Of the 700 offenders that are released from prison each year, seven in ten will be rearrested. There are a number of barriers face by released offenders that inhibit their successful reentry. These barriers include: mental health illness, limited work experience, lower education, substance abuse, lack of transportation, homelessness and poverty strain of family ties and/or close relationships. This paper explores the impact of social support on recidivism rates through a systematic review of the literature surrounding prosocial support. The implications for social work practice and research are also discussed.

This study aimed to examine how gender and gender norms influence custody, residence, and visitation evaluations from a social constructivist perspective. Five qualitative interviews were conducted with social workers within the family law field. The data underwent qualitative content analysis, guided by theoretical frameworks such as Hirdman's gender theory, attachment theory, and Giddens' structuration theory. The results indicated that the majority of the respondents did not experience any difference in which parent files a lawsuit, but variations were observed in the claims submitted by mothers and fathers. Traditional norms associated with mothers and fathers were found to persist, leading to differential assessments of custody, residence, and visitation. Family court officers noted that these differences often revolve around attachment. The findings suggest the prevalence of traditional gender norms within the family court system, albeit with increasing challenges and questioning. This study contributes to understanding how these norms persist and evolve, emphasizing the need for ongoing critical examination of gender-related factors in custody and visitation decisions. / Denna studie syftade till att, med en socialkonstruktivistisk utgångspunkt, undersöka upplevelsen hos socionomer inom det familjerättsliga området av hur normer om genus påverkar vårdnad-, boende-, och umgängesutredningar. För att få svar på studiens syfte och frågeställningar genomfördes fem kvalitativa intervjuer med yrkesverksamma socionomer inom det familjerättsliga området. Den insamlade empiriska datan genomgick en kvalitativ innehållsanalys, där tolkningen baserades på Hirdmans genusteori, anknytningsteorin och Giddens struktureringsteori. Tidigare forskning inom ämnet beaktades också i analysen. Resultatet visade att majoriteten av respondenterna inte upplever någon skillnad i vem av föräldrarna som går in med en stämning. Däremot observerades skillnader i vilka yrkanden som lämnades in av mammor och pappor. Respondenterna upplevde även att traditionella normer och föreställningar kopplade till mammor och pappor lever kvar och att det görs skillnad mellan mammor och pappor vid bedömningar av vårdnad, boende och umgänge. Respondenternas upplevelse var att de skillnader som görs ofta är kopplat till anknytning. Sammanfattningsvis tyder resultaten på att traditionella normer rörande genus fortsätter att vara framträdande inom det familjerättsliga området. Dock utmanas och ifrågasätts dessa normer alltmer. Studien bidrar till en djupare förståelse av hur dessa normer överlever och förändras inom familjerätten, och betonar behovet av kontinuerlig kritisk granskning och omvärdering av könsrelaterade faktorer vid beslut om vårdnad och umgänge.

The study’s purpose was to investigate how Family Law appraises the Children´s Rights Conventions principle "the best interests of the child" when assessing visitation in cases with domestic violence, moreover, how the approaches can impact the children. Four family law caseworkers were interviewed through a combined interview and vignette study. The empiricism was analysed with a thematic analysis. Results indicated that the interviewees take the child's best interests into account by acknowledging their opinions. The results showed an inherent problem with a family-oriented stance in investigations. The child's relationship with parents is highly valued, which can be against the child's best interests. Ultimately, violence was seen as a serious risk factor in visitation proceedings, this contributes to negative consequences on the child. Despite that the Convention now is law, the results showed contradictions regarding what the best interest of the child is, therefore continued research is needed on the issue. / Syftet med studien var att undersöka familjerättens förhållningssätt till Barnkonventionens grundprincip om barnets bästa vid bedömningar av umgänge i ärenden där det förekommer våld i hemmet, samt vad förhållningssätten kan innebära för barnet. Fyra familjerättssekreterare intervjuades genom en kombinerad intervju- och vinjettstudie. Empirin analyserades med en tematisk analys. Studiens bärande resultat visade på att familjerättssekreterarna beaktar barnets bästa genom att låta barnet få komma till tals. Resultatet fann även ett inneboende problem med ett familjeorienterat synsätt i umgängesutredningar. Det framkom att barnets relation till båda föräldrarna värnas högt vilket kan strida mot barnets bästa. Slutligen fann studien att våld utgör en allvarlig riskfaktor i umgängesutredningar och bidrar till negativa konsekvenser för barnet. Trots att Barnkonventionen är lag påvisade resultatet motstridigheter om vad barnets bästa innebär, och därför behövs fortsatt forskning i frågan.

