Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a partida de reator anaeróbio de fluxo ascendente e manta de lodo (UASB), em escala real, no tratamento de esgoto sanitário, sob condições hidráulicas desfavoráveis. O reator UASB faz parte do sistema de tratamento da ETE Água Vermelha, e é seguido de um biofiltro aerado submerso e de uma unidade de desinfecção por ultravioleta. Foi utilizado metade do volume do reator (117 \'M POT.3\'), possibilitando menor tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH). A pesquisa foi dividida em duas fases, uma sem a adição de inóculo (fase I) e outra com inoculação (fase II). Na fase I, foram aplicados vazão de 480 \'M POT.3\'/dia e carga orgânica volumétrica (COV) de 1,74 kgDQO/\'M POT.3\'.dia com TDH de 6 horas. Para a fase II, estes valores foram de 600 \'M POT.3\'/dia, 2,88 kgDQO/\'M POT.3\'.dia e 5 horas. Os resultados mostraram que as excessivas velocidades ascensionais não permitiram que o reator tivesse desempenho satisfatório. Ocorreu remoção de matéria orgânica e sólidos suspensos apenas na fase II, com exceção dos sólidos suspensos voláteis, que apresentaram remoção nas duas fases. Os lançamentos indevidos de lodo de fossas à que a ETE está submetida, provocaram aumento de sólidos dissolvidos e alcalinidade no efluente. Os leitos de lodo formados nas fases I e II possuíam concentrações semelhantes de sólidos, porém o segundo apresentou maior eficiência de tratamento. Na fase I a remoção de matéria orgânica foi pequena e não ocorreu a formação da manta de lodo. Na fase II ocorreu o provável início da estabilização do processo, aproximadamente 60 dias após a inoculação, a partir de quando a remoção de matéria orgânica dissolvida foi considerada constante e foi observada a formação da manta de lodo. O descarte de 8,5 \'M POT.3\' de lodo pode ser feito a cada 30 dias. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the start-up of a full-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor, treating domestic sewage, under unfavorable hydraulic conditions. The UASB reactor is part of the wastewater treatment plant of Água Vermelha (São Carlos, SP, Brazil), and it is followed by a submerged aerated biofilter and an ultraviolet radiation disinfection unit. Half of the reactor volume was used (117 \'M POT.3\'), making it possible to work with a low hydraulic retention time (HRT). The research was divided in two phases, one without reactor seeding (phase I), and another when the reactor was seeded (phase II). At phase I, a flow rate of 480 \'M POT.3\'/d and a volumetric loading rate of 1,74 kgDQO/\'M POT.3\'.d were applied, with 6 hours of HRT. At phase II, this values were 600 \'M POT.3\'/d; 2,88 kgDQO/\'M POT.3\'d and 5 hours. The results showed that excessive upflow velocities prevented satisfactory performance of the reactor. Removal efficiencies of COD, BOD and TSS were obtained only in phase II, except for VSS, which showed removal in both stages. Unauthorized inputs of septic tanks sludge caused increase in dissolved solids and alkalinity in the effluent. The sludge beds obtained in phases I and II had similar solids concentration; however, the second presented better treatment efficiency. At phase I, organic matter removal efficiency was low and the blanket sludge was not observed. At phase II, the process likely stabilized 60 days after inoculation (operations\' day 240). From then on, dissolved organic matter digestion was constant and the sludge blanket was observed. The removal of the excess sludge can be done every other 30 days.

Στην παρούσα μεταπτυχιακή εργασία παρουσιάζονται τα αποτελέσματα της διερεύνησης της επίδρασης της ιλύος βιολογικού καθαρισμού Καλαμάτας (Β.Κ.Κ.) στην ανάπτυξη του σπανακιού (Spinacia Oleracea) καθώς και στην απαορρόφηση N, P, K, Ca, Mg, ιχοστοιχείων Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, βαρέων μετάλλων Pb, Ni, Cd και Cο από τα διάφορα μέρη του φυτού. Επιπλέον, η εργασία αυτή αποτελεί μια μελέτη της επίδρασης της συγκεκριμένης ιλύος και σε ορισμένους δείκτες ποιότητας των μιγμάτων ιλύος-εδάφους, όπως pH, αλατότητα, οργανική ουσία, ολικό ανθρακικό ασβέστιο, αλλά και σε ποσοτικούς δείκτες όπως η περιεκτικότητα σε ολικό άζωτο (Ν%), διαθέσιμο φωσφόρο (Ρ κατά Olsen), ανταλλάξιμα κατιόντα K, Ca, Mg, και συγκέντρωση ολικών, διαθέσιμων και ανταλλάξιμων ιχνοστοιχείων Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, "βαρέων μετάλλων" Pb, Ni, Cd, Cr, Co. Τα αποτελέσματα προέρχονται μετά από πειραματική μελέτη που έγινε σε φυτά σπανακιού, αναπτυσσόμενα σε υποστρώματα που προέκυψαν από ανάμιξη εδάφους και ιλύος σε διάφορες αναλογίες, σε υπαίθριο προστατευμένο χώρο. Σκοπός της πειραματικής αυτής μελέτης είναι να ελεγχθούν και να αξιολογηθούν οι ιδιότητες που αποκτούν τα υπό εξέταση υποστρώματα από την προσθήκη ιλύος στο έδαφος ταυτόχρονα με την επίδραση στην ανάπτυξη του σπανακιού. Έτσι σε αδρές γραμμές μπορούμε να συμπεράνουμε ότι τα αποτελέσματα και η αξιολόγησή τους κατατείνουν στο ότι η ιλύς της μονάδας βιολογικού καθαρισμού της Καλαμάτας μπορεί να αξιοποιηθεί ως λίπασμα σε μικρές αναλογίες ιλύος/εδάφους και φαίνεται ότι η διάθεσή της στο έδαφος για γεωργικούς σκοπούς αποτελεί μια πολύ καλή μέθοδο διάθεσης, που πρέπει να εξετάζεται κατά προτεραιότητα. Ταυτόχρονα, επιβάλλεται η συνέχιση και επέκταση της σχετικής έρευνας, για αξιοποίηση και οικολογική διαχείριση της εν λόγω ιλύος. / This study investigates the effects of the sewage sludge of Kalamata Waste Water Treatment Plant (WWTP) both in the development of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and