The dissertation analyses job-related education, training and development in Soweto since 1940. The effect which the interference of the National Party government had on jobrelated education for black South Africans in Soweto is examined, as it is of importance to know that qualifiers were only permitted to operate as trades people in the bantustans and not in the "white" cities. It is discussed that prior to the assassination of prime minister Dr H F Verwoerd in 1966, the NP government had little interest in promoting urban black upliftment. Also mentioned is the economic situation at that time, which forced the N P government to introduce the Manpower Training Act, permitting Africans to qualify in trades which were until 1981 reserved for whites only. At the eentre of the discussion are the few Sowetan colleges which deal with job-related education. training and development in the African township. Despite the demand for skills training of black South Africans, training deteriorated and the dissertation investigates the reasons surrounding the loss of interest in the communities and why interest groups were no longer concerned about this type of training. The dissertation concludes with a possible future perspective which needs to be implemented to enable job-related education, training and development in Soweto to expand. The need to train Sowetans in their own colleges as opposed to colleges outside Soweto is examined. / History / M.A. (History)

The dissertation analyses job-related education, training and development in Soweto since 1940. The effect which the interference of the National Party government had on jobrelated education for black South Africans in Soweto is examined, as it is of importance to know that qualifiers were only permitted to operate as trades people in the bantustans and not in the "white" cities. It is discussed that prior to the assassination of prime minister Dr H F Verwoerd in 1966, the NP government had little interest in promoting urban black upliftment. Also mentioned is the economic situation at that time, which forced the N P government to introduce the Manpower Training Act, permitting Africans to qualify in trades which were until 1981 reserved for whites only. At the eentre of the discussion are the few Sowetan colleges which deal with job-related education. training and development in the African township. Despite the demand for skills training of black South Africans, training deteriorated and the dissertation investigates the reasons surrounding the loss of interest in the communities and why interest groups were no longer concerned about this type of training. The dissertation concludes with a possible future perspective which needs to be implemented to enable job-related education, training and development in Soweto to expand. The need to train Sowetans in their own colleges as opposed to colleges outside Soweto is examined. / History / M.A. (History)

Little information is available on future vocational preparation for intellectually disabled learners in South African schools. Currently teachers adapt the Revised National Curriculum Statement (RNCS) to educate these learners. A literature study was conducted to investigate relevant models in the United States of America in order to develop a framework for a South African vocational training and transition planning programme in the school. Various South African vocational training programmes designed for disabled learners with good literacy and numeracy skills, the role of employment agencies and the local employment possibilities for intellectually disabled people were investigated to assess their suitability for intellectually disabled learners. An Individualised Vocational Programme that involves the parents and their child(ren) was developed to suit the needs of intellectually disabled learners. The RNCS was adapted by means of curriculum straddling and designing down to make the learning material suitable for intellectually disabled learners. The full programme consisted of an adapted interest test, curriculum training, the placement of learners in school jobs/tasks and a home independence programme, The programme was implemented and a mixed method research design facilitated the case study done in a school for severely intellectually disabled learners. Findings revealed that a vocational training and transition planning programme in the school can be managed successfully to the benefit of the parents, learners and the Department of Education. Based on the findings recommendations were made to improve the various sections of the comprehensive programme. / Educational Studies / D. Ed. (Educational Management)

