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[en] ESSAYS IN APPLIED MICROECONOMICS / [pt] ENSAIOS EM MICROECONOMIA APLICADAMAURÍCIO MACHADO FERNANDES 11 November 2015 (has links)
[pt] Essa tese é composta por três artigos empíricos independentes. No primeiro
capítulo é avaliado em que medida diferenças no histórico profissional entre os
gêneros influenciam o diferencial de salários observado no mercado de trabalho
formal brasileiro. Para isto, utiliza-se uma amostra aleatória e representativa de
1 porcento dos trabalhadores presentes na RAIS / MTE entre os anos de 1994 e 2009. A
partir dessas informações é reconstruída a trajetória profissional dos indivíduos
pertencentes à amostra. As estratégias empíricas exploram a característica
longitudinal dessa base de dados para gerar informações complementares acerca
do diferencial de salários entre gêneros. Os resultados revelam que as medidas de
histórico profissional têm impactos economicamente relevantes sobre os
rendimentos individuais. Períodos de ausência no mercado de trabalho reduzem
em média os rendimentos e um maior engajamento dos trabalhadores implica
salários maiores. Entretanto, a inserção dessas medidas mais fidedignas de
histórico profissional dos trabalhadores acarreta uma diminuição de no máximo
10 porcento na magnitude do coeficiente associado ao diferencial de salários entre os
gêneros, ou seja, um impacto bastante reduzido. O segundo capítulo investiga a
importância relativa de duas dimensões da qualidade dos professores para a
aprendizagem em matemática e língua portuguesa dos alunos da oitava série do
ensino fundamental na rede de ensino paulista. Com este propósito, adota-se uma
abordagem de função de produção educacional e a principal especificação utiliza
um modelo de valor adicionado com controle para o desempenho passado dos
estudantes. Os resultados mostram que tanto o conhecimento quanto as atividades
pedagógicas dos professores em sala de aula têm impacto positivo e
estatisticamente significante sobre a aquisição de habilidades cognitivas.
Entretanto, o efeito do conhecimento dos docentes apresenta uma magnitude
pequena em termos econômicos. Já os impactos associados à adoção frequente de
práticas pedagógicas eficazes tem magnitude bastante relevante. Por exemplo, a
intervenção de substituir um professor de matemática que não passa lição de casa
sempre por outro que o faz aumenta a proficiência dos alunos em
aproximadamente 12 porcento de um desvio padrão da distribuição de notas. O terceiro
capítulo analisa a relação entre identidade partidária e as escolhas políticas para o
contexto das municipalidades brasileiras no ciclo político entre 2004 e 2008. Para
isto, utiliza-se o arcabouço de regressão com descontinuidade para estimar o
efeito causal local de um município ser governado por um partido de esquerda ao
invés de um de direita sobre as políticas públicas. Os resultados apontam que
governos de esquerda gastam proporcionalmente menos com urbanismo e saúde e
mais com administração. No entanto, esses maiores gastos administrativos não
estão associados a um inchaço da máquina pública com servidores. / [en] This thesis is composed of three independent empirical articles. In the first
chapter is evaluated to what extent differences in labor supply factors and careers
by gender influence the wage gap observed in the brazilian formal labor market.
For this, we use a 1 percent representative random sample of the workers in RAIS /
MTE between the years 1994 and 2009. From this information is retrieved the
career path of individuals in the sample. The empirical strategies exploit the
longitudinal feature of this database to generate complementary information about
the gender wage gap. The results show that the labor market history measures
have economically relevant impacts on individual incomes. Career interruptions
reduce average earnings and workers with continuous labor market attachment
have higher wages. However, the inclusion into the analysis of these more reliable
job experience variables results in a reduction of up to 10 percent in the magnitude of
the gender wage gap estimates. This represents a quite reduced influence. The
second chapter investigates the relative importance of two dimensions of teacher
quality for the learning in mathematics and Portuguese of eighth graders of the
elementary school in São Paulo state. For this purpose, we adopt an approach
based on the educational production function and the main specification uses a
value added model with control for the students past grades. The results show
that both the teachers knowledge and pedagogical activities inside the classroom
have a positive and statistically significant impact on the acquisition of cognitive
skills. However, the teachers knowledge effect has a small economic magnitude.
Yet the impacts associated with the frequent application of effective teaching
practices are quite large. For instance, the intervention defined by the replacing a
math teacher who does not always give homework for another that does it,
increases the students proficiency in approximately 12 percent of a standard deviation
of the grades distribution. The third chapter examines the relationship between
political partisanship and government size for the context of the brazilian
municipalities after 2004 local election. In order to achieve this, we use a
regression discontinuity research design to estimate the local causal effect on
political choices of a municipality being governed by a left-wing party instead of a
right-wing one. The results show that left-wing governments spend
proportionately less on urbanism and health, and more on administration.