the absorption of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cd and Co from various spinach plant parts. Parameters of soil - sludge mixtures are also considered during this study. Especially the effect of sludge on parameters such as pH, salinity, organic matter, total CaCO3, total nitrogen content (N%), available phosphorus, exchangeable K, Ca, Mg, and concentration of total, available and exchangeable Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cd, Cr, Co. The experiments where conducted in Messinia and the results showed that sludge improves soil fertility. The application of sludge does not cause environmental problems in small proportions of sludge – soil mixture. In large quantities the addition of sludge is associated with potential toxicities and increased salinity in the soil as well as potential environmental problems from over-concentration of phosphorus but also heavy metals such as Pb, Ni and Cr. Special attention is need for Cd, not because of high concentration, but because of the special mobility it presents. Finally this study confirms the presence of a large number of interactions between nutrients, heavy metals and soil properties in soil and spinach. The evaluation of these interactions are of great importance because they help us to quantify elemental contribution of soil and plants, helps in understanding the problems of nutrition in preventing the occurrence of toxic problems at the expense of consumer health, the environment and ultimately to effective use of sludge. Finally, the sludge of Kalamata WWTP can be used as fertilizer in small proportions of sludge / soil mixtures and it seems that the disposal of sludge in soils for agricultural purposes is a very good method of disposal that must be considered.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:00:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6028.pdf: 5665248 bytes, checksum: 6c72cfa1aa75c6afdbbc1ad8801ac70d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-04 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The construction of wastewater collection systems and the implantation of Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) are not guarantees that environmental and public health problems on the wastewater are fully resolved, because the WWTPs require inputs to function and generate wastes and tailings during their operation and may, thus, also become sources of environmental pollution and cause damage to the population. Besides the Environmental Licensing, which includes the Preliminary License, Installation License and Operating License, and the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), two management tools can assist the management of WWTPs in this way: the NBR ISO 14001:2004, for the implementation of an Environmental Management System (EMS), and NBR ISO 14004:2005, which recommends conducting an Initial Environmental Review before installing the system, although does not have tools that can be used for this purpose. Thus, the general objective of this work was to develop tools to aid in conducting this Review in WWTPs, having as object of study WWTP-Monjolinho - São Carlos-SP, which wastewater treatment consists of: preliminary treatment, biological treatment with UASB reactors, dissolved-air flotation - preceded by flocculation with metallic coagulants and polymers -, ultraviolet (UV) radiation disinfection and postaeration of treated wastewater by cascade aeration before its throwing to Monjolinho river. The research was performed in four stages. At first, it was performed theoretical background; in the second, the knowledge of the object of study; in the third, the tools of Initial Environmental Review were developed and applied to WWTP-Monjolinho; and in the fourth stage there was the presentation and discussion of the results, as well as the research finals considerations. Eight tools and also the results of their application to WWTP-Monjolinho were obtained. It is considered that, through the tools developed in this work, the WWTPs, as WWTP-Monjolinho, can guide themselves more appropriately in search of the EMS installation and improve their activities, in order to more adequately meets increasing aspirations from society for a better quality of life and environmental protection and conservation. / A construção de redes coletoras e a implantação de Estações de Tratamento de Esgoto sanitários (ETEs) não são garantias de que os problemas ambientais e de saúde pública acerca do esgoto sanitário sejam plenamente resolvidos, pois as ETEs necessitam de insumos para funcionar e geram resíduos e rejeitos durante sua operação e podem, portanto, também tornar-se fontes de poluição ambiental e causar danos à população. Além do Licenciamento Ambiental, que inclui a Licença Prévia, a Licença de Instalação e a Licença de Operação, e da Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental (AIA), duas ferramentas gerenciais podem auxiliar o gerenciamento das ETEs neste sentido: a NBR ISO 14001:2004, para a implantação de um Sistema de Gestão Ambiental (SGA), e a NBR ISO 14004:2005, que recomenda a realização de uma Análise Ambiental Inicial antes da instalação do sistema, embora não apresente instrumentos que possam ser utilizados para esta finalidade. Assim, o objetivo geral deste trabalho foi desenvolver instrumentos de auxílio à realização desta Análise em ETEs, tendo como objeto de estudo a ETE-Monjolinho - São Carlos-SP, cujo tratamento de esgoto sanitário é constituído por: tratamento preliminar, tratamento biológico com reatores UASB, flotação por ar dissolvido - precedido de floculação com coagulantes metálicos e polímeros -, desinfecção com radiação ultravioleta (UV) e por pós-aeração do esgoto tratado em escada hidráulica, antes de seu lançamento ao rio Monjolinho. A pesquisa foi realizada em quatro etapas. Na primeira, foi realizado embasamento teórico; na segunda, o conhecimento do objeto de estudo; na terceira, foram elaborados os instrumentos de Análise Ambiental Inicial e realizada sua aplicação à ETE-Monjolinho; e na quarta etapa realizaram-se a exposição e discussão dos resultados, bem como as considerações finais do trabalho. Foram obtidos oito instrumentos, e também os resultados de sua aplicação à ETE-Monjolinho. Considera-se que, por meio dos instrumentos desenvolvidos neste trabalho, as ETEs, como a ETE-Monjolinho, podem guiar-se de maneira mais apropriada em busca da instalação de um SGA e melhorar suas atividades, de forma a atender mais adequadamente aos anseios crescentes da sociedade por mais qualidade de vida e proteção e conservação ambientais.

Les eaux traitées rejetées par les stations de traitement des eaux usées (STEU) et les effluents d’élevages sont à l’origine de contaminations des milieux aquatiques et des sols agricoles par des micro-organismes fécaux d’origines humaine et animale. Les eaux contaminées, et en particulier les eaux de baignade, peuvent présenter un risque sanitaire pour les humains si les concentrations en micro-organismes fécaux sont élevées, indiquant la présence potentielle de souches pathogènes et/ou résistantes aux antibiotiques. Les sols et les productions végétales peuvent également être contaminés par ces micro-organismes fécaux lors de l’épandage d’eaux traitées de STEU recyclées pour l’irrigation des cultures. Il est donc obligatoire de contrôler la qualité microbiologique des eaux de baignade et des eaux traitées de STEU pour limiter les risques sanitaires.D’un point de vue réglementaire, les contrôles de la qualité microbiologique des eaux traitées et des eaux de baignade sont basés sur la quantification de deux indicateurs bactériens de contamination fécale que sont les Escherichia coli (E. coli) et les entérocoques intestinaux (EI). Cependant, les méthodes disponibles actuellement présentent un voire plusieurs des inconvénients suivants : temps de réponse élevé, coût important, complexité de mise en œuvre, utilisation ex-situ, analyse d’un seul indicateur.Pour pallier ces inconvénients, le premier objectif de la thèse a été la mise au point d’une méthode de détection ampérométrique des E. coli et des EI, via la mesure d’activités enzymatiques spécifiques à l’aide de capteurs sérigraphiés à usage unique. Le travail réalisé a mis en évidence que la méthode ampérométrique permet d’obtenir des dénombrements en E. coli et en EI comparables à ceux obtenus avec les méthodes normalisées ISO 9308-3 et 7899-1 lors de l’analyse d’échantillons d’eaux traitées de STEU tout en offrant un temps d’analyse beaucoup plus court (en 4 à 6 h contre 36 à 72 h). De plus, l’application de la méthode à l’analyse d’échantillons d’eaux de baignade a permis de montrer que, contrairement aux 36 h minimum nécessaires avec les méthodes normalisées, la détection ampérométrique permet de déterminer en seulement 7 h si les échantillons respectent les normes de qualité sanitaires pour les eaux de baignade.Dans un second temps, une méthode de quantification ampérométrique des souches d’E. coli producteurs de β-lactamase à spectre étendu (BLSE) a été mise au point et appliquée à l’analyse d’échantillons d’eaux de STEU. Les résultats ont montré que les dénombrements ampérométriques obtenus en seulement 4 - 5 h étaient très proches de ceux fournis par une méthode de dénombrement sur milieux de culture sélectifs après un délai de 24 h. De plus, ce travail a permis de confirmer le rejet de souches productrices de BLSE par la majorité des STEU et ce, qu’elles reçoivent ou non des effluents hospitaliers.En conclusion, la méthode de détection ampérométrique des E. coli et des EI proposée autorise une détermination plus rapide de la qualité sanitaire des eaux traitées de STEU et des eaux de baignade que les méthodes normalisées qui servent actuellement de références. De plus, la détection et le dénombrement de souches d’E. coli producteurs de BLSE dans les eaux de STEU permet d’évaluer leur impact dans la dissémination environnementale de souches résistantes aux antibiotiques. L’avenir des outils électrochimiques étant prometteur, la poursuite de ce travail consistera à développer un dispositif d’analyse portable pour des applications sur le terrain. / Treated wastewaters discharged from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) and livestock effluents are the main sources of contamination of aquatic environments and of agricultural soils by human and animal fecal micro-organisms. Contaminated waters, especially bathing waters, may present a sanitary risk for humans if the concentrations of fecal micro-organisms are high, thus indicating the potential presence of pathogenic and/or antibiotic resistant strains. Soils and crops also can be contaminated by these micro-organisms when treated wastewaters are used to irrigate cultivated soils. Consequently, microbiological quality controls are mandatory for bathing waters and treated wastewaters to manage and limit sanitary risks.According to the regulation, the microbiological controls of treated wastewaters and bathing waters rely on the quantification