Thesis (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this study is to develop a vocational training programme for the adolescent learner with an intellectual disability. There is a need for these learners to be trained for work in the open labour market. From the literature it is apparent that American legislation is in place for these learners to gain access to schools, colleges and universities. The literature also makes it clear that parent involvement and community involvement are essential for the planning and implementation of a vocational training programme. To answer the research question, a qualitative participatory action research study was conducted from an interpretive research paradigm. The researcher implemented multiple sources to generate data, namely semistructured interviews, a literature review, personal documents and field notes. In the course of the study a number of steps were taken to ensure the credibility of the data and to pay attention to the ethical aspects that emerged during the research. The literature review extends over two chapters: Firstly the American legislation on vocational training programmes for the adolescent with intellectual disabilities was studied, as well as the South African Educational legislation after 1994. Secondly the three national curriculum programmes are described, namely Outcomes-based Education, Curriculum 2005 and the National Curriculum Statement. The vocational training programme was developed in accordance with the principles of the National Curriculum Statement, learning area Life orientation, Learning outcome 5: the world of work. The development of the learning programmes,work schedules and the lesson plans were adapted to suit the needs of the learners with intellectual disabilities. The findings concluded that schools can train learners to prepare them for entering the open labour market. The teachers cannot do the vocational training in school alone; they need the support of the parents and the community. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van die studie is om 'n beroepsgerigte opleidingsprogram vir die adolessente leerder met intellektuele gestremdheid te ontwikkel. Daar is 'n behoefte vir hierdie leerders om opgelei te word om toegang tot die ope arbeidsmark te verkry. Uit die literatuur is dit duidelik dat Amerikaanse wetgewing vir beroepsgerigte opleiding in plek is vir die genoemde leerders om tot skole, kolleges en universiteite toegang te verkry. Ouer- en gemeenskapsbetrokkenheid is belangrik in die beplanning en implementering van 'n beroepsgerigte opleidingsprogram. In antwoord op die navorsingsvraag is 'n kwalitatiewe deelnemendeaksie-navorsingstudie vanuit 'n interpretatiewe paradigma onderneem. Die navorser het van verskeie bronne gebruik gemaak om data te genereer, naamlik semigestruktureerde onderhoude, 'n literatuurondersoek, persoonlike dokumente en veldnotas. Tydens die studie is verskillende maatreëls toegepas om die geloofwaardigheid van die data te verseker. Die etiese aspekte het ook aandag geniet. Die literatuurstudie strek oor twee hoofstukke. Die eerste behels die Amerikaanse wetgewing op beroepsgerigte opleidingsprogramme, sowel as die Suid-Afrikaanse wetgewing ná 1994 op spesiale onderwys. Tweedens is die drie kurrikulumbenaderings ondersoek, naamlik Uitkomsgebaseerde Onderwys, Kurrikulum 2005 en die Nasionale Kurrikulumverklaring. Die beroepsgerigte opleidingsprogram is ontwikkel volgens die beginsels van die Nasionale Kurrikulumverklaring in die leerarea Lewensoriëntering, Leeruitkomste 5: Die wêreld van werk. Die ontwikkeling van die leerprogramme, werkskedules en lesplanne is aangepas volgens die behoeftes van leerders met intellektuele gestremdhede. Die bevindings het gelei tot die gevolgtrekking dat leerders op skool opgelei kan word om die ope arbeidsmark te betree. Die opvoeders kan nie die beroepsopleiding op skool alleen vermag nie; hulle benodig die ondersteuning van die ouers en die gemeenskap.

Notre travail se penche sur le financement de la formation professionnelle continue tel qu'il a été négocié par les partenaires sociaux dans les pays européens post-fordistes. A travers une approche des associations patronales centrée sur la distribution inégale des ressources entre grandes firmes et PME, nous montrons que l'émergence d'une gestion corporatiste (les fonds de mutualisation) peut s'interpréter comme le résultat d'alliances inter-classes entre les syndicats, les associations patronales et les PME, contre les grandes entreprises. Bien que nous mobilisions un corpus centré sur les employeurs à l’image de ce que fait l'approche en termes de Variétés du Capitalisme (VoC – Hall et Soskice, 2001), la thèse soutenue est plus proche de l’institutionnalisme historique de l'Ecole française de la Régulation. En effet, l'attention accordée à l'hétérogénéité des firmes et au rôle du politique est difficilement compatible avec l’institutionnalisme rationnel de la VoC et sa conception des associations patronales comme simples outils de coordination des firmes / Our work tackles the issue of the financing of the continuous vocational training as it has been negotiated by social partners in the post-fordist European countries. The reflection is centered on the unequal distribution of resources among the large and small firms affiliated to employer associations. It is shown that the emergence of a corporatist governance (the training funds) can be interpreted as the result of cross-class coalitions between trade unions, employer association and SMEs, against big companies. Although we mobilize a theoretical corpus centered on employers as the ‘Varieties of Capitalism’ approach does (VoC – Hall and Soskice, 2001), our dissertation is closer to the historical institutionalism of the French Régulation School. Indeed, the attention granted to the firms’ heterogeneity and to the role of politics is hardly compatible with the VoC rational institutionalism and its conception of employer organizations as mere employer coordination instruments.