Nevertheless, this higher administrative spending is not associated with an
excessive hiring of public employees.
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Inégalité entre hommes et femmes sur le marché du travail, les rôles du commerce international et du secteur informel / Gender inequality in the labour market, the roles of international trade and informal employmentBen Yahmed, Sarra 13 December 2013 (has links)
Cette thèse traite deux questions relatives aux inégalités salariales entre hommes et femmes. Le premier et le deuxième chapitres analysent l'impact du commerce international sur les écarts de salaire entre hommes et femmes, tandis que le troisième chapitre se pose la question de l'influence du secteur informel sur ces écarts. Le premier chapitre montre que le commerce international peut avoir des effets opposés sur l'écart de salaire entre hommes et femmes via le canal de la concurrence. Les prédictions du modèle théorique sont testées par une analyse empirique des écarts de salaire en Uruguay sur une période incluant la création du Mercosur. Le deuxième chapitre étudie la façon dont l'intégration commerciale peut modifier les écarts de salaire entre hommes et femmes différemment en fonction des qualifications. Le modèle théorique montre que le commerce international creuse les écarts salariaux entre hommes et femmes qualifiés et réduit cet écart entre hommes et femmes non qualifiées. Le troisième chapitre conduit une analyse empirique des écarts de salaire entre hommes et femmes dans les emplois formels et informels au Brésil. Alors que l'écart brut de salaire est plus élevé dans le secteur informel que dans le secteur formel, les résultats indiquent que cette différence est un artefact de la composition de l'emploi dans les deux secteurs. Dans le secteur informel, la correction du biais de sélection réduit le différentiel de salaire, ajusté des caractéristiques productives, qui n'est plus significatif. Dans le secteur formel, en revanche, l'écart de salaire, ajusté des caractéristiques productives et corrigé de la sélection, demeure élevé et fortement significatif. / This dissertation consists of three essays on gender wage inequality. The two first chapters explore the impact of international trade on the gender wage gap, while the third chapter deals with the role of the informal sector in shaping the gender wage gap. By integrating the taste-based theory of discrimination and the oligopolistic trade literature, the first chapter shows that international trade can have two opposite effects on the gender wage gap through the channel of competition. The predictions of the models are confirmed by an empirical analysis of gender wage gaps in Uruguay following the Mercosur trade agreement. The second chapter investigates how international trade impacts the gender wage gap at different points of the skill distribution, by incorporating statistical discrimination into a model of trade with heterogeneous firms and workers. The model shows trade integration reduces the gender wage gap among high-skilled workers but reduces the gender wage gap among unskilled workers. The third chapter investigates whether the gender wage gap differs in the formal and the informal segments of the labour market in Brazil. It shows that the higher raw wage gap in the informal sector is an artificial effect of the different sorting of men and women into formal and informal jobs. First, the female advantage in observable productive characteristics is stronger among formal employees. Second, selection into work status differs between men and women. In the informal sector, the selection-corrected gender wage gap is reduced and not significant anymore. In the formal sector, however, the selection-corrected gender wage gap is large and highly significant.
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Prostorová analýza mzdové diskriminace matek v České republice / Spatial Analysis of the Motherhood Wage Gap in the Czech RepublicVlčková, Radka January 2019 (has links)
Using the Czech household microdata, I analyze the regional variations of the motherhood wage gap in the Czech Republic. By this spatial analysis, I aim to detect discrepancies between metropolitan areas and rural localities. Such a study has not yet been carried out in the Czech Republic. Accounting for individual characteristics and working history of employed women, I ob- serve both positive and negative wage gaps but only in several regions. Such findings can be explained by cultural differences, individual self-selection into higher paid jobs or by employers' approach to mothers. For the remaining regions, there is not enough evidence of the motherhood wage gap presence. The hypothesis that in socially excluded localities the wage gap is largest is rejected. Additional examination of the formal childcare provision shows that increase of the kindergartens' occupancy rate significantly decreases salaries of both mothers and childless women. This result is consistent with the previous Czech research. Keywords Motherhood wage gap, Spatial analysis, Czech Republic, Kindergarten JEL classifications D63, J13, R23 1
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The Gender Wage Gap of Civil Service Employees at Illinois Public Four-Year UniversitiesDoerr, Cara 01 May 2019 (has links) (PDF)
TITLE: THE GENDER WAGE GAP OF CIVIL SERVICE EMPLOYEES AT ILLINOIS PUBLIC FOUR-YEAR UNIVERSITIES
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The Great Recession’s Impact on Gender Wage in the Top Quantiles in the USHjelm, Noah January 2023 (has links)
The gender wage gap in the labour market has long been a topic of study, highlighting the disadvantages faced by women in terms of earningscompared to men. This study aims to investigate if the Great Recession had additional impacts on women's earnings differentials. Using census data from 2006 to 2012 in the US, two different quantile regressions were conducted for various income quantiles. One regression excluded variables, while the other included socio-demographic characteristics. The results indicate clear wage differences for women before, during, and after the Great Recession.The first regression shows statistically significant negative correlations between logarithmic income and gender. The quantile regressions also reveal decrease in the gender wage gap during the recession, with education returns favouring women in 2008 and 2009 before returning to pre-recession levels. Additionally, the results suggest that married women and women with children tend to have lower earnings compared to their male counterparts.These findings provide evidence of a glass ceiling in the US labour market, which may have been exacerbated by the exogenous shock of the Great Recession.
