, and job satisfaction, burnout and sick-leave in psychiatric outpatient care. Design. Cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach. Method. Analysis of data collected in autumn 2014 from a total of 129 respondents was performed in SPSS. The result shows that 20.6% of respondents are often exposed to aggressive behavior and 7.3% are often exposed to violent behavior. No association between being exposed and its impact on job satisfaction and burnout. In contrast the results show significance difference in terms of exposure between studied cities. Conclusion The examined groups are rarely exposed to violent behavior, however, there is a high incidence of aggressive behavior. The job satisfaction were estimated high despite the exposure. Keywords:Aggressive behavior, violent behavior, job satisfaction, burnout, psychiatric outpatient.

<p>I föreliggande studie åsyftas att erhålla en djupare förståelse om ordningsvakters erfarenheter och upplevelser av våld och hot. Vi vill även få klarhet i vilken betydelse samspelet mellan kollegorna har, samt vad interaktionen mellan ordningsvakterna och gästerna har för betydelse för upprätthållandet av ordning där de arbetar. Uppsatsen har genomförts i en sydsvensk mindre stad. För insamling av empiri har vi nyttjat oss av kvalitativ metod, där 10 semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts där 10 respondenter av olika kön deltagit. En delvis deltagande observation på en nattklubb har även genomförts som ett komplement till intervjuerna. I tolkningen av materialet har vi genomgående nyttjat en hermeneutisk samt en dubbel hermeneutisk ansats.  Resultatet har analyserats utifrån teoretiker som bland annat Thomas Scheff, Rupert Brown, Travis Hirschi, Herbert Blumer och Randall Collins. I analysens belyses aspekter som nedtoning av våld, förebyggande av våld och hot och uppehållandet av sociala band genom anpassning.</p> / <p>This paper intends to give you a deeper understanding about bouncer’s experiences and thoughts of violent behavior and threats in their area of work. We also want to clarify what the solidarity against the colleagues signifies, and what the interactions between guests and bouncers mean to maintain order at the nightclub or the bar in the best way. The research was accomplished in a small town in the Swedish south, using a qualitative method where we did 10 semi structured interviews with 10 respondents of different gender. An observation at a nightclub was done as a complement to the interviews, which we partly took part in. In analyzing the material in our research we are using a hermeneutic, and a double hermeneutic concentration. When we collected all the results, the analysis of the result started. With help from theorist like Thomas Scheff, Randall Collins, Herbert Blumer, Travis Hirschi and Rupert Brown we analyzed the respondent’s statements. The analysis contains; dimming violent experience, prevention of violence and threats and the importance of maintaining social bounds, by adaption.</p>

I föreliggande studie åsyftas att erhålla en djupare förståelse om ordningsvakters erfarenheter och upplevelser av våld och hot. Vi vill även få klarhet i vilken betydelse samspelet mellan kollegorna har, samt vad interaktionen mellan ordningsvakterna och gästerna har för betydelse för upprätthållandet av ordning där de arbetar. Uppsatsen har genomförts i en sydsvensk mindre stad. För insamling av empiri har vi nyttjat oss av kvalitativ metod, där 10 semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts där 10 respondenter av olika kön deltagit. En delvis deltagande observation på en nattklubb har även genomförts som ett komplement till intervjuerna. I tolkningen av materialet har vi genomgående nyttjat en hermeneutisk samt en dubbel hermeneutisk ansats.  Resultatet har analyserats utifrån teoretiker som bland annat Thomas Scheff, Rupert Brown, Travis Hirschi, Herbert Blumer och Randall Collins. I analysens belyses aspekter som nedtoning av våld, förebyggande av våld och hot och uppehållandet av sociala band genom anpassning. / This paper intends to give you a deeper understanding about bouncer’s experiences and thoughts of violent behavior and threats in their area of work. We also want to clarify what the solidarity against the colleagues signifies, and what the interactions between guests and bouncers mean to maintain order at the nightclub or the bar in the best way. The research was accomplished in a small town in the Swedish south, using a qualitative method where we did 10 semi structured interviews with 10 respondents of different gender. An observation at a nightclub was done as a complement to the interviews, which we partly took part in. In analyzing the material in our research we are using a hermeneutic, and a double hermeneutic concentration. When we collected all the results, the analysis of the result started. With help from theorist like Thomas Scheff, Randall Collins, Herbert Blumer, Travis Hirschi and Rupert Brown we analyzed the respondent’s statements. The analysis contains; dimming violent experience, prevention of violence and threats and the importance of maintaining social bounds, by adaption.