Magister Chirurgiae Dentium (MChD) / The South African population is made up of Blacks, Whites, Coloureds and Asians. Since each population group is distinct in its culture and habits and have widely differing life styles and socioeconomic levels an ideal oppurtunity exists for the study of environmental influences on the aetiology of particular cancers. In addition accurate epidemiological data is essential in order to assess changing .patterns of the disease and the efficacy of the prevention programmes. The aim of this study was to etermine age standardised incidence rates and age specific morbidity rates of intra-oral squamous cell carcinoma for Blacks on the Witwatersrand. All new cases of intra-oral cancer during the period (1971-1980) were traced. The population at risk was determined from the National Population Censuses of 1970 and 1980. According to the method used in the International Union Against Cancers (U.I.C.C.) publication (Waterhouse et al 1976 and 1982) age standardised incidence rates and age specific morbidity rates were calculated for tongue, floor of mouth, buccal mucosa, hard and soft palates and gingivae and alveolar ridge using standard World, European and African populations. These results indicate that in the population group studied intra-oral cancer is much more common in males and than females (5,55:1 standardised rates) most commonly affects the tongue followed by the floor of mouth, palate, buccal mucosa and gingivae and alveolar ridge and is a disease of the elderly occurring most commonly in the seventh decade in males and in the sixth decade in females. When compared with standardised rates reported, either for Blacks in other geographic locations in South Africa, or for other population groups in this country, or for selected countries elsewhere in the World, important differences have emerged which probably reflect differences in exposure to specific aetiological agents amongst the various population groups compared.

Fundamentos: El siglo XVII fue testigo de los primeros anuncios de alimentos portadores de reclamos de salud y del comienzo de la influencia de la publicidad sobre la alimentación y la salud, que se mantiene con fuerza en el siglo XXI. Entre 1960 y 2013, tras el hambre de la posguerra y el comienzo del desarrollismo, España experimenta cambios positivos en alimentación, por la mayor disponibilidad de alimentos y una nueva socialización alimentaria, a consecuencia del proceso de globalización. Sin embargo, el consumo desmedido inducido por la publicidad se refleja en un incremento de la obesidad y de las enfermedades asociadas a ella. Si bien los organismos sanitarios intentan reconducir a la población hacia un modelo nutricional más saludable, mediante políticas sanitarias e intervenciones en nutrición que se complementan con legislaciones para la regulación y autorregulación de la publicidad, esto no consigue parar la epidemia. Objetivo: Esta tesis pretende demostrar que la publicidad de alimentos ‘saludables’ contradice el concepto de alimentación saludable trasmitido por los organismos competentes. Métodos: La investigación consta de dos fases claramente diferenciadas. Para determinar el concepto de alimentación saludable, en la primera fase se efectuó una búsqueda en PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect y Scholar Google a través de buscadores de Internet. En la segunda fase, se comprobó la percepción del consumidor respecto a la publicidad de alimentos ‘saludables’, mediante entrevistas realizadas en 3 grupos focales (GF). Asimismo, se ejecutó una búsqueda y selección de anuncios de alimentos y bebidas aparecidos en diarios, dominicales, revistas y televisión -entre 1960 y 2013- a través de Google. En el proceso de análisis, primero se efectuó un estudio de contraste del contenido de 18 Guías alimentarias para España, utilizando como patrón de referencia la Guía CINDI de la FAO – OMS, y después se analizó la evolución entre 1960 y 2013 del contenido de los documentos. En segundo lugar se examinaron cualitativamente las 3 definiciones elaboradas por los GF sobre su percepción en relación a cómo es un anuncio de alimentos ‘saludables’. El corpus -compuesto por 468 anuncios-, se organizó por categorías según la clasificación de InfoAdex, se extrajo el contenido de cada anuncio mediante un examen semiótico y se transfirieron los datos a fichas que se analizaron a continuación en forma de frecuencias y porcentajes. Resultados: Se observa que los contenidos de las Guías alimentarias no son unánimes, no todas las Guías incluyen los 12 Pasos CINDI y casi ¾ partes (72%) omiten la recomendación de ‘dieta variada basada principalmente en alimentos de origen vegetal’. Además, los contenidos no se expresan de una forma entendible y fácil de seguir por la población, pues solo 1/18 Guías incluye medidas caseras. Es frecuente que no especifiquen qué alimentos se aconsejan o desaconsejan, el 73% no menciona qué alimentos incluye una dieta equilibrada y el 61% no detalla los alimentos ricos en grasas. Asimismo, los contenidos son dispares en la inclusión de raciones, cuantificación o no de alimentos, expresión de las cuantificaciones y cantidades recomendadas. Se observa, además, que el contenido de las Guías no ha evolucionado positivamente entre 1960 y 2013, pues al final del periodo todavía no existe consenso en las recomendaciones. En los GF se constata que la percepción de los participantes, en relación a los anuncios de alimentos ‘saludables’, coincide con el contenido de los anuncios analizados. El análisis revela que la categoría más frecuentemente anunciada (26%) es la ‘línea de alimentación’ (refrescos y otras bebidas alcohólicas o no). Los conceptos reclamo más frecuentes son, ‘sabor’ en el 86%, ‘fresco’ y ‘saludable’ en más de la mitad (57% y 54%), y ‘nutritivo’ en un tercio (33%) de los anuncios. Conclusiones: Se demuestra que el contenido de los anuncios de alimentos ‘saludables’, frente a la inconsistencia de las recomendaciones alimentarias institucionales, podría incitar a los individuos a construir su ‘personal’ concepto de alimentación saludable influenciado por la publicidad.

