Syfte: Det finns en mängd studier som behandlar frivillig personalomsättning och vad dess orsaker är. Fler studier av fördjupande karaktär behövs för att få ökad förståelse över vad det är som orsakar frivillig personalomsättning. Syftet med studien är att få ökad förståelse för hur första linjens chefer inom vård och omsorgsbolag kan engagera sig i, och påverka medarbetare för att minska frivillig personalomsättning. För att uppfylla syftet ska studien besvara varför medarbetare överväger att säga upp sig, hur chefer kan vidta åtgärder för att minska övervägande av uppsägning bland medarbetare samt hur omsättning av första linjens chefer påverkar personalomsättning i organisationen. Metod: I denna studie har en kvalitativ fallstudie (enfall) genomförts på en organisation som är verksam inom vård och omsorgsbranschen. Huvudmetoden för att samla in data är semistrukturerade intervjuer (n=11) med individer i olika befattningar inom organisationen. För att få en djup holistisk bild av fallet kompletteras intervjuerna med en enkätundersökning genomförd av medarbetare (n=137), dokumentanalys samt observationer. Analysen av data har genomförts genom mönsteranalys och redovisningen av data har skett utifrån studiens forskningsfrågor. De som studeras är främst medarbetare och olika chefer inom organisationen. Resultat & slutsats: Flera orsaker till, och åtgärder för att minska frivillig personalomsättning har synliggjorts. Omsättning av första linjens chefer visade sig ha inverkan på samtliga orsaker som synliggjorts i studien.  Examensarbetets bidrag: Studien bidrar med ökad förståelse för vad som orsakar, och hur första linjens chefer kan minska frivillig personalomsättning. Vikten av balans mellan arbetsliv och privatliv har synliggjorts. Studien bekräftar tidigare forskning som framhäver betydelsen av omsättning av chefer i arbetet med minskning av personalomsättning.  Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Förslag till fortsatt forskning är att utforska orsaker i organisationer med låg personalomsättning inom samma kontext, hur lokalt engagemang kan ersätta organisatorisk engagemang och hur omsättning av första linjens chefer kan minskas för att motverka frivillig personalomsättning bland medarbetare. / Aim: There is a variety of studies that deal with the issue of voluntary turnover and its causes. More in-depth studies are required in order to gain increased understanding of what causes voluntary turnover. The aim of this thesis is to gain increased understanding of how first line managers in health and social care corporations can engage in, and influence coworkers in order to reduce voluntary turnover. In order to fulfill its purpose this thesis will answer why coworkers are considering leaving the organization, what actions managers can take to reduce turnover intentions among coworkers and what impact turnover among managers have on staff turnover within the organization. Method: In this thesis a qualitative case study (single case) was carried out on an organization that operates within the health and social care industry. The main method used to gather data is semi structured interviews (n=11) with individuals in various positions within the organization. In order to obtain a deep holistic view of the case the interviews are supplemented with a survey conducted by coworkers (n=137), document analysis and observations. The data was analyzed using pattern-matching technique and the reporting of data has been based on the study's research questions. The subjects in this thesis are coworkers, and various managers within the organization. Result & Conclusions: Several causes for, and actions to prevent voluntary turnover has been highlighted. Turnover among first line managers turned out to have an impact on all the causes highlighted in the study.  Contribution of the thesis: The thesis contributes with increased understanding of what causes, and how first line managers can prevent, voluntary turnover. The importance of balance between working life and privacy has been highlighted. The thesis confirms previous research that emphasizes the relevance of turnover among managers in order to reduce staff turnover. Suggestions for future research: Suggestions for future research is to explore causes in organizations with low turnover within the same context, how local commitment can replace organizational commitment and how turnover among first line managers can be reduced in order to reduce turnover among staff.