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Essays on Noncognitive SkillsNikolaou, Dimitrios 09 August 2013 (has links)
No description available.
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產業間性別薪資差異與產業特性之關聯性 / The relationship between the inter-industry gender wage gaps and industrial characteristics張嘉純, Chang, Chai Chun Unknown Date (has links)
在台灣勞動市場中,性別薪資差異一直都存在著。在 2015 年,女性勞工平均薪資大約為男性平均薪資的 85.57%,這個比率在過去 20 年間一直不斷上升,顯示出性別薪資差異逐年地縮小。而在解釋性別薪資差異大小的變數中,產業是其中一個很重要的解釋變數,因此本研究利用台灣主計處的人力運用調查資料,檢驗產業間性別薪資差異與產業特性之間的關連。實證結果顯示出部分產業特性確實會影響產業間性別薪資差異的大小,該產業的平均勞工年齡越大,該產業的性別薪資差異越小;工作地點在北部的比率越高, 會使得該產業的性別薪資差異越小;其他像是平均勞工任期長短 、特定職業的比率等等也會影響該產業內性別薪資差異的大小。 / In Taiwan, gender wage gap has existed for long in the labor market. However, proportion of average female salary to average male salary was about 85.57% in 2015 and this ratio has been growing in recent years. Besides, among all factors that can account for the gender wage gaps, industry plays an important role. Using data from the Manpower Utilization Survey, this study examines the inter-industry gender wage gaps in Taiwan with a focus on the correlation between these inter-industry gender wage gaps and characteristics of different industry sectors. The results confirm that some industrial characteristics do affect the magnitude of sex discrimination. Average age, job tenure, proportion of certain working locations and specific occupations have an impact on inter-industry gender wage gaps.
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Three Essays on Labour and Political EconomicsBruns, Benjamin 15 June 2018 (has links)
Die vorliegende Dissertation setzt sich aus drei Aufsätzen zusammen: zwei im Bereich der Arbeitsmarktökonomie und einer im Bereich der politischen Ökonomie. Der erste Aufsatz untersucht die Rolle der zunehmenden Firmenheterogenität für die Stagnation des Gender Wage Gaps auf dem westdeutschen Arbeitsmarkt in den 1990er und 2000er Jahren. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die steigende Firmenheterogenität während dieses Zeitraums einen Rückgang des Gender Wage Gaps um 15% bzw. 3,6 Log-Prozentpunkte verhindert hat. Darüber hinaus zeigen die Analysen, dass eine zunehmende Lohnflexibilisierung, bedingt durch einen Rückgang der Tarifbindung und wachsende Dezentralisierungs- und Flexibilisierungstendenzen innerhalb der vorhandenen Tarifbindungsregime, den Anstieg der Lohnungleichheit zwischen Betrieben und folglich die Lohnungleichheit zwischen Männern und Frauen verstärkt hat. Der zweite Aufsatz untersucht die Auswirkungen des Anfang der 1990er Jahre von Flüchtlingsmigranten verursachten, plötzlichen Anstiegs des Arbeitskräfteangebots auf Löhne und Beschäftigung der einheimischen Arbeitnehmer. Die empirischen Analysen zeigen, dass ein 1%iger Zuwachs in der Beschäftigung von Migranten mit einer Reduzierung des lokalen Lohn- und Beschäftigungswachstums in den betroffenen Regionen um durchschnittlich etwa 0,68 bzw. 1,13% einhergeht; auf längere Sicht zeigen sich indes keine negativen Auswirkungen. Zwei Drittel des lokalen Beschäftigungsrückgangs werden durch entsprechende Beschäftigungsgewinne in solchen Regionen kompensiert, die von der Flüchtlingszuwanderung nicht betroffen sind. Die Unterschiede zwischen kurz- und langfristigen Konsequenzen sowie die Umverteilung der Beschäftigung zwischen Regionen sind für die politische Evaluation der Vor- und Nachteile von Migration von Bedeutung. Der dritte Aufsatz untersucht, ob die Parteienlandschaft im Gemeinderat einen Effekt auf die Struktur von Gemeindezusammenlegungen hat, indem sie die Wahrscheinlichkeit der Wiederwahl und folglich des Machterhalts der im Amt befindlichen politischen Entscheidungsträger beeinflusst. Die empirischen Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die Parteienstruktur für die Realisierung von Gemeindezusammenlegungen von Bedeutung ist. / This dissertation is composed of three essays: two in the field of labour economics and one in political economics. The first essay studies the role of growing workplace heterogeneity for the stagnation of the gender pay gap on the West German labour market during the 1990s and 2000s. The analysis shows that the expansion of workplace-specific wage premiums over that time period prevented the gender wage gap from narrowing by around 15% or 3.6 log points. This effect is not driven by a relocation of men and women across high and low wage firms, but is entirely attributable to a widening in the distribution of wage premiums. The study further shows that rising wage flexibilisation, facilitated by deunionisation and decentralisation tendencies within unions, has led to higher rent-sharing elasticities, and thereby catalysed the role of workplace