In this thesis the vocational orientation of the courses offered - as an expression of the folk high school's self-identity- is analysed. The point of departure was that what the folk high school do, is a way to show what it wants to be and, therefore, reflects what it is. Focus is on how the folk high school meets with contemporary tasks and demands in different areas of society. The research objects are, the folk high school as type of school (a total of 147 schools) and a sample of ten individual schools with different ownership. The study is about what the offered courses reveal about the folk high school's reflections and conclusions as regards its future activities in relation to its history and contemporary society. The theoretical framework of the thesis is built on the sociologist Anthony Giddens 'Theory of Structuration' and the concepts of structure and agency. Reflections about the surrounding world and the contributions the schools' want to make in society is assumed to result in a more or less conscious strategy for the future, the folk high school's course politics as it is expressed in action. The identity has been interpreted in vocational roles as they appear in course contents. The word 'vocation' is used in almost the same sense as Giddens defines 'work'. Self-identity was analysed from three different kinds of texts and with one question for each. In the first perspective focus is on official investigations and political decisions, in the period 1970-2000. What role in society is imposed upon the folk high school in contemporary educational policies? In the second perspective all courses offered at all folk high schools in 1972 and 2000 are studied, in order to present a picture of the overall pattern of vocational orientation. In the third perspective the course politics of the ten selected folk high schools are investigated, from the start of the respective schools, and in relation to what each school thinks it 'is'- with different owners and in its particular geographical situation. One overriding conclusion is that the characteristics that make the identity of the folk high school seem unclear and paradoxical are the very same that constitute the self-identity of the folk high school as being complex and multifaceted. The self-identity seems paradoxical when the vocational orientation presents itself as both preserving traditions and answering to today's needs. In other words, the school 'does what it has always done' (is conservative) and at the same time 'captures new needs and tasks' (is flexible). The folk high school's role and uniqueness in what they actually do can be understood as what I have called 'contemporaneous civic functionaries'. Their profiles emerge when flexibility is based on history. I want to designate 'existential rationality' to the motivating mechanism that seems to at the same time force changes and lean on own experiences. Expressing contemporary self-identity is grounded in the individual tradition as motivationbased values, cultural and geographic conditions.