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O crescente fluxo de visitantes em áreas naturais, com a conseqüente pressão sobre os recursos naturais, provocou o aumento da preocupação com os impactos negativos gerados. A Ecologia de Recreação estuda os impactos das atividades recreativas nos ambientes visitados, ocupando-se de fornecer resultados que sejam úteis ao manejo desses impactos. Os efeitos do pisoteio humano sobre a vegetação têm despertado particular interesse em diversos ecossistemas do mundo, com publicações concentradas basicamente nas regiões temperadas. No presente trabalho foi realizado um estudo experimental de pisoteio para avaliar a resposta da vegetação em áreas de Floresta Pluvial Tropical Atlântica em três Unidades de Conservação no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. O desenho experimental foi em blocos randômicos, tendo sido aplicados quatro níveis de intensidade de pisoteio, em uma única estação, com medidas feitas imediatamente antes do impacto e repetidas em vários períodos, de modo a acompanhar a recuperação da vegetação. As variáveis analisadas foram: a cobertura vegetal total, a riqueza de tipos vegetais morfo-funcionais, a cobertura de cada tipo e a quantidade de solo exposto. No geral, confirmando estudos anteriores em outras regiões, os resultados mostraram relações não-lineares entre o nível de impacto e o efeito nas variáveis medidas na vegetação. As três áreas estudadas tiveram respostas diferentes, duas mostraram-se pouco resistentes e resilientes e outra apresentou resistência moderada e recuperação após um ano. Esses resultados podem subsidiar futuras estratégias de manejo em ambientes semelhantes. / The growing flow of visitors at natural areas, with the consequent pressure over natural resources caused an increase on concerns about the produced negative impacts. Recreation Ecology studies the impacts of recreational activities at visited environments, aiming to provide results which are useful for the management of these impacts. The effects of human trampling on vegetation have raised particular interest in several ecosystems in the world, with publications basically centered in temperate regions. An experimental trampling study was carried out in the present work to evaluate the response of vegetation in areas of Atlantic Tropical Rain Forest, at three protected areas in São Paulo State, Brazil. A randomized block design was done, on which four trampling intensity levels have been applied during an only Season with measurements taken immediately before the impact and repeated at various periods, to follow vegetation recovery. The variables analyzed were: herbaceous plant total cover, richness of plant morpho-functional types, coverage of each type and the amount of bare ground. In general, confirming previous studies in other regions, the results showed non-linear relationships between impact level and effect on measured variables on vegetation. The three studied areas had different responses, two were little resistant and resilient and the other showed moderate resistance and recovery after a year. These results can be used to subsidize future management strategies in similar areas.