of two fecal indicator bacteria: Escherichia coli (E. coli) and intestinal enterococci (IE). However, the methods currently available have one or more of the following disadvantages, i. e. long response time, high cost, complexity of implementation, ex-situ use, analysis of a single indicator.To overcome these disadvantages, the first objective of the thesis was the development of an amperometric method for the detection of E. coli and IE, via the measurement of specific enzymatic activities using single-use screen-printed sensors. It was demonstrated that the amperometric method allowed to enumerate E. coli and IE in treated wastewaters samples and that the results were comparable to those obtained with the ISO 9308-3 and 7899-1 standardized methods, while offering a much shorter analysis time (in 4 to 6 h against 36 to 72 h). Moreover, the application of the amperometric method to the analysis of bathing water samples showed that contrary to the minimum 36 hours required with standardized methods, the amperometric detection provided answers regarding the sanitary quality standards for bathing waters within only 7 hours.Then in a second time, we developed an amperometric method to quantify extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli in wastewaters samples. The results showed that amperometric counting obtained in only 4 - 5 h were very close to those provided by the enumeration on selective culture medium obtained after a delay of 24 h. In addition, this work confirmed the release of ESBL-producing strains by most of WWTP, whether or not they received hospital effluents.In conclusion, the proposed amperometric method to detect E. coli and IE provided more rapidly results regarding the sanitary quality of treated wastewaters of WWTP and bathing waters than the standardized methods currently used as references. Moreover, the amperometric detection and enumeration of ESBL-producing E. coli in the wastewaters of WWTP allowed to monitor their role in the environmental dissemination of antibiotic-resistant strains. Owing to the advantages of the developed electrochemical tools, further work will consist in developing a portable analysis device for field applications.

Les travaux décrits dans le présent rapport concernent l’étude d’un ouvrage de traitement en ligne des eaux pluviales issues d’un bassin versant fortement urbanisé. L’ouvrage Charles Keller, d’une capacité de 7000 m3, est conçu pour traiter les eaux pluviales issues du bassin versant de Boudonville, situé dans la Communauté Urbaine du Grand Nancy. L’ouvrage est installé à l’exutoire de bassin versant en aval d’autres ouvrages de stockage temporaires. Les eaux traitées par l’ouvrage Charles Keller sont ensuite renvoyées vers la Meurthe et les boues produites sont traitées au niveau de la station d’épuration du Grand Nancy à Maxéville. La stratégie adoptée dans ce travail a permis de d’aborder l’ouvrage sous plusieurs angles : 1) d’abord l’étude de l’ouvrage seul en se focalisant sur l’ensemble de ses composantes unitaires (dessableurs, chambre d’injection des réactifs, réacteurs et décanteurs) ; 2) la partie physico-chimique (non opérationnelle jusqu’à présent) a fait l’objet de plusieurs compagnes d’analyse à travers les essais en Jar test effectués au laboratoire sur des eaux issues du bassin versant de Boudonville dont les caractéristiques couvrent toute la gamme que l’ouvrage Charles Keller peut traiter ; 3) ensuite l’ouvrage a été resitué dans l’ensemble du système de gestion des eaux pluviales (bassin versant - ouvrage Charles Keller - station d’épuration) et son fonctionnement simulé. Plusieurs configurations ont été testées pour reproduire les conditions réelles de fonctionnement de l’ouvrage. Les résultats obtenus ont montré d’abord la complexité de faire fonctionner dans la pratique un tel ouvrage, notamment avec sa partie coagulation/floculation mais a fait également ressortir des défauts de conception. / An online urban storm-water treatment system has been studied in this work. This system is able to treat the runoff from a highly impervious watershed (Boudonville) in Greater Nancy (North-East of France). It has a capacity of 7000 cubic meters. Some storage tanks are existing in the watershed. The treated water is discharged into the Meurthe River, while the sludge is treated in the Greater Nancy wastewater treatment plant in Maxéville.The strategy adopted in this work allowed for the consideration of the treat ment system from several angles:• first of all, the system is analyzed through its elementary components (sand removal unit, reagents injection and reactors for flocculation-coagulation and clarifiers): this has been done by observing the variations in water quality at the different treatment levels with online instrumentation. This has been completed with an offline characterization.• the flocculation-coagulation section, which was not yet operational during our work, was studied in the laboratory by jar tests. The water to be treated was sampled from the Boudonville watershed to be close to the conditions that should be observed in the Charles Keller treatment system.• finally the stormwater treatment was simulated as part of a full storm-water management system (watershed-Charles Keller treatment system-wastewater treatment plant).• The results that were obtained showed in the one hand the complexity of using such a treatment system in real-life conditions, especially with a coagulation / flocculation part to it, which has some conceptual issues.

