IN ENGLISH The diploma thesis presents physical activity and quality of life. Thesis characterizes these two areas, discusses the influences that affect these two areas and then compares the influence of themselves - or the influence of one of them on the other, the impact of physical activity on the quality of life. The theoretical part presents physical activity as a tool of benefit, a determinant of health, part of an active lifestyle. The quality of life is discussed in a similar way. The practical part examines the influence of physical activity on the quality of life in individual age categories. In addition to the influence of physical activity on the quality of life in general, practical part is also testing the influence of this activity on individual dimensions of quality of life. Two questionnaires - WHO QOL-BREF and GPAQ - are used to determine the values needed for the research.

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Introduction: Men who have sex with men (MSM) are more likely to experience Intimate partner violence (IPV) during their lifetime than heterosexual couples. HIV-status and related HIV stigma may play an important role in IPV within intimate partnerships among MSM. HIV- and MSM-related stigmas are common among Chinese MSM, yet there is sparse literature on IPV and its relationship with stigma in this vulnerable population. We evaluate the prevalence of IPV and its relationship with HIV- and MSM-related stigma among newly diagnosed HIV-infected MSM in Beijing, China. Methods: Data were collected in the baseline survey among newly HIV-diagnosed Chinese MSM in a randomized clinical trial via face-to-face interviews. Simple and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the associations between IPV and HIV- and MSM-related stigma. Results: Of 367 newly HIV-diagnosed Chinese MSM, 23.7% experienced any IPV, including 16.6% physical, 7.4% psychological and 5.2% sexual IPV. Positive associations were found between HIV- and MSM-related stigma and IPV. Men with high HIV-related stigma (score ≥27) were 1.68 times as likely to experience any IPV as those with low stigma (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 1.68, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03-2.76). Men with high MSM-related stigma (score ≥6) were 1.98 times as likely to experience any IPV as those with low stigma (AOR: 1.98, 95% CI: 1.19-3.31). Men with high HIV- and MSM-related stigma were 2.86 times as likely to experience any IPV as those with low stigma (AOR: 2.86, 95% CI: 1.44-5.69). Conclusion: HIV- and MSM-related stigma was positively associated with IPV experiences among newly diagnosed MSM in China. The manner in which stigma may exacerbate IPV, and/or the influence of IPV on worsening stigma should be further evaluated. The high prevalence of IPV and stigma in this population suggests that interventions should be taken to reduce stigma and prevent this risky behavior among MSM.

Bakgrund: Utöver hormonbaserade läkemedel har fysisk aktivitet visat effekt på klimakterierelaterade besvär men få studier har utförts om relationen mellan fysisk aktivitet, klimakteriebesvär och hälsorelaterad livskvalitet i en svensk population. Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka klimakteriebesvär, hälsorelaterad livskvalitet och fysisk aktivitetsnivå bland kvinnor i Sverige i klimakteriet samt att studera hur fysisk aktivitetsnivå relaterar till livskvalitet och klimakteriebesvär. Metod: Enkät med flervalsfrågor om klimakteriebesvär (Menopause Rating Scale), fysisk aktivitetsnivå (Socialstyrelsens screeningfrågor om fysisk aktivitet) och hälsorelaterad livskvalitet (RAND-36) skickades till två slutna Facebookgrupper för kvinnor i klimakteriet. Resultatsammanfattning: Enkätsvaren visade att kvinnorna (n=381) skattade sömn och fysisk/mental trötthet som de mest besvärande symtomen, var fysiskt aktiva i genomsnitt 315 minuter i veckan och hade lägst hälsorelaterad livskvalitet avseende energi/fatigue och högst hälsorelaterad livskvalitet avseende fysisk funktion. De som uppnådde rekommendationerna för fysisk aktivitet skattade både högre fysisk hälsa (p<0.001) och emotionell hälsa (p=0.004) jämfört med de som inte uppnådde rekommendationerna. Ett svagt men signifikant samband fanns mellan grad av klimakteriebesvär och totalt antal aktivitetsminuter (ρ=-0.156) respektive fysisk träning (ρ=-0.149). Konklusion: Resultaten tyder på en relation mellan tillräcklig fysisk aktivitet och högre hälsorelaterad livskvalitet, särskilt avseende dimensionerna fysisk och emotionell hälsa. Sambandet mellan klimakteriebesvär och fysisk aktivitet fanns men var svagt. Resultaten ger insikter i komplexa samband mellan klimakteriebesvär, fysisk aktivitet och hälsorelaterad livskvalitet men belyser betydelsen av fysisk aktivitet för denna grupp. / Background: Besides hormone-based treatments, physical activity has shown effectiveness in menopausal symptoms, but few studies have explored the relationship between physical activity, menopausal symptoms, and health related quality of life in a Swedish population. Objective: The objective was to examine menopausal symptoms, health related quality of life, and physical activity levels among menopausal women in Sweden, and to explore how physical activity levels correlates to health related quality of life, and menopausal symptoms. Method: A multiple-choice questionnaire about menopausal symptoms (Menopause Rating Scale), physical activity (Socialstyrelsens Screeningfrågor om Fysisk Aktivitet), and health related quality of life (RAND-36) was sent to two closed Facebook groups for menopausal women. Results: Survey responses from the women (n=381) reported sleep and physical/mental fatigue as the most severe symptoms. On average, they were physically active for 315 minutes per week and had the lowest heath related quality of life related to energy/fatigue and the highest heath related quality of life related to physical function. Those who met the recommendations for physical activity reported higher physical health (p<0.001) and emotional health (p=0.004) compared to those who did not meet the recommendations. A weak but significant relationship was found between the degree of menopausal symptoms and the total number of physical activity (ρ=-0.156) and physical exercise (ρ=-0.149). Conclusion: The results suggest a relationship between sufficient physical activity and higher health related quality of life, especially concerning the dimensions physical and emotional health. The association between menopausal symptoms and physical activity was present but weak. The findings provide insights into the complex relationships between menopausal symptoms, physical activity, and health related quality of life, highlighting the significance of physical activity for this group.