Da tempo la storiografia insiste sull'importanza della catechesi come fattore di alfabetizzazione in età moderna: le scuole della dottrina cristiana, fondate e vivificate dopo il concilio di Trento, furono infatti per moltissimi bambini un'occasione privilegiata, spesso l'unica, per lambire i confini del mondo delle lettere. Anche se la società era ancora pervasa dall'oralità, i benefici del saper leggere divennero sempre più evidenti e incrementarono un bisogno di istruzione dal basso che nacque in modo sommesso, ma non tardò a crescere. Si trattava di una domanda composita e frammentata, spesso incerta, sicuramente mobile, che attinse a un'offerta altrettanto variegata. Nacquero, così, le prime scuole dei rudimenti, di norma affidate agli ecclesiastici, i quali insegnavano gratis et amore Dei, anche se la vera svolta si compì quando la sensibilità comune maturò al punto da formalizzare l'insegnamento, trovando i mezzi per stipendiare i maestri e istituire scuole stabili, pubbliche e gratuite. La ricerca analizza le scuole di dottrina e quelle dell'alfabeto nella diocesi di Brescia, spaziando tra due cesure particolarmente significative: dalla frattura religiosa dell'Europa con il conseguente concilio di Trento a ricucire le lacerazioni e promuovere un nuovo cristianesimo allo spartiacque degli sconvolgimenti rivoluzionari di fine Settecento, che determinarono il crollo delle secolari strutture dell'ancien régime. / The importance of catechism as a factor that helped literacy in the modern age has been underlined by historiography for a long time: the schools of Christian doctrine, founded and revitalized after the Council of Trent, represented actually a privileged occasion, often the only one, for many children to approach the world of letters. Although society was still pervaded with orality, the advantages of literacy became more and more evident and fuelled a need of education from the lower classes that started quietly but that soon increased. It was a composite and fragmentary demand, often uncertain, definitely mobile that met a similarly varied offer. This was how the first schools of rudiments originated. They were usually entrusted to clergymen who taught gratis et amore Dei, although the real turning point came about when the common sensibility reached such a level that teaching was formalized: means were found to pay the teachers and to establish permanent, public and free schools. This research work analyses the schools of doctrine and the schools of rudiments in the diocese of Brescia, covering the time span between two especially incisive milestones: from one side the religious split in Europe, with the subsequent Council of Trent trying to heal the wounds and promote a new Christianity; to the other side the revolutionary upheavals at the end of the eighteenth century, that caused the age-long structures of the ancien régime to break down.

Patterns of nest attendance behavior by breeding birds represent a parent-offspring trade-off in which adults balance self-maintenance with parental care decisions. Incubation, in particular, is of interest because adults must provide an environment suitable for embryonic development through nest-building and contact-incubation. We evaluated how adult incubation constancy and nest visitation rates varied with life and natural history traits of temperate and tropical bird species. We found that constancy did not differ by latitude or with nest survival rate. A strong negative correlation between incubation constancy and egg mass relative to adult body mass was present. Birds with low constancy tended to have larger relative egg masses and higher basal metabolic rate. Because adult incubation constancy is relatively plastic (i.e., varies with ambient temperature), birds with larger relative eggs may respond to lower cooling rates rather than direct selection for higher or lower constancy. We then assessed if rates of nest visitation (trips to nests by adults during incubation and nestling phases) followed the predictions of the Skutch hypothesis. Skutch suggested that birds nesting in environments with high levels of nest predation would reduce numbers of trips to their nests so as to minimize the risk of visual detection by nest predators. We found support for the basic pattern predicted by Skutch. We also extended his hypothesis to predict other behavior associated with nesting, such as responses of parents to intruders at the nest. Despite apparently early departure from the nest site, adults with higher visitation rates remained conspicuous around the nest site. Thus, while the flight initiation distance from the human observer was earlier than expected, conspicuousness of behavior was associated with nest visitation rate. Finally, we assessed how an environmental variable, photoperiod, might influence rate of embryonic development in a wild songbird, Sylvia atricapilla. We exposed eggs throughout the incubation period to daily photoperiods consisting of 4 hours of light and 20 hours of dark (4L), 12 hours light and 12 hours dark (12L), 20 hours light and 4 hours dark (20L) and a skeleton photoperiod with two 1-hour pulses of light that framed a 20-hour day. We found that the skeleton treatment group differed significantly from our 4L and 12L, but not the 20L treatment groups. The skeleton photoperiod accelerated embryonic development. We suggest that photoperiod may influence incubation period in wild birds and could account for some portion of the widely observed latitudinal variation in incubation period of songbirds. We encourage others to assess how photoperiod interacts with parental attendance patterns to affect embryonic development. / Graduation date: 2013 / Access restricted to the OSU Community at author's request from March 13, 2013 - March 13, 2015

