This study of Ecuador under Gran Colombia comprises more than a catalogue of the obstacles underlying the failure of Simon Bolívar's experiment in statecraft. While the distinct nature of the regional and local problems of the southern departments add to that diagnosis, they also stand apart as factors in the formation of the Republic of Ecuador. The Liberator's determination to maintain the territorial integrity of the audiencia of Quito as a part of the viceroyalty of New Granada prevented the potential partitioning of that region between Peru and Colombia. Colombian military assistance enabled the fleeting Republic of Guayaquil to play a crucial role in the liberation of the audiencia. This ensured a patriotic legacy for Guayaquil compatible with that of Quito in the formation of Ecuadorian national identity. The special treatment accorded the Southern Departments by Bolívar's use of his extraordinary faculties and his later authority as dictator maintained the regional identity of Ecuador. The inability of the Colombian government to effectively respond to the local problems of the Southern Departments undermined the legitimacy of that regime. In contrast, the efficiency of the military administration imposed upon the departments by Bolívar enhanced his personal authority. Also, at the expense of Gran Colombia, the Liberator fostered an embryonic administrative centralism around the leadership of one of his most loyal officers, General Juan José Flores. The era of Ecuador under Gran Colombia witnessed the continuation of the colonial economic system beneath the superstructure of republican politics. In recognition of the distinct nature of southern society, Bolívar formally sanctioned that continuity, ultimately replacing the few liberal reforms attempted in the south with a return to colonial institutions. Within this framework the local elites of Quito, Guayaquil, and Cuenca remained secure in their society. Within the decade of its existence as part of Gran Columbia, Ecuador demonstrated its own dynamic elements, both local and regional in nature, that gradually coalesced to form an embryonic national identity. The emergence of the Republic of Ecuador in May 1830 was an affirmation of that historical development.

This dissertation studies the content of Catholic polemic printed in the city of Lyon from 1560 to 1594, a period ranging from the first hints of wider Protestant unrest to the submission of the city to Henry IV and the resumption of royal control. The time frame corresponds to an era of zealous Catholic activity in which combating Protestantism, or heresy as they usually labeled it, was a primary focus of the Lyonnaise Catholic Church and the presses which supported it. By studying the thematic content of these cheap print sources, I will provide a glimpse into the types of issues that appear most prominently in this particular type of print medium and trace how such issues change, or remain static, over time. Most important of these themes are the importance of concord or unity and the willingness of God to punish his followers for their sins and, frequently, mankind's unwillingness to reunify the church and create concord through force. This dissertation has grown into a commentary on this dynamic more than any other single issue and readers will detect tangential comments concerning the importance of unity and God's punishment throughout earlier chapters. Time and again, polemicists make clear that the only means to a lasting "peace" is to achieve religious unity by any means necessary. Only this purity within the faithful will ease God's hand and cure France of its ills. Sources were drawn from the principal libraries in Lyon and the Rhone valley, in addition to occasional pieces scattered in Paris and other libraries throughout France.

No description available.

Today’s popular culture often implement’s religious themes or religious symbolism. Popular culture shows a lot of interest in the conflict between good and evil and existential questions. As do most beliefs of today. How to analyze the way religion is presented and regarded in popular culture will always be grounded in the definition of religion itself. The definition is there to pinpoint exactly what one wishes to examine. The definitions do not try to explain what religion really is, but rather, try to pinpoint the very thing you want to analyze about religion. How you define it, defines the analysis. Star Wars is a phenomenon of popular culture which started out as a mere film series but consists today of toys, books and TV-series. Star Wars presents religion in form of a transcendental power of the universe known as The Force. Through the Force, Star Wars handle the conflict between good and evil, as the Force is used by both sides in different ways. You can also find the debate between the believer and the non-believer, in which Star Wars seems as an advocate of the believer, as it is through belief in something higher, rather than trust in technological progress, one can achieve victory. The analysis shows that the characters of Star Wars view belief in something higher as something positive and good. The Force works as something holy and many characters has a personal relationship to it. Star Wars also presents a clear good and evil, however it also proclaims a gray area in the hero of Luke Skywalker. To follow one’s own path seems to be something important to Star Wars.

Uppsatsen studerar porträtt av ondska i poulärkultur, genom att titta på filmerna Star Wars- och Harry Potterfilmerna. Både manus, ljud och bild utgör fokus för uppsatsen.