YWCA Hamilton’s Safer Drug Use Space (SUS) is one of only two gender-specific safe consumption spaces in Canada, and the only one integrated into an emergency drop-in program. It is widely acknowledged in both the scholarly literature and by social service and healthcare providers that women and non-binary people are vulnerable to violence and coercion when using substances around men. They also have different needs from harm reduction programs that are not always met in all-gender safe consumption sites. Furthermore, the integration of safe consumption sites in emergency shelters and drop-ins has been found to lower the number of drug poisonings in the area. This study sought to build upon this existing body of literature by speaking with service users from SUS about how they have been supported by the program in its first year of operation, and how it could be improved. Five service users were engaged in individual, qualitative interviews conducted by one of the front-line staff at SUS who is also a student at McMaster University. The “in-between” position of the researcher and previously established rapport with the participants generated nuanced insights to come out of these conversations. Four themes came out of the data: (1) the importance of positive service user/staff relationships; (2) staff knowledge and expertise; (3) SUS being considered a “safe” place and like a “home” to service users; and (4) accessibility of the space for service users being a contributor to why people return to SUS. This study revealed that aligning their harm reduction framework to include safe consumption onsite has meant SUS staff and service users develop more trusting relationships with each other. This allows them cooperate in unique ways to keep the community safe and connect service users to necessary social and healthcare supports. / Thesis / Master of Social Work (MSW)

Introduktion: Kirurgiska ingrepp genomförs i en högteknologisk miljö, det ställs höga krav på operationsteamets medvetenhet gällande patientsäkerhet. Kontinuerligt sker förbättringsarbeten inom operationssjukvård avseende patientsäkerheten, trots det finns det risk för att patienten drabbas av vårdskada oavsiktligt i samband med kirurgiska ingrepp. World Health Organization (WHO) utformade en checklista för säker kirurgi år 2008 vars syfte var att förbättra patientsäkerheten genom att förhindra att vårdrelaterade skador och dödsfall uppstår.  Syfte: Att beskriva operationsteamets erfarenhet av WHO:s checklista för säker kirurgi. Metod: En integrativ litteraturstudie genomfördes, vilken baserades på Whittemore och Knafls metod. Systematisk litteratursökning utfördes i databaserna Cinahl och PubMed och resulterade i elva artiklar varav fem kvalitativa, fyra kvantitativa och två mixad-metod. Resultat: Utifrån studiens resultat identifierades fyra teman; Tillämpning, Ansvar och Ledarskap, Attityd och Utbildning. Konklusion: För att säkerställa en god och säker vård inom operationssjukvård är det betydande att WHO:s checklista genomförs i sin helhet enligt praxis. Det har påvisats brister i följsamheten till användandet av checklistan, vilket kan resultera i att patientsäkerheten riskeras. / Introduction: Surgical procedures are performed in advanced technological environments and there are high demands on the surgical team regarding patient safety. Improvements are continuously being implemented in surgical care regarding patient safety. Despite this, there is still a risk of unintentional patient injury during surgical procedures. The World Health Organization (WHO) designed a surgical safety checklist in 2008 with the purpose of preventing patient injury and death during surgical procedures.  Aim: To describe the surgical teams’ experience of the WHO Surgical Safety Checklist. Method: An integrative literature review was performed based on the method designed by Whittemore and Knafls. Systematic searches were conducted in databases Cinahl and PubMed and resulted in eleven articles, five qualitative, four quantitative and two mixed method studies. Results: Based on relevant articles four themes where identified; Implementation, Responsibility and Leadership, Attitude and Education.  Conclusion: To ensure high qualitative and safe surgical care it is essential that the WHO Surgical Safety Checklist is applied according to praxis. Flaws in compliance of the application of the checklist have been proven which could jeopardize the safety of the patient.

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No description available.

