The design of a waste collection system affects public health, the extent of participation in the system by residents, the recovery of resources from waste, and the cost of collection. Many developing countries use communal container collection [CCC] systems in which large containers are dispersed throughout neighbourhoods for the storage of waste until collection. These systems tend to have limited success as they often do not garner viable amounts of participation and containers are prone to being overfilled. The communal container waste collection system in the city of Aguascalientes, AGS, Mexico was assessed according to the Integrated Solid Waste Management [ISWM] principles of social acceptability, environmental effectiveness, economic affordability and effective management. Information was collected through seven interviews with waste-related managers, 282 residential questionnaires, and 12 informal collector questionnaires. The collection system garners a high participation rate (99%) attributed to: non-burdensome one-way distances from residences to containers (mean 114+/-71m); thorough, daily collection; and a culture of cleanliness. Factors of adherence to waste collection regulations were found to be public knowledge, social acceptability, convenience and perception of importance. The collection system was assessed by rational-intuitive consideration of all indicators and principles, to be mostly acceptable from an ISWM framework due to: a high collection rate (~100% daily) which is enabled by effective monitoring and efficient operation; a high participation rate; similarity of the resource recovery rate to that of other developing and developed countries; and long-term affordability. Areas for improvement in equality of service provision, collaboration with informal collectors, and communication were identified. Lessons learned about communal container collection are applicable to lower-middle and upper-middle income countries.

No description available.

This thesis concentrates on the collection system of biogadable waste in a chosen locality. The method deals with the realization of a logistic model of biogradable waste in a locality. The introductory part provides a description of particular system of biogradable waste collection. The following part describes the calculation method and setting the particular parts of the system. The suggestions include descriptions and present experience with introducing this system in practice. The thesis describes the logistics of biodegradable waste collection for its further use. Describes the composting in a composting plants and associated technologies. That are in the area or band mounds. And other machinery for the adjustment of the compost. The collection is realized in three towns in Prachatice region. A technical estimate and calculation helped to determine the annual production of biodegradable waste depending on the feature of the origin. The calculation was made on the basis of ascertained data about well-kept municipal places, number of homes, areas and gardens. Considering the prevailing origin of biodegradable waste there was determined a delivery system of collection to a waste collection place with an aside container. Based on the total volume of ascertained production there was determined the capacity of containers in each town. According to the predicted capacity of the container, there were set the collection times and replacements done by an appropriate transport carrier. After researching the trails suitable for container transport there was chosen an optimal trail for collecting and accumulating the biodegradable waste. The choice of a composting plant originated from the real composting plant where the selection of biogradable waste was realized. The transport carrier which realizes the containers collection from the towns is located on this composting plant.