heterogeneity for overall inequality and the wage gap between genders. The second essay investigates the impact of a refugee-driven labour supply shock on native wages and employment. By exploiting a large and unexpected refugee wave hitting the West German labour market between 1988 and 1993, the analysis shows that an increase in local immigrant employment by 1% reduces native wages and employment by about 0.68 and 1.13%, respectively; in the longer perspective, however, these negative effects disappear. The study also shows that about two-thirds of the local employment decline is compensated by corresponding employment gains in regions not affected by immigration. Both findings—the difference between short and long run effects and the redistribution of native employment across regions — are important for the political evaluation of immigration. The third essay investigates the political determinants of municipality amalgamations. By exploiting a boundary reform in the state of Brandenburg, which reduced the number of municipalities by about 70%, the study asks whether party representation in the town council influences the structure of municipality mergers by affecting the political decision makers’ probability to remain in power. The empirical estimates suggest that political representation matters for the structure of mergers that materialise.
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Gender and Earnings: Examining the Earnings Gap Between Men and Women Across Metropolitan Labor MarketsDunn, Dana 12 1900 (has links)
The earnings gap between men and women, an apt indicator of women's status relative to men's, was roughly constant for the thirty-five years between 1950 and 1985. During this period women earned about 60 to 65 cents for every dollar earned by men. The purpose of this study is to analyze the determinants of this wage gap. Because much existing research suggests that a large portion of the gender gap in pay results from the segregation of women into low-paying jobs, the present study focuses on the role of gender segregation in the workplace. Other potential contributors to the earnings gap are also examined (women's domestic obligations, educational attainment, women's labor force participation rates, and the industrial mix in Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas). The position of women as a group in the labor market is of primary interest in this research. Accordingly, the analysis was conducted on an aggregate level across labor markets. The data were drawn from the Bureau of the Census Census of the Population: 1980—Detailed Population Characteristics. The project uses a cross-sectional research design, the primary statistical technique used being multiple regression analysis. Findings reveal that workplace segregation and the industrial characteristics of SMSA labor markets have the strongest effect on the size of the gender-based earnings gap. Specifically, workplace segregation is positively related to the size of the earnings gap between men and women. The presence of above average levels of manufacturing activity in an SMSA is associated with a larger earnings gap while the presence of above average levels of service sector and government employment opportunities in an SMSA is associated with smaller earnings differentials between men and women. This study enhances the understanding of the effects of structural variables on the earnings determination process for men and women and provides insight into the collective situation of women in the labor market.
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Assortative marriage and intergenerational persistence of earnings: theory and evidenceSanti, Murilo Esteves de 31 March 2016 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2016 / I study the impact of the changes in the U.S. labor market that took place in the last few decades - such as the increase in the college wage premium and the reduction in the gender wage gap - on the intergenerational persistence of income, with a particular emphasis on the marriage market channel. To motivate my analysis, I document a positive cross-country correlation between intergenerational persistence of income (and education) and educational assortative mating. I then develop an overlapping generations model in which parents invest in their children's education and individuals choose whom they are going to marry, and estimate the model to fit the postwar U.S. data. My results suggest that both of these changes have affected the intergenerational earnings persistence, but that the marriage decision plays only a very small role in these results.
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