This dissertation introduces the run of the Vlachovo Březí parish, which was participated not only by the parson and his parishioners, but also with other religious and secular authorities. It is based on accessible sources. The attention is devoted not only to each parson, but also their responsibility, from the care for his parishioners to the securing of the material state of church and parsonage. Introductory section summarizes the literature and sources on the topic. After this section are chapters devoted to the ecclesiastical administration after the Battle of White Mountain to the 19th century, the reorganization of the ecclesiastical administration after the Battle of White Mountain and spiritual development in the Prácheň region. The core of this thesis consists of five chapters, in which is the evolution of the parish by the first half of the 17th century to the second half of the 19th century given. First, the parish is described on its size and number of souls living in it. Next chapter is dedicated to the establishment and history of the parish, local priests and visitations. The following chapter is about duties of the priest and parishioners participate in the spiritual life of the parish, which are divided into daily duties (divine service), almost daily (Christian practice), sporadic (sacrament of Confirmation and procession) and ending with scholastic questions. The last two chapters deal with the management and administration of parish property, sacral objects in the parish and its equipment. The overall summary is given at the end.

O crescente fluxo de visitantes em áreas naturais, com a conseqüente pressão sobre os recursos naturais, provocou o aumento da preocupação com os impactos negativos gerados. A Ecologia de Recreação estuda os impactos das atividades recreativas nos ambientes visitados, ocupando-se de fornecer resultados que sejam úteis ao manejo desses impactos. Os efeitos do pisoteio humano sobre a vegetação têm despertado particular interesse em diversos ecossistemas do mundo, com publicações concentradas basicamente nas regiões temperadas. No presente trabalho foi realizado um estudo experimental de pisoteio para avaliar a resposta da vegetação em áreas de Floresta Pluvial Tropical Atlântica em três Unidades de Conservação no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. O desenho experimental foi em blocos randômicos, tendo sido aplicados quatro níveis de intensidade de pisoteio, em uma única estação, com medidas feitas imediatamente antes do impacto e repetidas em vários períodos, de modo a acompanhar a recuperação da vegetação. As variáveis analisadas foram: a cobertura vegetal total, a riqueza de tipos vegetais morfo-funcionais, a cobertura de cada tipo e a quantidade de solo exposto. No geral, confirmando estudos anteriores em outras regiões, os resultados mostraram relações não-lineares entre o nível de impacto e o efeito nas variáveis medidas na vegetação. As três áreas estudadas tiveram respostas diferentes, duas mostraram-se pouco resistentes e resilientes e outra apresentou resistência moderada e recuperação após um ano. Esses resultados podem subsidiar futuras estratégias de manejo em ambientes semelhantes. / The growing flow of visitors at natural areas, with the consequent pressure over natural resources caused an increase on concerns about the produced negative impacts. Recreation Ecology studies the impacts of recreational activities at visited environments, aiming to provide results which are useful for the management of these impacts. The effects of human trampling on vegetation have raised particular interest in several ecosystems in the world, with publications basically centered in temperate regions. An experimental trampling study was carried out in the present work to evaluate the response of vegetation in areas of Atlantic Tropical Rain Forest, at three protected areas in São Paulo State, Brazil. A randomized block design was done, on which four trampling intensity levels have been applied during an only Season with measurements taken immediately before the impact and repeated at various periods, to follow vegetation recovery. The variables analyzed were: herbaceous plant total cover, richness of plant morpho-functional types, coverage of each type and the amount of bare ground. In general, confirming previous studies in other regions, the results showed non-linear relationships between impact level and effect on measured variables on vegetation. The three studied areas had different responses, two were little resistant and resilient and the other showed moderate resistance and recovery after a year. These results can be used to subsidize future management strategies in similar areas.