This study aims to detect how many microplastics and what kind are released from the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) Skebäck, in Örebro. The study was limited to the analysis of three filters with 50 μm mesh size and one filter with 300 μm mesh size. The samples were taken at different times, two in the fall of 2019 and one in the spring of 2020. Visual characterization was used for the quantification of microplastics, and a lower and upper bound was used. The lower bound represents particles that were deemed identifiable as plastic with high certainty, while the upper bound also includes particles that may have been microplastic. An additional ATR-FTIR analysis was performed on selected microplastics >300 μm.  The presence of microplastics in the effluent from Skebäcks WWTP could be confirmed. The quantity of microplastics per m​3​ (MP/m​3​) trapped on the 50 μm filters were quantified in a range between 0 MP/m​3​ to 291 MP/m​3​ for the lower bound, and 72 MP/m​3​ to 435 MP/m​3​ for the upper bound. The 300 μm filter had considerably less microplastics than the 50 μm filter with 1.8 MP/m​3​. The quantification of fibers on the 50 μm filter and 300 μm filters was not possible due to high blank contaminations. According to the concentration of 63 MP/m​3​ of the lower bound count on the 50 μm filters and the amount of water flowing through Skebäck in 2019, 17 818 935 m​3​, 1.1 billion microplastic particles were released into Svartån that year. In comparison the highest value of the upper bound count, 435 MP/m​3​, gave a release of 7.7 billion microplastic particles. Using the concentration of the 300 μm filter 1.8 MP/m​3​, 32 million microplastics/year were released from Skebäck in 2019. The amount of spheres 50-300 μm released in the effluent from Skebäck was estimated to be 3.7 kg in 2019.

During recent years both Sweden and the rest of Europe have experienced periods of drought as a consequence of hot summers with low levels of precipitation. For villages provided with drinking water from water plants with groundwater as raw water source droughts can lead to considerable problems if the groundwater reservoir would be affected. One Swedish village which is provided with drinking water from a groundwater drinking plant and which has faced problems regarding their drinking water production is Hurva, located outside of Eslöv in Scania and with a population of almost 400 people. The problem has been periods of water shortage in the drinking water system. The solution to this problem has consisted in filling up the water reservoir in the drinking water system with drinking water delivered in trucks. This is not considered a sustainable solution to the problem and a transmission pipe connecting Hurva to the regional drinking water system has been suggested. This project is written in collaboration with VA SYD, the joint municipal authority in Hurva, and consisted of two main objectives. The first objective was to examine the possibilities of implementation of a circular wastewater system in Hurva from a process technical and health and safety point of view. The second objective was to estimate the waterbalance in the system to make sure that there was enough water for a circular water system. According to the calculations regarding the waterbalance estimation there has been enough water in the system every month of the period January 2018-December 2019 with exception for June 2018 which was a month with extreme droughts in Sweden. The results indicates that there is a risk for water shortage in the system although this is probably not the case for months with normal conditions. Two possible treatment chains was designed, based on the requirement that they should have the capacity to treat the wastewater from Hurva WWTP into drinking water quality. The first chain, treatment chain 1 consisted of ultrafiltration, reversed osmosis, granular activated carbon, pH/hardness adjustment and UV treatment. The second chain, treatment chain 2, consisted of ultrafiltration, ozonation, granular activated carbon and UV treatment. / Under de senaste åren har både Sverige och övriga Europa upplevt perioder av torka till följd av varma somrar med lite nederbörd. För byar som förses av dricksvatten från vattenverk med grundvatten som råvattenkälla kan torka leda till stora problem om grundvattenreservoaren blir påverkad. En by som förses med dricksvatten från ett grundvattenverk och som stött på problem gällande dricksvattenproduktionen under de senaste åren är Hurva, som är beläget