Replacing an employee can cost a firm as much as 200% of that employee's annual salary, and small business owners may be especially sensitive to voluntary employee turnover due to their limited resources. The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore the strategies that some owners of small professional services businesses in the midwestern region of the United States used to reduce voluntary employee turnover in their firms. The conceptual framework for this doctoral study was Barney's resource-based theory. Data were collected from 4 participants whose firms were at least 5 years old and had experienced lower turnover than the average as reported by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, using semistructured interviews and a review of company policies and procedures found in employee handbooks, as well as publicly available information on company websites. Data were analyzed by compiling all the data, using coding to organize the data, identifying themes that emerged, and then making observations about those themes as they pertained to the research. Member checking, along with the review of company documents, served as methodological triangulation for reliability and validity of the research. The 3 major themes that surfaced were how voluntary employee turnover impacts small professional services firms, how hiring reduced voluntary employee turnover, and how corporate culture and employee engagement reduced voluntary employee turnover. Data about strategies for reducing voluntary employee turnover may bring about positive social change in local economies by helping to ensure stability in local commerce and national economies by supporting the success of small businesses that account for many businesses in the United States.

Corporations are finding it challenging to attract and retain the top talented Millennials. Their frequent job-hopping is costing the U.S. economy $30.5 billion annually despite corporations' best efforts to retain them. The central research question concerns the decision-making process that Millennials use to decide whether to job-hop or stay with an organization. The purpose of this qualitative study was to develop a theory that explains the Millennials' process for deciding whether to job-hop or stay with an organization. The conceptual framework for this grounded theory research is generational theory, Herzberg's hygiene and motivational factors, and psychological contract theory. The data collection was by means of a purposive sampling strategy implemented through the semistructured interviews of 13 participants. The grounded theory data analysis method used consisted of an abridged version of Glaser's data analysis method as developed by Charmaz, which entailed a systematic comparative coding process (initial, focused, and theoretical). The study findings included 7 factors that affect Millennial job-hopping: competitive compensation, job enjoyment, opportunities for professional growth, supportive work environment, reasonable free/flex time, finding their niche, and excellent benefits. Based on these factors, the Millennials job-hopping theory explains their decision-making process and why they job-hop. Positive social change may occur when Millennials achieve job satisfaction. Job satisfaction increases loyalty and organizational commitment and reduces stress, thus decreasing turnover and creating economic stability for the Millennials and their organizations.

Den globala tekniska utvecklingen och framväxten av kunskapssamhället har bidragit till att kunskap och mänskliga färdigheter fått en central betydelse för organisationers framgång. Idag anses anställda därmed som en viktig och central del för att höja den organisatoriska prestationen och för att behålla konkurrensfördelar på arbetsmarknaden. Det är därav av största vikt för organisationer att bibehålla kompetenta anställda. För att bibehålla anställda behöver organisationer få svar på vad som påverkar anställdas vilja att stanna när möjligheter finns för dem att få arbete i andra organisationer. Forskning har påträffat skillnader mellan offentlig och privat sektor såsom ekonomiska resurser, prioriteringar samt faktorer som bidrar till anställdas motivation och arbetstillfredsställelse. Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka valda påverkansfaktorers inverkan på anställdas vilja att stanna kvar i sin anställning, inom privat och offentlig sektor. Uppsatsen utgår från ett medarbetarperspektiv. För att undersöka detta upprättades en enkät byggt på mätverktygen QPS Nordic, COPSOQ II och Turnover Intention Scale för att undersöka uppsatsens 5 påverkansfaktorer i relation till begreppet frivillig uppsägning. Svar från 41 respondenter från både den privata och den offentliga sektorn har analyserats för att finna svar på uppsatsens syfte. Uppsatsen utgår ifrån ett framtaget analysverktyg i syfte att demonstrera hur uppsatsens begrepp används.  Avsaknad av motivation och arbetstillfredsställelse har visats påverka anställdas beslut till frivillig uppsägning. Uppsatsens påverkansfaktorer: lön och andra motivationsfaktorer, samhörighet, lojalitet, kompetensförsörjning samt arbetets utformning visar tendens att leda till motivation och arbetstillfredsställelse för anställda i båda sektorerna. Däremot tenderar inte alla faktorer att bidra till frivillig uppsägning. Uppsatsens resultat visar tendenser att påverkansfaktorn lojalitet har en stor enskild inverkan på anställdas beslut till frivillig uppsägning. Vidare skiljer sig påverkansfaktorerna åt inom sektorerna. Påverkansfaktorerna i privat sektor utöver lojalitet är samhörighet och kompetensförsörjning och påverkansfaktorer i offentlig sektor utöver lojalitet är arbetets utformning och samhörighet som bidrar till förklarandet av frivillig uppsägning. Påverkansfaktorer rörande gemenskap påvisar stor betydelse i båda sektorerna. I uppsatsen påvisas vikten av att lära känna sin egen organisation vilket styrks av olikheterna som framkommer i resultatet.