In this thesis the vocational orientation of the courses offered - as an expression of the folk high school's self-identity- is analysed. The point of departure was that what the folk high school do, is a way to show what it wants to be and, therefore, reflects what it is. Focus is on how the folk high school meets with contemporary tasks and demands in different areas of society. The research objects are, the folk high school as type of school (a total of 147 schools) and a sample of ten individual schools with different ownership. The study is about what the offered courses reveal about the folk high school's reflections and conclusions as regards its future activities in relation to its history and contemporary society. The theoretical framework of the thesis is built on the sociologist Anthony Giddens 'Theory of Structuration' and the concepts of structure and agency. Reflections about the surrounding world and the contributions the schools' want to make in society is assumed to result in a more or less conscious strategy for the future, the folk high school's course politics as it is expressed in action. The identity has been interpreted in vocational roles as they appear in course contents. The word 'vocation' is used in almost the same sense as Giddens defines 'work'. Self-identity was analysed from three different kinds of texts and with one question for each. In the first perspective focus is on official investigations and political decisions, in the period 1970-2000. What role in society is imposed upon the folk high school in contemporary educational policies? In the second perspective all courses offered at all folk high schools in 1972 and 2000 are studied, in order to present a picture of the overall pattern of vocational orientation. In the third perspective the course politics of the ten selected folk high schools are investigated, from the start of the respective schools, and in relation to what each school thinks it 'is'- with different owners and in its particular geographical situation. One overriding conclusion is that the characteristics that make the identity of the folk high school seem unclear and paradoxical are the very same that constitute the self-identity of the folk high school as being complex and multifaceted. The self-identity seems paradoxical when the vocational orientation presents itself as both preserving traditions and answering to today's needs. In other words, the school 'does what it has always done' (is conservative) and at the same time 'captures new needs and tasks' (is flexible). The folk high school's role and uniqueness in what they actually do can be understood as what I have called 'contemporaneous civic functionaries'. Their profiles emerge when flexibility is based on history. I want to designate 'existential rationality' to the motivating mechanism that seems to at the same time force changes and lean on own experiences. Expressing contemporary self-identity is grounded in the individual tradition as motivationbased values, cultural and geographic conditions.

La relation entre le système éducatif et le monde de l’entreprise a souvent suscité des questionnements et des remises en cause des uns et des autres et cela depuis le Moyen-âge étant donné que le milieu professionnel évolue plus rapidement en fonction des paramètres économiques, sociaux et culturels que l’éducation scolaire ne peut le faire. Or, les élèves sont au centre de cette tension puisqu’ils poursuivent un apprentissage scolaire dans l’objectif de s’insérer dans la vie professionnelle.Pour mieux appréhender cette problématique, cette recherche s’est penchée sur l’influence des apprentissages scolaires et sur les besoins des métiers dans la branche de la restauration, filière nommée « technologie culinaire » auprès d’élèves d’un lycée professionnel.Trois axes de recherche ont été établis : la relation entre les compétences professionnelles déclarées par le Ministère de l'éducation nationale (MEN) et les besoins des métiers de la restauration, le processus d’apprentissage en travaux pratiques (TP) au cours de la formation professionnelle initiale et l’acquisition des compétences par les élèves puis le lien entre l’orientation scolaire et l’insertion dans la vie professionnelle.Ces trois champs d’investigation ont été menés auprès d’un échantillon composé d’élèves, d’enseignants et de restaurateurs de la région Rhône-Alpes à travers un questionnaire, des observations sur le terrain et des entretiens. L’objectif étant de confronter les avis afin de questionner le processus d’apprentissage permettant une meilleure insertion professionnelle. / The relationship between education and the business world has often been questioned and challenged on either part and that since the Middle Ages as the workplace evolves more rapidly taking into consideration the economic, social and cultural parameters of the time than school education can. However, students are at the heart of this interaction as they engage in academic learning with the aim to enter the job market later.To better understand this problem, this research focused on the interaction between academic learning and the needs of the food industry, particularly the catering branch involving students from a vocational school currently engaged in developing their culinary skills. Three areas of research have been established: the relationship between the skills required by the MEN and the needs of the catering business, the learning process in workshops during the first stages of training and the acquisition of skills by students and thirdly the interaction between counseling and entering professional life.These three areas of investigation were conducted with a sample of students, teachers and restaurateurs in the Rhône-Alpes region through a questionnaire, field observations and interviews. The objective was to compare the opinions questioning the learning process for better employability.