utanför Eslöv i Skåne och har en befolkning på strax under 400 personer. Problemen har bestått i att det inte alltid funnits tillräckligt mycket vatten i grundvattenmagasinet. Vid dessa tillfällen har lösningen varit att fylla på drickvattenreservoaren med dricksvatten transporterat i lastbilar från ett annat vattenverk. Detta anses inte som en hållbar lösning och ett förslag har lagts fram om att koppla på Hurva till det regionala dricksvattennätet med hjälp av en överföringsledning. Detta projekt har utförts i samarbete med VA SYD, som är VA-huvudman i Hurva. Projektets syfte var att undersöka möjligheterna till att implementera ett cirkulärt dricksvattsystem med avloppsvatten som primär råvattenkälla i Hurva utifrån två huvudaspekter. Den första delen av projektet handlade om att beräkna vattenbalansen i systemet för att underöka om det finns tillräckligt med vatten. I den andra delen undersöktes möjligheterna till att implementera ett cirkulärt vattenverk i Hurva utifrån processtekniska aspekter samt hälso- och säkerhetsaspekter. Enligt beräkningar av vattenbalans har det funnits tillräckligt mycket vatten i systemet för alla månader mellan januari 2018 och december 2019 med undantag för juni 2018, vilket var ett extremt torrt år i Sverige. Utifrån resultaten kan slutsatsen dras att under normala år har det funnits tillräckligt mycket vatten för att kunna implementera ett cirkulärt dricksvattensystem men att det föreligger en viss risk för vattenbrist i torra perioder. Två möjliga vattenverk, i rapporen kallade treatment chain 1 och treatment chain 2, togs fram. Båda verken designades för att uppfylla kravet om att ha kapacitet att rena avloppsvattnet från Huvas reningsverk till dricksvattenkvalitet. Treatment chain 1 bestod av följande 5 behandlingssteg: ulftrafiltrering, omvänd osmos, granulärt aktivt kol, hårdhet+pH justering och UV disinfektion. För treatment chain 2 valdes följande 4 behandlingssteg: ulftrafiltrering, ozonering, granulärt aktivt kol och UV disinfektion.

Människan ger upphov till avloppsvatten varje dag. Kommunalt avloppsvatten är rikt på kol, kväve och fosfor, vilka har en stor miljöpåverkan. Vattenrening är i och med detta en nödvändighet för att minimera den antropogena inverkan på naturen och den biologiska mångfalden. Genom att rena vatten i avloppsreningsverk så kan halterna av dessa ämnen reduceras markant. Ett av många reningsverk är Himmerfjärdsverket som är beläget i Sverige, som bland annat använder deammonifikation vilket är en vattenreningsmetod för att rena ammoniumrikt avloppsvatten. I det här examensarbetet genomförs en livscykelanalys för att utvärdera hela reningsverkets miljöprofil under år 2019 och år 2015. Dessa två år använder sig utav två olika deammonifikationsmetoder, nämligen DEMON och DeAmmon. Resultaten utvärderas enligt följande miljöpåverkanskategorier: växthuseffekt, övergödning i marina- och sötvattensekosystem, humantoxicitet, ozonnedbrytning och försurning.  Livscykelanalysen genomfördes i mjukvaran GaBi med ecoinvent version 3.3 som databas och ReCiPe som metod. Resultaten tyder på att de största bidragande orsakerna till miljöpåverkan beror på anaerob rötning av slam, vilket är en process som stabiliserar slam och även från utsläpp till mark som uppkommer genom deponering av rötat slam. Andra faktorer som bidrar till miljöpåverkan är kemikalier, utsläpp av det behandlade avloppsvattnet och övriga uppkomna utsläpp från olika processer. Inom analysens gränser så dras även slutsatsen att det inte är någon markant skillnad på de två reningsmetoderna. / We, the humans, give rise to wastewater everyday. Municipal wastewater is rich in carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus, of which have large impacts on the environment. Wastewater treatment is therefore a necessity to minimize the anthropogenic impacts on both nature and biodiversity. To reduce the content of these substances, the wastewater is treated in wastewater treatment plants. One of them is Himmerfjärdsverket located in Sweden that uses, among others, deammonification of which is a biological technology for treating ammonium rich wastewaters. In this thesis, a life cycle assessment is conducted in order to do an overall evaluation of the environmental profile of this entire plant during two different years, 2019 and 2015. These years also have different deammonification technologies implemented, DEMON and DeAmmon. The results are evaluated upon the following impact categories: climate change, freshwater and marine eutrophication, human toxicity, ozone depletion and acidification.The impact assessment is conducted in GaBi software with the database ecoinvent version 3.3 and ReCiPe as method. Results indicate that the main contributors to pollution are due to anaerobic digestion, which is a process that stabilize sludge and also from emissions to soil that arise from disposal of digested sludge. Other large impacts come from chemicals that are added to the process, the effluent and other arising emissions from the different processes. It is further concluded that there are no major differences between the two deammonification technologies within the boundaries of this assessment.