「未成年子女會面交往服務」乃是透過社工人員協助，在確保安全之前提下提供高衝突家庭親子會面。本研究旨探討家暴相對人進入未成年子女會面交往服務後，接受服務的經驗及改變內涵，並分析其中影響相對人改變之因素。本研究運用質性研究深度訪談法，採用半結構式訪談大綱，訪談了五位參與服務之家暴相對人及四位社工。運用主題分析法進行資料之分析，研究結果如下： 1.接受服務之經驗：相對人明確指出了會面服務的助益及社工協助的重要性，正向經驗的累積成為循環；負向經驗來自會面中的挫折，也看見相對人面對家暴指控及社工預設立場的掙扎與無奈。 2.家暴相對人的改變內涵：相對人自述的改變包含人際互動、復原力、自我成長及親子互動的提升；社工則觀察到親子關係提升、與同住方關係提昇、專業關係提昇、自我成長等改變內涵。子女和同住方也因會面而受益。 3.影響改變之因素：影響因素可分為兩大類：促進改變與阻礙改變。分析相對人訪談資料，促進因素為社工專業關係及維繫親情的動力；阻礙因素為聚焦於衝突及怨懟、父母雙方衝突及司法訴訟。社工則認為促進因素為社工專業關係、維繫親情的動力、相對人狀態的改變及支持資源；阻礙因素為過度聚焦於負面想法、同住方的阻礙、司法訴訟及自身侷限。 研究結果證實會面服務有助於相對人同理心及親子關係的促進且利於復原力的發展，形成正向循環。維繫親情的情感連結及身為父母的責任感是激發改變的基礎，社工的工作技巧運用在改變過程中佔有一定的影響力。過度聚焦於衝突及怨懟則阻礙改變動力的形成。最後，研究者依據本研究之結果提出實務與政策上之建議。 / The Supervised Visitation Program (SVP) provides parent-child meetings for high-conflict families with social workers’ help to ensure safety on the premises. This study addressed batterers’ experiences with SVP services and the changes they experienced because of the SVP services through an analysis of the factors that influenced those changes. In-depth qualitative interviews with five batterers and four social workers involved in SVP were conducted using a semi-structured interview schedule. This study analyzed the interview data in a thematic analysis. The research findings are summarized as follows. 1.Experiences receiving the SVP services. The batterers explicitly pointed out the helpfulness of the SVP services and the importance of the social workers’ assistance. Positive experiences were cyclically accumulated. The negative experiences were accumulated from the sense of frustration present during the meetings and their psychological struggles and helplessness related to the accusations of domestic violence and the perspectives and opinions of the social workers. 2.Changes experienced by the batterers: The batterers stated that the changes they experienced included improved interpersonal interactions, ability to recuperate, personal growth, and parent-child interactions. The changes observed by the social workers included the batterers’ personal growth and improvements in parent-child relationships, relationship with roommates, and professional relationships. The batterers’ children and roommates also benefited from the SVP. 3.Factors that influenced the changes: The influencing factors were classified as promotive factors or obstructive factors. The analysis of the batterer interview data found that the promotive factors included the social workers’ professionalism and motivational influences on maintaining family affections. The obstructive factors included overemphasis on conflicts and resentments, inter-parental conflicts, and judicial litigations. In the social workers’ opinions, the promotive factors included the social workers’ professionalism, their motivational influences on maintaining family affections, changes to the batterers’ states, and their supportive resources; the obstructive factors included excessive negativity, obstructions by roommates, judicial litigations, and the batterers’ personal limitations. The results found that SVP was beneficial for promoting the batterers’ sense of empathy, parent-child relationships, and for developing the ability to recuperate, thus creating a positive cycle. Family affections and a sense of parental responsibility were the basis of stimulating the batterers’ changes, and the social workers’ professional expertise exerted an influence on the process of the changes. In contrast, overemphasis on conflicts and resentments obstructed the formation of motivational influences for change. Suggestions for practice and policy are presented based on the study’s results.