Covid-19-pandemin har förändrat och i vissa fall omöjliggjort den verksamhet som bedrivs av studentnationerna i Uppsala, vilket har medfört att nya studenter inte har kunnat lära sig bedriva delar av nationsverksamheten. Studiens syfte är därför att genom en fallstudie över Norrlands nation förklara vad konsekvenserna av detta kan bli samt vilka återhämtningsförutsättningar som finns. Organisatoriska rutiner utgör vanebaserade och repetitiva inslag i en verksamhet. Tillgången till minnen relaterade till vad som ska göras, hur och vem som besitter kunskap om detta bidrar till upprätthållandet av rutinerna, varför empirin analyseras utifrån minnestyperna know-how, know-what och know-who. Studien visar att främst know-how och know-what riskerar att saknas efter pandemin och att tillgången till know-who kan användas för att inhämta erfarenhet från tidigare nationsaktiva och återskapa rutinerna från innan verksamheten tvingades ställa om. Användandet av dokumenterade erfarenheter konstateras vidare ha teoretisk potential att ersätta förlorade minnen, men inte vara praktiskt genomförbart för nationen.

The aim of the thesis has been to describe and analyse the issue of eHealth in the context of the information society and to define its role in the Czech Republic and the world. Besides the presentation of the basic characteristics of the concept of eHealth, its position within the WHO and the EU, the work has focused mainly on the situation in the field of eHealth in the Czech Republic in relation to the information society at several levels. This includes specialist companies, national and regional projects, specialist conferences, universities and the role of medical libraries in this area. A SWOT analysis with the support of researches on published documents dealing with this topic and the topic of professional conferences is used to analyse the overall condition. The final summary of this survey provides a brief overview of current trends in the concept of eHealth and the outline of future development in the Czech Republic.