The objectives of this study were to determine whether job embeddedness and organisational commitment significantly predict voluntary turnover, and whether people from different gender, race and age groups differ significantly in their job embeddedness, organisational commitment and voluntary turnover. The Job Embeddedness Scale (JES), Organisational Commitment Scale (OCS) and Voluntary Turnover Scale (VTS) were used as measuring instruments. A stratified random sample of 102 full-time employed higher education academics participated in the study. Multiple regression analyses showed that organisation fit and community links and normative commitment significantly and positively predicted the participants’ intentions to stay at the institution. Significant differences were observed between the job embeddedness and intention to stay of the gender and race groups. The findings of the current study add to the knowledge base on the turnover intentions of academic staff, contributing to the field of career psychology. In conclusion, the study makes recommendations for retention practices and future research. / Industrial & Organisational Psychology / M. Com. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

Les milieux de travail canadiens présentent des visages diversifiés et en pleine mutation. En raison de facteurs tels que les nouvelles technologies, la mondialisation, l’économie du savoir ou encore l’évolution démographique, la transformation des entreprises canadiennes passe par une main-d’œuvre qualifiée, adaptable et de qualité. Notre recherche s’inscrit dans le cadre des études s’intéressant aux comportements des entreprises en matière d’investissement en capital humain au Canada. Nous avons retenu un cadre théorique qui est constitué principalement de la théorie du capital humain, de celle des ressources internes et de l’approche des coûts et des bénéfices. Pour les fins de notre recherche, nous retenons une approche quantitative longitudinale, en utilisant des données secondaires issues du questionnaire des employeurs de l’Enquête sur le milieu de travail et les employés pour les années 1999 à 2005 inclusivement. La nature longitudinale de l’EMTE permet de corriger pour les biais liés à l’hétérogénéité non observée des firmes et à l’endogénéité possible de la variable de formation. Notre étude se divise globalement en trois articles. Dans les deux premiers cas, les dépenses en formation sont considérées comme une variable explicative de la productivité et du taux de roulement des employés. Dans le troisième cas, les dépenses de formation constituent la variable dépendante à l’étude. Le premier article examine l’effet des investissements en formation sur la productivité des entreprises canadiennes. La littérature scientifique traitant de l’impact de la formation sur la performance des entreprises continue de s’accroître dû aux nouvelles techniques d’estimations, à la disponibilité des données, et à l’intérêt grandissant pour le capital humain. Les résultats partiels des études antérieures montrent la possibilité que les retours des investissements réalisés en formation puissent avoir des effets au-delà de l’année courante. Sur le plan théorique, cette hypothèse a du sens, mais au niveau empirique il semble que les liens formels entre la formation et la productivité des entreprises ne sont pas clairement identifiés. Nos résultats montrent que les investissements en formation réalisés avec trois années de retard engendrent des effets positifs et significatifs sur la productivité à court et à moyen termes. L’interaction entre les différents types d’investissements permet de vérifier l’hypothèse à l’effet que les investissements en capital physique et en capital humain soient complémentaires et se supportent mutuellement. Après avoir procédé à l’estimation de l’effet des dépenses en formation structurée sur la productivité des entreprises, nous nous demandons pour quelles raisons les employeurs demeurent réticents quant aux retours des investissements en formation ? Dans le cadre de cette seconde réflexion, nous nous intéressons à deux dimensions de l’estimation du roulement, à savoir le roulement de nature volontaire et une mesure de l’optimum. Les résultats obtenus quant à l’effet des dépenses en formation structurée par employé sur les taux de roulement volontaire et optimal montrent que la relation est positive dans les deux cas. Cet article vise également à vérifier si différents outils organisationnels associés aux relations industrielles peuvent avoir un effet sur la réduction du taux de roulement volontaire des employés. Nos résultats montrent aussi que la présence syndicale et la perception d’un bon climat de travail traduisent dans un sens, un environnement dans lequel l’employeur et les employés ont des intérêts communs