The thesis explores the development of Shakespeare’s political ideas, in particular his exploration of authority, and the legitimacy of resistance towards it, in the two English history tetralogies (as well as the self-contained history, King John), and examines the ways in which this protracted engagement with the question of kingship – and governance more generally – informs his turn to tragedy towards the end of the 1590s. The thesis argues that criticism has tended to downplay the importance of the first tetralogy in the Shakespeare canon (particularly the Henry VI plays), and as a corollary it has overlooked the important continuities that can be traced from Shakespeare’s earliest engagement with politics to his treatment of power in Julius Caesar and Hamlet. The thesis sees the history plays as essentially paradoxical and ambivalent. Shakespeare presents the past as both a shining example to which each succeeding generation must aspire, but also as a legacy which they are powerless to fulfil, while he treats the dynastic conflicts of the Houses of York and Lancaster as essentially intractable, with each new pretender to the throne – however legitimate his claim – undermined by a host of legal, moral, and pragmatic considerations. It is a central contention of the thesis that it was Shakespeare’s failure satisfactorily to resolve the intractable political conflicts of the first tetralogy which prompted him to confront a similar set of questions in King John, before returning to them yet again in the more highly acclaimed second tetralogy. The thesis concludes by arguing that far from representing a breach with his history plays, the tragedies are continuous with them. So rather than identifying the ‘origins’ of Hamlet either in Shakespeare’s reaction to the fall of Essex or the death of his son, Hammet, in 1596, it is more persuasive to see the play as arising from the debates and problems which were initially addressed in the first tetralogy.

This study examines representations of the ‘enemy’ found in the published and unpublished military narratives of the 6th, 7th and 8th Frontier Wars which took place in the Eastern Cape between 1834 and 1853. The Xhosa were most frequently represented as the ‘enemy’, however, there were also references to the Khoikhoi ‘rebels’ in the 8th Frontier War. It will be argued in this thesis that an elaborated discussion of military narratives could assist in an analysis of the complicated process of colonization and the establishment of British control at the Cape. The study pays attention to the accretion of representations of the Xhosa in the military narratives and it focuses on the formative military ideas which underpinned the delineation of the Xhosa and how writers adopted these ideas to describe the conditions of frontier warfare. The thesis does not focus only on the conflict it also asks how the regular army presented itself as a ‘knowledge-based’ institution. Further questions relate to what soldiers did besides fight and whether their ‘knowledge’ led to the power to enunciate on and control South Africa’s indigenous inhabitants. Some narratives, such as Harriet Ward’s and Edward Napier’s, were deeply tendentious especially in their opposition to contemporary ‘philanthropic’ ideas; these polemical interventions also will be traced. Furthermore, the study will argue that representations of the Xhosa were mobile and commentary on the frontier wars fed into the metropolitan publication circuit. The substance of the military narratives was heterogeneous and the publications included passages which conveyed evidence of pronounced forms of colonial violence and a distinctly racialized vocabulary. However, concomitantly, colonial, guerrilla warfare threw up reciprocities and borrowings in that both the Xhosa and the regular army exhibited flexibility in their tactics. This meant that the insights of soldiers in the narratives were often ambivalent: regular army protagonists asserted a sense of cultural superiority but intimations of vulnerability and alienation were also revealed in the texts. Keywords: Eastern Cape, frontier wars, representation, enemy, narrative, the Xhosa.

Este trabalho pretende analisar a obra de Martin Del Rio, Comentarios de las alteraciones de los Estados de Flandes: sucedidas despues de la llegada del Señor Don Iuan de Austria a ellos, hasta su muerte, originalmente escrita em latim. Para fundamentação teórica, é apresentado o contexto da Bélgica no século XVI, e como este foi importante para a escrita do autor. Também são abordadas as questões da guerra, do mal e da heresia como elementos que constituem a base do pensamento de Martin Del Rio. São levados em consideração a escrita da história e os hábitos de leitura de seus contemporâneos. / This study aims to examine Martin Del Rio`s book, Comentarios de las alteraciones de los Estados de Flandes: sucedidas despues de la llegada del Señor Don Iuan de Austria a ellos, hasta su muerte, originally written in Latin. For theoretical reasons, this study presents the context of Belgium in the sixteenth century, and how it was important for the author`s writings. Also, the issues of the war, the evil and the heresy are considered as elements that form the basics of his thoughts. History books and the reading habits of his contemporaries are other subjects of this analysis.

Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Religious elements are not uncommon in the field of popular culture, especially regarding movies, and the Star Wars series have implemented all sorts of different religious themes and religious symbolisms, almost as a sort of religious melting pot. This work, however, seeks to isolate and focus on a singular religious tradition. This essay aims to examine if, and what kinds of Christian elements are present in the first Star Wars trilogy. To determine what kind of religious and Christian elements that are present in the source material, which consist of the three original Star Wars films, episode IV through VI. The films were analyzed by using a hermeneutic theory and method, which would allow an interpretation of elements in the films which later could be considered religious and directly Christian, by connecting them to direct and indirect connotations in the Bible and Christian theology like that of Martin Luther. The results of the analysis show a few different kinds of Christian elements to be found in the first three movies. The results consist of: Names and symbols, Christian thematic in scenes and three overarching themes, salvation, Luke Skywalker as a messiah’s character, and different interpretations of the Force. An example of the results is regarding Martin Luther and sola fide and how that connection can be made to Star Wars. In the scene where this connection is made, we see our protagonist Luke Skywalker, using faith, and faith alone do destroy the Death Star, thereby redeeming not only himself but also the rebel alliance, which in turn can be likened as a symbol for the resurrection of Christ.