This master thesis deals with the transformation of biodegradable waste into the product which does not burden the environment. In the beginning is solved the specification of biodegradable waste, its collection and determination in the waste catalogue and also the main means of transformation. The second part deals with the main aim which is the proposal of a logistic model of a biodegradable waste in a selected village. This project resides in the collecting of information, selecting the suitable stand, determination of the number of containers, selecting the appropriate technical devices for the collection of biodegradable waste and also for the determining of the interval of the collection in the village. It also contains the selection and description of the route from the village to another place of use of the biodegradable waste, the composting plant. On the basis of the total volume of production were determined the volume of containers in the chosen village. On the ground of a survey of routes suitable for the container transport was chosen the optimal way of collection to the place where the biodegradable waste is gathered. The choice of the waste dump was based on the existence of a real waste dump in which is the selection of biodegradable waste realized. The container carrier which realizes the collection of containers from the villages is located in this waste dump.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:09:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1919143 bytes, checksum: faa87eecc90844612c31c660855f23e5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / A long time ago garbage was not seen as a problem, since it was generated in few quantities and most of it was composed of biodegradable materials, which were easily transformed by nature. However, population has been growing, moving from rural to urban area, its habits have been changing, including the consumption of industrialised products, and so that the amount and nature of garbage have been changing. This increase in the amount of garbage have been causing a large problem to the cities, since most of them does not succeed in giving proper final destination to the wastes, mainly because of the costs involved in the service. For the waste collection service, the municipality generally tax the population by means of the TCR Taxa de Coleta de Residuos (Waste Collection Tax). This TCR is very questioned, mainly because its base of calculation, that is not the amount of wastes generated, but generally the constructed area of the house. Many people consider unfair the tax, since it may happen that a house may be charged with a high tax value because of its large constructed area, but may not necessarily generate a large amount of waste. This study aims to elaborate a mathematical model to estimate de amount of solid wastes generated in a house and so, to propose an alternative methodology for the TCR calculation. Another aim of the study is to investigate the variations on the amount of wastes generated along the days of week, so that the collection fleet can be optimized. The methodological procedures consisted in diary weighting of the solids wastes, along with the readings of water and electricity consumption in three houses in the city of João Pessoa, northeast Brazil. Results have shown that the per capita domestic solid waste generation rate was 800 g/day, which is close to the value suggested in the literature. In comparison to other similar study but performed in flats rather than in houses, the generation rates herein reported were 60% higher in relation to that reported for flats, which may be associated with the fact that gardens and backyards, that occurs only in houses (not in flats), respond for part of such generation. With regards to the variations in the waste generation along the days of week, it was found that there were not significant differences between most the cases. The only exceptions were between Monday and the other days (exceptionally Saturday), between Saturday and Tuesday, and between Sunday and the other days, exceptionally to the Tuesday. By the other side, in João Pessoa very little of collection is done on Sunday, so that the mentioned difference is not important. For the case in which the wastes generated on Sunday are collected in conjunction with those generated on Monday, the amount totalizes 1,9 times those generated along the other days (in average) and so that the collection fleet must be increased by this factor (1,9). Results have also shown that it is possible to estimate the amount of solid wastes generated in a house from its population and water consumption. Based on this model, an alternative methodology for the TCR was proposed, which consider not the constructed area but the amount of wastes estimated. / Há muito tempo, os resíduos não eram vistos como um problema, pois ele era gerado em menor quantidade e sua maior parte era constituída por materiais biodegradáveis, facilmente transformados pela natureza. No entanto, a população vem crescendo bastante, migrando da área rural para as cidades, seus hábitos vêm mudando, aumentando o consumo de produtos industrializados, e com isso passou a existir nos resíduos as embalagens longa vida, sacos plásticos, isopor, latas, dentre outros materiais, os quais demoram para ser degradados. Esse aumento na quantidade de resíduos sólidos vem causando graves transtornos para as cidades, pois grande parte delas não consegue dar uma destinação final adequada aos mesmos, devido a diversos fatores, tais como: o custo elevado para a coleta dos resíduos, a falta de locais apropriados para a construção de aterros sanitários, bem como o alto valor necessário para a manutenção desses aterros, entre outros. Para a execução dos serviços de limpeza pública, as Prefeituras costumam cobrar uma taxa, geralmente denominada TCR Taxa de Coleta de Resíduos. Acontece que a cobrança da TCR é bastante questionada, principalmente por não ter por base de cálculo a quantidade de resíduos efetivamente gerada, mas sim, geralmente, a área do domicílio. Muitos consideram que esta forma de cobrança é injusta, uma vez que, nesta forma de cálculo, pode ocorrer de uma residência pagar uma elevada TCR só por ter uma área grande, apesar de poder gerar poucos resíduos. O presente trabalho busca encontrar um modelo matemático para se estimar a quantidade de RSD gerada em residências unifamiliares, a partir de diversos parâmetros, e com isso propor uma nova metodologia a ser adotada para o cálculo da TCR. Outra contribuição importante é o estudo da variação semanal de resíduos gerados, procurando verificar se há diferenças significativas entre as quantidades de resíduos geradas nos diversos dias da semana, o que pode ser útil no dimensionamento e otimização da frota de coleta. A metodologia adotada consistiu na pesagem dos resíduos sólidos domiciliares (RSD) diariamente e, logo em seguida, na medição dos consumos de água e energia elétrica, sendo estes verificados através do hidrômetro e do medidor de energia elétrica, respectivamente, em três residências na cidade de João Pessoa-PB. Os resultados mostraram que a taxa de geração de resíduos sólidos para residências unifamiliares na cidade de João Pessoa é de aproximadamente 800 g/hab.dia, valor este próximo ao sugerido pela literatura especializada. Comparando-se os resultados deste trabalho com o de Athayde Jr. et al. (2008), desenvolvido junto a edificações multifamiliares (edifícios de apartamentos), constatou-se que a taxa de geração per capita de RSD é maior (60% maior) em residências unifamiliares (casas) do que em edificações multifamiliares (apartamentos). Este fato pode estar relacionado à existência de jardins e quintais no primeiro tipo de residência, os quais não existem em apartamentos. Com relação à variação da taxa de geração de RSD, percebeu-se que não existem diferenças significativas entre a maioria dos dias da semana. As únicas exceções foram a segunda-feira, com tal taxa significativamente maior que os demais dias da semana (exceto o sábado), a do sábado, que foi significativamente maior daquela da terça-feira, e a do domingo, que foi significativamente menor que a dos demais dias da semana, exceto a da terça-feira. Por outro lado, como é comum não haver coleta de RSD no domingo, situação em que os resíduos gerados neste dia são coletados juntamente com os gerados na segunda-feira, a soma dos RSD gerados nestes dois dias é significativamente maior que as quantidades geradas nos demais dias da semana. Neste caso, justifica-se um reforço na frota de coleta na segunda-feira de 1,9 vezes a média dos outros dias. Os resultados mostraram ser possível estimar a quantidade de RSD gerados em um domicílio a partir de seus indicadores de consumo (água e energia elétrica). Dentre os indicadores estudados, apenas o consumo de água se mostrou satisfatório para este fim. Dessa forma, foi proposto um modelo matemático para estimativa da geração de RSD que teve como variável independente o consumo de água, além da população do domicílio. Com o modelo proposto foi possível elaborar uma metodologia alternativa para o cálculo da TCR, baseando-se não mais na área construída do domicílio, mas sim na quantidade estimada de RSD.