pour la poursuite de mêmes objectifs. Dans le cadre du troisième article, nous examinons certains déterminants des investissements en formation structurée au sein des milieux de travail. Nos résultats montrent qu’une entreprise de grande taille, qui investit davantage en capital physique par employé par rapport à la moyenne, au sein de laquelle un grand pourcentage de travailleurs utilisent un ordinateur, où il y a une proportion élevée de nouvelles embauches et pour laquelle l’employeur introduit un système cohérent de pratiques dépense davantage en formation structurée qu’une entreprise qui ne possède pas ces caractéristiques, toutes choses égales par ailleurs. Ces résultats permettent de discuter également de la complémentarité des facteurs faisant partie d’un cercle vertueux de croissance des entreprises pouvant déterminer les investissements en formation. / Canadian workplaces face diversified and new challenges. Globalization, technological change, knowledge-based economy, demographic trends and all levels of government initiatives significantly affect our workplaces. As a result, the transformations of the work environment are based on skilled and flexible labour. Our research summarizes the literature on job-related training and the effects of these investments on different workplaces. Our research also elaborates empirical explanations and policy implications based on the outcome of these existing studies. The proposed theoretical framework is based on the human capital theory, the resource-based theory of the firm, and the cost-benefit approach. The longitudinal panel data used in this research are drawn from the Statistics Canada’s Workplace and Employee Survey (WES) over the years 1999 to 2005 inclusively. The longitudinal nature of the WES allows us to address issues of endogeneity of inputs including human capital and unobserved heterogeneity of establishments as well as omitted variable bias. Our study is divided into three articles. In the first two articles, expenses in training are considered to be an explanatory variable of both productivity and the rate of employee turnover. In the third article, an empirical model is developed using training expenditures within the firm as the dependent variable. Among consulted studies dealing with the possible impact of the training on the productivity, several treat longitudinal character of the data, but few consider the lagged effects of the training. Partial results of the previous studies show that returns of investments in training could have effects beyond the common year. As part of the first article, we examine the impact of training on productivity which is estimated through a Cobb-Douglas production function with a distributed lags on training expenditures and capital investments. We take advantage of the longitudinal data by estimating a model that considers the impact on productivity of both of training expenditures and the investments in physical capital. Because of the interaction between investments in training and physical capital, the assumption that, investments in physical capital and human capital are complementary and support themselves mutually can be tested. Our results show that investments in training have positive effects on productivity which are spread out over a three years period. After completing the above estimates, we wondered why some employers hesitate before investing in training. As part of this reflexion, we analyse the incidence of training expenditures on labour turnover. We are interested in two dimensions, namely: the voluntary turnover and a measure of the optimal level of employee turnover. Our main finding is that training expenditures increase voluntary turnover as well as the gap between observed and estimated optimal level of employee turnover. Our findings also show that the presence of a union and the perception of a good working climate that result into an environment in which both employer and employees achieve common objectives help to reduce turnover. Finally, in the third article, we examine some determinants of the training investments in the Canadian workplaces. We focus on the intensity of on-the-job training where intensity refers to the training expenditures. We find that a larger firm size, who invests more in physical capital by employee than the average, within which a great percentage of workers use a computer, where there is a high proportion of new recruiting and for which the employer introduces a consistent system of practices, invests more in on-the-job training than a firm without the above characteristics, other things being equal. Our findings also suggest the existence of a «virtuous circle». In other words, these factors act as a self-reinforcing mechanism which futher boosts investments in training.