Background: HIV- and MSM-related stigma are well documented as common for Chinese men who have sex with men (MSM) living with HIV, yet there is sparse literature on intimate partner violence (IPV) and its relationship with stigma in this vulnerable population. To evaluate the association between HIV-stigma and stigma related to homosexuality and IPV among newly HIV-diagnosed MSM in China. Methods: Data were collected in the baseline survey among newly HIV-diagnosed Chinese MSM in a randomized clinical trial via face-to-face interviews. Univariate logistic and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the associations between IPV and HIV- and MSM-related stigma. Results: Of 367 newly HIV-diagnosed Chinese MSM, 23.7% experienced any IPV, including 16.6% physical, 7.4% psychological and 5.2% sexual IPV. Positive associations were found between HIV- and MSM-related stigma and IPV. Men with high HIV-related stigma (score ≥ 27) were 1.67 times as likely to experience any IPV as those with low stigma (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 1.67, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02-2.76). Men with high MSM-related stigma (score ≥ 6) were 1.99 times as likely to experience any IPV as those with low stigma (AOR: 1.99, 95% CI: 1.18-3.36). Conclusions: HIV- and MSM-related stigmas was positively associated with IPV experiences among newly diagnosed MSM in China. The manner in which stigma may exacerbate IPV, and/or the influence of IPV on worsening stigma should be further evaluated. The high prevalence of IPV and stigma in this population suggests that interventions should be taken to reduce stigma and prevent this risky behavior among MSM.

Magister Chirurgiae Dentium (MChD) / The dental clinic of the University of the Western Cape provides oral health care for many preschool children. The clinical observation was that these children presented with rampant dental caries. A recent report compi1ed by an international Joint Working Group of the Internationale Dental Federation and the World Health Organisation identified the changes in oral health in children and factors associated with these changes. South Africa presents a unique opportuni ty to study the oral health status of different ethnic and socio-economic groups. A review of the relevant literature indicated that there was a lack of published data, especially on the oral health status of preschool children. A study was designed to investigate the oral health status of a selected group of preschool children ages 2-6 years in the Western Cape. The examinations were conducted at twelve different créches by two calibrated examiners. The examinees' weight and height were also measured. The data was recorded on a revised World Health Organization Basic Oral Health Assessment form. A total of 547 children were examined with an almost equal distribution of males and females. Only 18% of the sample had a compl ete sound primary dentition, dmft = O. The mean dmft was 5.37 which ranged from 2.73 for the 2 year age group to 7.01 for the 5 year age group. The mean dt of 4.09 made up 76% of the dmft, the mean mt of 1.22 made up 23% and the ft was negligible. Seventy-eight percent of the sample had decayed teeth present and 28% had missing teeth recorded. The treatment chosen by or for these children appeared to be extractions. Observations of extensively decayed teeth and the high prevalence of dento-alveolar abscesses suggested that this treatment was of an emergency nature. There was much unmet treatment as only 22% of subjects were free of decay and those with decayed teeth present had an average of 5. The dmft distribution showed 48% had a dmft.)5. There was a statistically significant linear association between the dmf and age for all the tooth types except the cani nes. There was no significant difference in caries prevalence between males and females. The phenomenon of bilateral symmetrical occurrence of dental caries in the primary dentition was demonstrated in the present study. The maxillary central incisors were the most frequently affected teeth (55%), followed by the mandibular second molars (47%) and maxillary second molars (42%). This is contrary to the findings in European communities where the primary second molars are the most susceptible tooth types. The present study found the fifth year of 1ife to be the critical one for the primary dentition. It was at this age that the greatest increment in dmft was observed, the greatest decrease in the number of caries-free subjects, more than a twofold increase in rampant caries, and a twofold increase in the number of subjects with dento-a1veo1ar abscesses. Few hard tissue anomalies were recorded. Localized enamel hypoplasia was quite common especially of the upper incisors and second molars. Most children claimed their teeth were brushed at least once a day. But soft deposits were present in almost all age groups in all the segments. Sixty percent of the sample had the sole responsibility of brushing their own teeth with no assistance from their parents. Parental assistance with toothbrushing was limited to the younger age group. In the present study soft deposits and gingivitis were recorded mostly on the buccal of the upper posterior segments and on the lingual of the lower posterior segments. The anterior segmentshad less plaque than the posterior segments. Thi s may be due to children finding it easier to brush anteriorly than posteriorly when they do brush. Also, the other areas are less accessible and require greater manipulative skill. There was a weak correlation between the total soft deposits and total gingivits. Although 60% of the sample had six segments of soft deposits present, only 4% had )six segments of gingivitis present. However, it was found that the higher the number of segments of soft deposits present, the greater the tendency for the presence of gingivitis. The association between dmft and soft deposits was not significant but between dmft and gingivitis was significant. This may be more preci se as these two are both cumulative measures. Soft tissue lesions were generally uncommon in this age group. The children in this community were generally lighter in weight and shorter in height compared to the NCHS (1979) percentiles. Recommendations regarding ways of redressing the obviously inadequate general and oral health of this sample of children were made.