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a group of artificial chemicals which have been used in a wide area of applications such as surface protection agents in cloths and different industrial applications. It has been found that PFASs are potentially toxic and are frequently found in the environment due to their persistent and mobile properties. Effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have been identified as an important point source of PFASs. Bark, by-product from the paper and wood industry, is a low-cost adsorbent and has the potential to be used as a filter material for PFASs in WWTPs. In this study, the removal of PFASs in wastewater has been investigated using granulated active carbon (GAC) (n = 2) and bark (n = 2) in a pilot scale experiment at Kungsängsverket, Uppsala over a period of five weeks. The specific objects included: i) investigate the influence of flow-rate (10, 30 40 and 60 Ld-1 ) on the removal efficiency of PFASs in the GAC and bark filters, ii) investigate the influence of particle size of bark on the removal efficiency of PFASs and iii) establish what circumstances that potentially promotes removal of PFASs in GAC and bark filters. The results showed that GAC was the most effective method compared to bark, with a reduction of 73-93%, with increasing efficiency under low flow (10-30 L d-1 ) conditions. The removal efficiency of bark was 45% with a particle size of 2-5 mm and under low flow conditions (10-30 L d-1 ), while under high flow conditions (60 L d-1 ) with the same particle size the removal of PFASs was not efficient, instead the total PFAS concentration increased with 40%. In contrast, bark with a particle size of 5-7 mm proved to be not efficient in removing PFASs (removal efficiency = 0%). In general, the removal efficiency increased with smaller particle size of the adsorbent and lower flow rate. The results indicate that bark may be a low-cost alternative in reducing PFASs from wastewater, under certain conditions. / Per- och polyfluroalkyla ämnen (PFAS) är en familj av artificiella fluorerade organiska föreningar som har använts sedan 1950-talet i en rad olika applikationer, såsom impregnering i kläder. Studier har visat att PFAS är potentiellt toxiska och att de förekommer globalt på grund av deras persistenta och mobila egenskaper. Spillvatten från avloppsreningsverk etablerats som en betydande källa för PFAS. Bark, vilket är en biprodukt från pappers- och träindustrin, är ett poröst material vilket möjligen kan användas som adsorbent av PFAS. Denna studie har jämfört effektiviteten hos granulerat aktivt kol (GAC) och bark för att minska PFAS i avloppsvatten. Experimentet var utformat som ett småskaligt kolonn-experiment vid Kungsängsängsverket, Uppsala, och pågick under en fem veckors period. Frågeställningen var att i) studera vilka effekter flödes-hastigheten (10, 30, 40 och 60 L d-1 ) har på reduktionen av PFAS hos GAC och barkfiltren, ii) studera vilka effekter partikelstorleken hos bark har på reduktion av PFAS och iii) redogöra vilka förhållanden som potentiellt gynnar reduktionen av PFAS i GAC och bark filtren. Resultaten visade att GAC var det mest effektiva av de två materialen, med en total reduktion på 73- 93% av PFAS, med ökande effektivitet under låga flödesförhållanden (10-30 L d-1 ). Bark minskade den totala mängden av PFAS med 45% då partikelstorleken var 2-5 mm och under låga flödesförhållanden (10-30 L d-1 ) medan bark med samma partikelstorlek under ökade flödesförhållanden (60 L d-1 ) visade en ökning på 40% av PFAS i det utgående vattnet. Bark med en partikelstorlek på 5-7 mm visade ingen reduktion av PFAS. Generellt visade resultaten att reduktionen av PFAS ökar under låga flödesförhållanden och minskad partikelstorlek. Resultaten visade att bark kan vara ett alternativt material för att minska PFAS i avloppsvatten förutsatt att gynnsamma förhållanden upprätthålls.