Les milieux de travail canadiens présentent des visages diversifiés et en pleine mutation. En raison de facteurs tels que les nouvelles technologies, la mondialisation, l’économie du savoir ou encore l’évolution démographique, la transformation des entreprises canadiennes passe par une main-d’œuvre qualifiée, adaptable et de qualité. Notre recherche s’inscrit dans le cadre des études s’intéressant aux comportements des entreprises en matière d’investissement en capital humain au Canada. Nous avons retenu un cadre théorique qui est constitué principalement de la théorie du capital humain, de celle des ressources internes et de l’approche des coûts et des bénéfices. Pour les fins de notre recherche, nous retenons une approche quantitative longitudinale, en utilisant des données secondaires issues du questionnaire des employeurs de l’Enquête sur le milieu de travail et les employés pour les années 1999 à 2005 inclusivement. La nature longitudinale de l’EMTE permet de corriger pour les biais liés à l’hétérogénéité non observée des firmes et à l’endogénéité possible de la variable de formation. Notre étude se divise globalement en trois articles. Dans les deux premiers cas, les dépenses en formation sont considérées comme une variable explicative de la productivité et du taux de roulement des employés. Dans le troisième cas, les dépenses de formation constituent la variable dépendante à l’étude. Le premier article examine l’effet des investissements en formation sur la productivité des entreprises canadiennes. La littérature scientifique traitant de l’impact de la formation sur la performance des entreprises continue de s’accroître dû aux nouvelles techniques d’estimations, à la disponibilité des données, et à l’intérêt grandissant pour le capital humain. Les résultats partiels des études antérieures montrent la possibilité que les retours des investissements réalisés en formation puissent avoir des effets au-delà de l’année courante. Sur le plan théorique, cette hypothèse a du sens, mais au niveau empirique il semble que les liens formels entre la formation et la productivité des entreprises ne sont pas clairement identifiés. Nos résultats montrent que les investissements en formation réalisés avec trois années de retard engendrent des effets positifs et significatifs sur la productivité à court et à moyen termes. L’interaction entre les différents types d’investissements permet de vérifier l’hypothèse à l’effet que les investissements en capital physique et en capital humain soient complémentaires et se supportent mutuellement. Après avoir procédé à l’estimation de l’effet des dépenses en formation structurée sur la productivité des entreprises, nous nous demandons pour quelles raisons les employeurs demeurent réticents quant aux retours des investissements en formation ? Dans le cadre de cette seconde réflexion, nous nous intéressons à deux dimensions de l’estimation du roulement, à savoir le roulement de nature volontaire et une mesure de l’optimum. Les résultats obtenus quant à l’effet des dépenses en formation structurée par employé sur les taux de roulement volontaire et optimal montrent que la relation est positive dans les deux cas. Cet article vise également à vérifier si différents outils organisationnels associés aux relations industrielles peuvent avoir un effet sur la réduction du taux de roulement volontaire des employés. Nos résultats montrent aussi que la présence syndicale et la perception d’un bon climat de travail traduisent dans un sens, un environnement dans lequel l’employeur et les employés ont des intérêts communs pour la poursuite de mêmes objectifs. Dans le cadre du troisième article, nous examinons certains déterminants des investissements en formation structurée au sein des milieux de travail. Nos résultats montrent qu’une entreprise de grande taille, qui investit davantage en capital physique par employé par rapport à la moyenne, au sein de laquelle un grand pourcentage de travailleurs utilisent un ordinateur, où il y a une proportion élevée de nouvelles embauches et pour laquelle l’employeur introduit un système cohérent de pratiques dépense davantage en formation structurée qu’une entreprise qui ne possède pas ces caractéristiques, toutes choses égales par ailleurs. Ces résultats permettent de discuter également de la complémentarité des facteurs faisant partie d’un cercle vertueux de croissance des entreprises pouvant déterminer les investissements en formation. / Canadian workplaces face diversified and new challenges. Globalization, technological change, knowledge-based economy, demographic trends and all levels of government initiatives significantly affect our workplaces. As a result, the transformations of the work environment are based on skilled and flexible labour. Our research summarizes the literature on job-related training and the effects of these investments on different workplaces. Our research also elaborates empirical explanations and policy implications based on the outcome of these existing studies. The proposed theoretical framework is based on the human capital theory, the resource-based theory of the firm, and the cost-benefit approach. The longitudinal panel data used in this research are drawn from the Statistics