Cyanobacteria are a unique organism, a bacterium that develop photosynthesis, thus it contains chlorophyll, a pigment commonly associated to algae. For this reason, cyanobacteria are also known as blue-green algae. One of the secondary metabolites of cyanobacteria is cyanotoxin, a substance which is hepatoxic, neurotoxic, and dermatoxic. The frequency and intensity of cyanobacterial blooms have been of increasing concern in the last decades for drinking water supply. There is a need to improve monitoring of cyanobacteria content at source water for drinking water supply and its indicators and correlation with other chemical, physical and biological parameters. This study aims to identify the potential cyanobacterial bloom risk in Lake Mälaren by determining the influential chemical and physical parameters using Random Forest in classification mode. The classification was done using the WHO Alert Level Frameworks and study cases for lakes in Sweden. The data used to model was downloaded from the website of the Swedish University of Agricultural Science. It comprises 33 monitoring stations from 1964 to 2020, 21 chemical parameters, including cyanobacteria biovolume and chlorophyll content. Given the heterogeneity of data, the monitoring stations were grouped into Clusters. Using the data, statistical, correlation, time series, and principal component analysis were performed. Through these methods, spatial, distribution and temporal analysis were obtained. Afterwards, several models were determined using Random Forest. However, the mean values of cyanobacteria distributed over time indicated a medium risk, the maximum values suggested high risk in several areas of the Lake. Maximum concentrations were present at the west and northeast of the Lake, where the major inflows from the Watershed are discharged. As the water flows through the basin, the concentration of cyanobacteria reduces by half, which suggested that the large and deep bays act as sedimentation ponds. A very high correlation was found between the Cluster 5 and 6, east and middle northeast of the Lake, respectively. Finally, the contributing factors identified after modelling cyanobacteria as target factor were chlorophyll, month, water temperature, oxygen content, transparency, NO2NO3N, TN/TP, Ca, Mg and Cl. / Cyanobakterier är unika organismer, bakterier som utvecklar fotosyntes, så de innehåller klorofyll, ett pigment som vanligtvis förknippas med alger. Av denna anledning är cyanobakterier också kända som blågröna alger. En av de sekundära metaboliterna av cyanobakterier är cyanotoxin, ett ämne som är hepatoxiskt, neurotoxiskt och dermatoxiskt. Frekvensen och intensiteten av cyanobakterieblomningar har varit ett ökande problem under de senaste decennierna för dricksvattenförsörjningen. Många vattenreningsverk mäter inte innehållet av cyanobakterier i vatten; medan andra kemiska, fysikaliska och biologiska parametrar mäts. Denna studie syftar till att identifiera den potentiella risken för cyanobakteriell blomning i Mälaren genom att bestämma de mest inflytelserika kemiska och fysikaliska parametrarna med hjälp av metoden Random Forest i klassificeringsläge. Klassificeringen gjordes med hjälp av WHO Alert Level Frameworks och olika studier av sjöar i Sverige. Data som användes för att modellera laddades ner från Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitets webbplats. Den omfattar 33 övervakningsstationer från 1964 till 2020, med 21 kemiska parametrar, inklusive cyanobakteriers biovolym och klorofyllhalt. Med tanke på heterogeniteten i data grupperades övervakningsstationerna i kluster. Med hjälp av data utfördes statistisk analys, korrelation, tidsserier och huvudkomponentanalys. Genom dessa metoder erhölls rumslig, distribution och tidsanalys. Efteråt bestämdes flera modeller med hjälp av Random Forest. Medelvärdena för cyanobakterier fördelade över tiden indikerade en medelrisk, medan maximivärdena antydde något annat. Maximala koncentrationer fanns i väster och nordost om Mälaren, där de stora inflödena från vattendelaren släpps ut. När vattnet rinner genom bassängen minskar koncentrationen av cyanobakterier till hälften, vilket tyder på att de stora och djupa vikarna fungerar som sedimentationsdammar. En mycket hög korrelation hittades mellan kluster 5 och 6, öster respektive mellan nordost om sjön. Slutligen var de viktigaste faktorerna som identifierades efter modellering av cyanobakterier som målfaktor klorofyll, månad, vattentemperatur, syrehalt, transparens, NO2NO3N, TN/TP, Ca, Mg och Cl.

No / The World Health Organization (WHO) was intended to serve at the forefront of efforts to realize human rights to advance global health, and yet this promise of a rights-based approach to health has long been threatened by political constraints in international relations, organizational resistance to legal discourses, and medical ambivalence toward human rights. Through legal research on international treatyobligations, historical research in the WHO organizational archives, and interview research with global health stakeholders, this research examines WHO's contributions to (and, in many cases, negligence of) the rights-based approach to health. Based upon such research, this article analyzes the evolving role of WHO in the development and implementation of human rights for global health, reviews the current state of human rights leadership in the WHO Secretariat, and looks to future institutions to reclaim the mantle of human rights as a normative framework for global health governance. (C) 2013 The Royal Society for Public Health. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.