Studien bidrar med fördjupad kunskap om en partsintermediärs, ett bransch- och arbetsgivarförbund, möjligheter till parts- och arbetsgivarsamverkan kring kompetensförsörjningsåtgärder för medlemsföretag och regional utveckling på en lokal arbetsmarknad. Fokus ligger på intermediärens villkor som samordnare av utbildning för maskinförares etablering på arbetsmarknaden. Studiens teoretiska referensram tar sin grund i tidigare forskning om intermediärer och de teoretiska utgångspunkterna från ett boundary-crossing perspektiv och omsluts av lärandemekanismer och dialektiska lärandeprocesser. Det empiriska materialet baseras på 12 intervjuer och två fokusgrupper. Slutsatserna som dras är att partsintermediären verkar i en dualistisk samverkansstruktur i tre nivåer i och mellan två praktikgemenskaper: organisatorisk, interpersonell och intrapersonell. Det som möjliggör samverkan gällande kompetensförsörjning för samordning av utbildning är de formella kunskapsråd mellan parterna på nationell och regional nivå samt juridiska stödstrukturer genom yrkesutbildningsavtal. Begränsningen för överskridande samordning är omfattande matchningsproblem mellan utbildning och medlemsföretag, genom frånvaron av ekonomiska och pedagogiska stödfunktioner för den lokala arbetsmarknaden. / The study provides in-depth knowledge of an intermediary, an industry and employers' federation, opportunities for party and employer cooperation on competence-providing measures for member companies and regional development in a local labor market. The focus is on the intermediary's conditions as coordinator of education for machine operators' establishment in the labor market. The theoretical reference framework of the study is based on previous research on intermediates and the theoretical starting points from a boundary-crossing perspective, and is encompassed by learning mechanisms and dialectical learning processes. The empirical material is based on 12 interviews and two focus groups. The conclusions drawn are that the intermediary acts in a dual-level collaboration structure in three levels in and between two communities of practice: organizational, interpersonal and intrapersonal. What allows co-operation on the provision of skills for coordination of education is the formal knowledge council between the parties at national and regional level and legal support structures through vocational training agreements. The overriding coordination constraints are extensive matching problems between education and member companies, due to the absence of financial and educational support for the local labor market.

Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse s’intéressent aux rendements individuels de l’éducation et de la formation, et cherchent à mettre en évidence des modalités d’intervention publique plus efficaces pour accroître ces rendements. Les deux premiers chapitres de ce travail étudient la manière dont les rendements des investissements individuels en éducation peuvent être optimisés en améliorant l’efficacité des systèmes éducatifs et de formation professionnelle. La dernière étude porte sur les liens entre l’investissement en capital humain et l’environnement légal ou économique qui l’encadre. Le premier article de cette thèse s’intéresse en particulier à l’effet de la scolarisation dans une école privée française en CP et CE1 sur les résultats scolaires en CE2. Le second chapitre vise à mesurer l’efficacité des formations certifiantes destinées aux demandeurs d’emploi français sur leur retour en emploi. La dernière étude montre le lien existant entre la flexibilisation du marché du travail anglais et l’accès à la formation des salariés. Les analyses réalisées reposent sur des méthodes microéconométriques qui visent à identifier l’effet causal des politiques publiques étudiées. Nous utilisons ainsi la méthode des variables instrumentales et celle des différences de différences. Cette thèse repose également sur l’estimation de modèles de durée, en utilisant la méthode du "timing-of-events" ou en estimant un modèle à risques concurrents bivarié. / This thesis work focuses on individual returns to education and training, and aims at highlighting more efficient public interventions in order to increase these returns. The first two chapters of this study consider how returns to individual investments can be optimized by improving public policies efficiency in the field of education and vocational training. The last study analyzes the link between investment in human capital and the legal and economic environment in which it is realized. In details, the first article of this thesis focuses on the effect of private schooling during the first and second grade in France on test scores achievement in third grade. The second chapter aims at measuring the efficiency of certifying training programs followed by unemployed individuals on their probability to find a job. The last study shows the link between the English labor market flexibility and workers’ access to training. The analyses conducted rely on microeconometric methodologies which aim at identifying the causal effect of considered public policies. We thus use the instrumental variable methodology as well as the difference-in-difference one. This thesis also relies on the estimation of duration models, using the “timing-of-events” methodology, and estimating a bivariate competing risks model.