Canada’s Workplace and Employee Survey (WES) over the years 1999 to 2005 inclusively. The longitudinal nature of the WES allows us to address issues of endogeneity of inputs including human capital and unobserved heterogeneity of establishments as well as omitted variable bias. Our study is divided into three articles. In the first two articles, expenses in training are considered to be an explanatory variable of both productivity and the rate of employee turnover. In the third article, an empirical model is developed using training expenditures within the firm as the dependent variable. Among consulted studies dealing with the possible impact of the training on the productivity, several treat longitudinal character of the data, but few consider the lagged effects of the training. Partial results of the previous studies show that returns of investments in training could have effects beyond the common year. As part of the first article, we examine the impact of training on productivity which is estimated through a Cobb-Douglas production function with a distributed lags on training expenditures and capital investments. We take advantage of the longitudinal data by estimating a model that considers the impact on productivity of both of training expenditures and the investments in physical capital. Because of the interaction between investments in training and physical capital, the assumption that, investments in physical capital and human capital are complementary and support themselves mutually can be tested. Our results show that investments in training have positive effects on productivity which are spread out over a three years period. After completing the above estimates, we wondered why some employers hesitate before investing in training. As part of this reflexion, we analyse the incidence of training expenditures on labour turnover. We are interested in two dimensions, namely: the voluntary turnover and a measure of the optimal level of employee turnover. Our main finding is that training expenditures increase voluntary turnover as well as the gap between observed and estimated optimal level of employee turnover. Our findings also show that the presence of a union and the perception of a good working climate that result into an environment in which both employer and employees achieve common objectives help to reduce turnover. Finally, in the third article, we examine some determinants of the training investments in the Canadian workplaces. We focus on the intensity of on-the-job training where intensity refers to the training expenditures. We find that a larger firm size, who invests more in physical capital by employee than the average, within which a great percentage of workers use a computer, where there is a high proportion of new recruiting and for which the employer introduces a consistent system of practices, invests more in on-the-job training than a firm without the above characteristics, other things being equal. Our findings also suggest the existence of a «virtuous circle». In other words, these factors act as a self-reinforcing mechanism which futher boosts investments in training.

The research focused on constructing a psychological wellbeing profile for employee wellness and talent retention practices by investigating employees’ psychological wellbeing-related attributes (constituting self-esteem, emotional intelligence, hardiness, work engagement and psychosocial flourishing), and whether these significantly mediate the relation between their experiences of bullying and their intention to leave the organisation when controlling for bullying, age, gender, race, tenure and job level. A quantitative survey was conducted on a convenience sample of employed adults (N = 373) of different age, gender, race, tenure and job level groups from various South African organisations. The canonical statistical procedures indicated work engagement (vigour, dedication and absorption) and hardiness (commitment-alienation) as the strongest psychological wellbeing-related dispositional attributes in the workplace bullying and turnover intention relationship. The mediation modelling results showed that workplace bullying significantly predicted turnover intention, which in turn, significantly predicted either high/low levels of work engagement (vigour and dedication) in one’s work. Self-esteem, emotional intelligence or hardiness did not seem likely to influence the relationship between workplace bullying and turnover intention. The multiple regression analysis indicated that participants’ biographical variables (age, gender, race and job level) significantly predicted workplace bullying, self-esteem, emotional intelligence, hardiness, work engagement and psychosocial flourishing, and turnover intention. The tests for significant mean differences indicated that participants from various biographical groups (age, gender, race, tenure and job level) statistically significantly differed regarding workplace bullying (independent variable), the psychological wellbeing-related variables, namely self-esteem, emotional intelligence, hardiness, employee engagement, psychosocial flourishing (mediating variables) and turnover intention (dependent variable). On a theoretical level, the study deepened understanding of the cognitive, affective and conative behavioural dimensions of the hypothesised psychological wellbeing profile. On an empirical level, the main findings were reported and interpreted in terms of an empirically derived psychological wellbeing profile based on the work engagement of the participants. On a practical level, the findings provided valuable guidelines for the development of talent retention and wellness interventions, which might add to the body of knowledge relating to psychological wellbeing-related dispositional attributes that influenced workplace bullying and talent retention / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / D. Com. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