Master of Public Health - MPH / The World Health Organisation recommendations for breastfeeding in the general population, including mothers living with HIV, emphasise breastfeeding within one hour of birth, exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) during the first six months of life, and continued breastfeeding for up to two years or beyond. However, only 34.8% of infants worldwide are exclusively breastfed for the first six months of life, and as a result, about 1.4 million infants lose their lives due to undernutrition. In South Africa, only 31.6% of infants are exclusively breastfed for the first six months. Despite the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding, many mothers living with HIV do not initiate breastfeeding or discontinue breastfeeding prematurely. It is, therefore, crucial to determine the barriers inhibiting the uptake of EBF and factors promoting mothers living with HIV to adopt exclusive breastfeeding.

Sexual anxiety is a prevalent issue among men who have sex with men (MSM) that negatively affects sexual satisfaction and wellbeing. However, research investigating sexual anxiety among MSM has been scarce. This descriptive phenomenological study was conducted to address knowledge gaps and identify the predominant underlying causes of sexual anxiety among non-monogamous MSM. Using purposive sampling, eleven sexually active, non-monogamous MSM were recruited for this study (N=11). Data were collected using audio-recorded, semi-structured interviews, and analyzed using Moustakas’ (1994) structured approach to data analysis in phenomenological research. Participant descriptions of their lived experiences of sexual anxiety identified six prevalent causes among MSM individuals. These included performance anxiety, fear of HIV, fear of bacterial STIs, internalized homophobia, body image dissatisfaction, and history of sexual abuse. Not surprisingly, fear of HIV was the dominant cause of sexual anxiety among most participants. Recommendations to prevent and reduce sexual anxiety among MSM are provided.

To improve understanding of factors associated with intimate partner violence (IPV) and explore its role in sexually transmitted infection (STI) acquisition, we analyzed partnership-level correlates of IPV among men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TW) in Peru. In a 2017 cross-sectional study of rectal STI screening and HIV prevention, MSM/TW completed a sociobehavioral survey addressing demographic characteristics, sexual risk behaviors, and substance use, and were tested for rectal gonorrhea and chlamydia, syphilis, and HIV. Generalized estimating equations estimated individual- and partner-level correlates of IPV. Of 576 participants (median age, 27 years), 7.9% (36/456) of MSM and 15.0% (18/120) of TW reported IPV with ≥ 1 of their last three partners. MSM/TW reporting IPV were more likely to meet criteria for an alcohol use disorder (74.1%) than participants reporting no IPV (56.7%; p <.01). Physical violence (4.5% MSM; 9.2% TW) was associated with stable partnerships (aPR 3.79, 95% CI 1.79–8.04), partner concurrency (4.42, 1.19–16.40), and participant alcohol (4.71, 1.82–12.17) or drug use (5.38, 2.22–13.02) prior to sex. Psychological violence (4.5% MSM; 5.0% TW) was associated with stable partnerships (2.84, 1.01–7.99). Sexual IPV was reported by 1.1% of MSM and 5.0% of TW. Physical, psychological, and sexual IPV were reported in sexual partnerships of Peruvian MSM and TW, particularly with stable partners and in conjunction with substance use. / Revisión por pares

No description available.