Au Liban, 65% de la population résident à Beyrouth et au Mont Liban particulièrement dans la zone côtière et dans une bande étroite du flanc ouest du Mont Liban. Cette occupation engendre une forte pression anthropique sur les ressources hydriques. En effet environ 330 Mm3 d'eaux usées par an sont rejetés dans la Méditerranée par 53 émissaires distribués sur les villes côtières. Ces eaux, rejetées en grande majorité sans traitement, représentent le vecteur principal de pollution du milieu récepteur que représente la Mer Méditerranée (MOE/UNDP/ECODIT, 2011).Cette étude avait pour objectif principal de déterminer la qualité des eaux usées au Liban et d'établir une comparaison entre les contextes Libanais (en s'appuyant sur Beyrouth) et Français (cas de l'agglomération parisienne). Un suivi ponctuel des eaux usées provenant de 4 sites de prélèvement représentatifs de la région de Beyrouth et ses banlieues (sites d'Al Ghadir, Fleuve Beyrouth, Antelias et Jounieh) a été conduit. Deux sites ont été sélectionnés pour un suivi en continu de l'évolution des eaux usées aux échelles journalière et hebdomadaire : Jounieh et Al Ghadir. En France, une série de campagnes ont été réalisées sur les principaux émissaires des stations d'épuration de Marne Aval, Seine Amont, Seine Centre et Seine Aval, au sein de la STEP Seine Centre (au niveau des traitements primaire et secondaire), et en Seine. Ensuite les résultats à Beyrouth et Paris ont été confrontés pour déterminer l'impact sur l'environnement qu'aurait la mise en place de traitements adaptés aux effluents libanais. Les niveaux de contamination pour les paramètres globaux sont comparables pour le prélèvement ponctuel entre les bassins versants d'Al Ghadir et de Jounieh. Cependant les niveaux relevés à Al Ghadir et Jounieh sont plus élevés que ceux d'Antelias et Fleuve Beyrouth. Par ailleurs, le suivi en continu a permis de mettre en évidence que les niveaux en MES, MVS, DCOT et DBO5 sont généralement comparables sur les deux sites Al Ghadir et Jounieh. La comparaison avec les émissaires parisiens montre des différences significatives pour les MES, MVS et DBO5, ces paramètres sont significativement plus élevés sur les sites libanais. Pour la DCOT, les concentrations sont comparables entre les deux pays. En comparant les ETM totaux (Cr, Zn, Cu, Cd et Pb), on trouve que la concentration en cuivre des émissaires parisiens est plus élevée que celle du Liban pour les bassins versants d'Al Ghadir et Jounieh. Pour le plomb et le zinc, les concentrations sont comparables entre les deux pays. Enfin les concentrations en cadmium et chrome sont beaucoup plus élevées à Beyrouth qu'à Paris. Les flux en ETM au Liban exportés vers la Mer Méditerranée pour le site d'Al Ghadir sont 20,7; 20,8; 2,42; 0,6; et 1,5 kg/jour respectivement pour le CrT, ZnT, CuT, CdT et PbT et pour l'émissaire de Jounieh 0,66; 3,7; 0,38; 0,045 et 0,33 kg/jour. En s'appuyant sur l'efficacité des STEP parisiennes, les niveaux rejetés diminueraient de 90 à 98% pour les MES, de 84 à 95% pour la DCOT et de 63 à 97 % suivant l'ETM concerné / In Lebanon, 65 % of the population lives in Beirut and Mount Lebanon particularly along the coastal area and a narrow band of the western side of the Lebanon Mount. This occupation generates a strong anthropic pressure on the water resources. Indeed approximately 330 mm3 of waste waters a year are rejected into the Mediterranean by 53 trunks distributed along the coastal towns. In fact, these wastewaters are released to natural media without any significant treatment and These effluents, released in great majority without treatment, are considered as the primary vector of the Mediterranean Sea pollution (MOE/UNDP/ECODIT, 2011).This study aimed at determining the quality of wastewaters in Lebanon and at establishing a comparison between the Lebanese (with respect to Beirut) and French (case of the urban area of Paris) contexts. A specific monitoring of wastewaters was led on 4 representative sampling sites of the area of Beirut and its suburbs (Al Ghadir sites, Beirut River, Antelias and Jounieh). Two sites were selected to follow the evolution of the wastewater quality both at the daily and weekly scale: Jounieh and Al Ghadir. In France, a series of campaigns were carried out on the main trunks of several wastewater treatment plants, e.g., Marne Aval, Seine Amont, Seine Aval and Seine Centre, in the Seine Centre WWTP (within the primary and secondary treatments), and in the Seine River. Then the results in Beirut and Paris were confronted to determine the environmental impact of the installation of treatments adapted to the Lebanese effluents.Contamination levels for the water quality parameters were comparable for the punctual sampling between the Al Ghadir and Jounieh watersheds. However, the levels found in Al Ghadir and Jounieh were higher than those of Antelias and Beirut River. In addition, continuous monitoring helped to highlight the levels of TSS, VSS, BOD5 and CODT were generally comparable at both sites: Al Ghadir and Jounieh. The comparison with the Parisian trunks showed significant differences for TSS, BOD5 and VSS, these parameters were significantly higher on Lebanese sites. For CODT, concentrations were comparable between the two countries. By comparing the total ETM (Cr, Zn, Cu, Cd and Pb), we found that Cu concentrations in Parisian trunks were higher than those of Lebanese Al Ghadir and Jounieh watersheds. For lead and zinc concentrations were comparable between the two countries. Finally, the concentrations of cadmium and chromium were much higher in Beirut than in Paris. Trace metal flows to the Mediterranean Sea from the Al Ghadir site were of 20,7; 20,8; 2,42; 0,6; and 1,5 kg/day for CrT, ZnT, CuT, CdT and PbT respectively, and for Jounieh they were of 0,66; 3,7; 0,38; 0,045 and 0,33 kg/day, respectively. Based on the effectiveness of the Parisian WWTPs, released levels would decrease by 90-98 % for TSS, 84-95 % for CODt and 63-97 % depending on the ETM concerned