Bakgrund: Kunskapsintensiva organisationer upplever svårigheter när det kommer till att behålla medarbetare och de tvingas således arbeta för att hantera den frivilliga personalomsättningen. Den svenska advokatbranschen genomgår förändring och medarbetare byter arbetsgivare i allt större utsträckning. Samtidigt pågår diskussioner kring huruvida monetära- och icke-monetära incitamentssystem påverkar medarbetarnas motivation, arbetstillfredsställelse och engagemang. Därav har intresset väckts för att studera huruvida incitamentssystem påverkar den frivilliga personalomsättningen inom advokatbyråer verksamma i Sverige. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att skapa en ökad förståelse för hur incitamentssystem påverkar den frivilliga personalomsättningen inom advokatbyråer verksamma i Sverige. Metod: Studien innehar en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi och ett konstruktionistisktperspektiv. Arbetet följer en abduktiv ansats och en tematisk analys används viddata analysen. Syftet och forskningsfrågorna besvaras genom att utnyttja en flerfallsstudie på två olika advokatbyråer verksamma i Sverige, där 14 semi-strukturerade intervjuundersökningar ligger till grund för inhämtandet av det empiriska materialet. Slutsats: Studien påvisar att kunskapsintensiva organisationer bör utforma incitamentssystem med både monetära och icke-monetära incitament där en förståelse för att incitamentssystem kan påverka andra medarbetare än vad som var avsett är viktig. Monetära incitament tycks påverka arbetstillfredsställelsen men har begränsad effekt på medarbetarnas motivation och engagemang. De icke-monetära incitamenten tenderar att påverka den frivilliga personalomsättningen i större utsträckning / Background: Knowledge-intensive organizations experience difficulties when it comes to retaining employees and they are obliged to handle the voluntary turnover. The Swedish law branch of industry experiences a period of change where employees change employers to a greater extent. At the same time, there are ongoing discussions about how monetary- and non-monetary incentives affect employee motivation, job satisfaction and commitment. Therefore, it is interesting to study how incentive systems affect voluntary turnover in Swedish law firms. Purpose: The study aims to increase the understanding of how incentive systems affect the voluntary turnover in Swedish law firms. Methodology: The study is designed according to a qualitative research strategy and has a constructionist perspective. The work follows an abductive approach, and a thematic analysis is used when analyzing the data. The purpose and research questions are answered by utilizing a multiple-case study of two Swedish law firms, where 14 semistructured interviews generate the empirical material. Conclusion: The study shows that knowledge-intensive organizations should design incentive systems with both monetary and non-monetary incentives where an understanding that incentive systems can affect other employees than what was intended is important. Monetary incentives seem to affect job satisfaction but have a limited effect on employee motivation and commitment. The non-monetary incentives tend to affect voluntary employee turnover to a greater extent.

The objectives of this study were to determine whether job embeddedness and organisational commitment significantly predict voluntary turnover, and whether people from different gender, race and age groups differ significantly in their job embeddedness, organisational commitment and voluntary turnover. The Job Embeddedness Scale (JES), Organisational Commitment Scale (OCS) and Voluntary Turnover Scale (VTS) were used as measuring instruments. A stratified random sample of 102 full-time employed higher education academics participated in the study. Multiple regression analyses showed that organisation fit and community links and normative commitment significantly and positively predicted the participants’ intentions to stay at the institution. Significant differences were observed between the job embeddedness and intention to stay of the gender and race groups. The findings of the current study add to the knowledge base on the turnover intentions of academic staff, contributing to the field of career psychology. In conclusion, the study makes recommendations for retention practices and future research. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M. Com. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)