Submitted by Jean Medeiros (jeanletras@uepb.edu.br) on 2017-11-13T12:26:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Manoel Thiago Nogueira da Silva Dantas.pdf: 21557649 bytes, checksum: b717bee8dc2d49d390e42890b564ad2f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-13T12:26:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Manoel Thiago Nogueira da Silva Dantas.pdf: 21557649 bytes, checksum: b717bee8dc2d49d390e42890b564ad2f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-22 / The environmental crisis in which today's society finds itself arises from the perception about natural resources and the development model adopted by the humanity, which drives the mankind towards a more intense consumption, with the generation and destination of solid waste from human processes, making it a great burden on the support threshold of the planet. This work aimed to present a proposal that could guide the management of solid waste generated by a vertical residential condominium in Campina Grande-PB, offering viable solutions from a technical, social and environmental point of view, enabling the adequate disposal of recyclable solid waste and reducing the amount of non- recyclable solid waste sent to the landfill. The execution of the project was based on gravimetric characterization, which indicated the proportion of solid waste discarded by the condominium (12% of dry recyclables, 52% of wet recyclables and 36% of non-recyclable waste). After that, the socioeconomic characterization and the environmental perception of the residents were verified, which guided the development of Environmental Education strategies aimed at the mobilization and sensitization of the condominiums, who became participants in the execution of the selective collection. Among the strategies, an application for mobile devices was developed, aimed at the dissemination of information and as a motivation for residents and service providers. Equipment was designed and supplied to favour the separation of the solid waste generated, being these collectors for intraresidential, intracondominial and extracondominial use. Gravimetric characterization carried out after the implantation of the selective collection pointed that there was reduction in the amount of non-recyclable solid waste (23%) and increased the amount of recyclable solid waste (77%). It was concluded that the use of Environmental Education strategies sensitized and mobilized the residents, so that their participation promoted a series of environmental gains, such as favouring the work of collectors of recyclable materials, increasing the economic potential of solid recyclable waste and providing the reduction of negative impacts by the disposal of materials whose proper treatment and disposal could be carried out. / A crise ambiental em que a sociedade atual se encontra provém da percepção quanto aos recursos naturais e do modelo de desenvolvimento que a humanidade adotou, o qual promove um consumo cada dia mais intenso, com a geração e destinação dos resíduos sólidos oriundos dos processos humanos tornando-se um grande fardo à capacidade de suporte do planeta. Este trabalho teve por objetivo apresentar uma proposta que fosse capaz de orientar a gestão dos resíduos sólidos gerados por um condomínio residencial vertical em Campina Grande-PB, oferecendo soluções viáveis do ponto de vista técnico, social e ambiental, possibilitando a destinação adequada dos resíduos sólidos recicláveis e diminuindo a quantidade de resíduos sólidos não recicláveis enviada ao aterro sanitário. A execução do projeto ocorreu a partir de caracterização gravimétrica, que indicou a proporção entre os tipos de resíduos sólidos descartados pelo condomínio (12% de recicláveis secos, 52% de recicláveis úmidos e 36% de rejeitos). Em seguida, foi realizada a caracterização socioeconômica e levantamento da percepção ambiental dos moradores, o que norteou o desenvolvimento de estratégias em Educação Ambiental voltadas à mobilização e a sensibilização dos condôminos, que se tornaram partícipes na execução da coleta seletiva. Dentre as estratégias, foi desenvolvido um aplicativo para dispositivos móveis, voltado à disseminação de informações e como forma de motivação dos moradores e prestadores de serviço. Foram projetados e fornecidos equipamentos para favorecer a separação dos resíduos sólidos gerados, sendo estes coletores para uso intradomiciliar, intracondominial e extracondominial. Na caracterização gravimétrica realizada após a implantação da coleta seletiva, foi possível observar que houve redução da quantidade de resíduos sólidos não recicláveis (23%) e aumento na quantidade de resíduos sólidos recicláveis (77%). Concluiu-se que as estratégias em Educação Ambiental sensibilizaram e mobilizaram os moradores, cuja participação promoveu uma série de ganhos ambientais, como o favorecimento do trabalho dos catadores de materiais recicláveis, aumento do potencial econômico dos resíduos sólidos recicláveis e a redução de impactos negativos decorrentes da destinação inapropriada de materiais cujo tratamento e encaminhamento adequados poderiam ser realizados.

The goal of this diploma thesis is create an application for route optimalization for waste collection which is one of the technologies of smart cities. At first was described issue of smart cities focused to waste collection. The thesis describes the real deployment of smart waste collection using sensor network and was also designed its own model of smart waste collection. It is also described graph theory and related genetic algorithms which is suitable for waste collection optimalization. On that basics an application was made in C/C++ language which using a genetic algorithm to compute best possible path in graph which represents a map where waste is collected. By input data to application is vector image of evaluated graph in SVG data format.

This thesis deals with an optimization of waste collection in a mid-sized town. The model is formulated based on requirements from a real process. To deal with this problem, the original memetic algorithm was developed and implemented in C++.

A comprehensive study is presented of the Capacitated Multi DepotGreen Vehicle Routing Problem (CMDGVRP) applied to a heterogeneous fleet of electronic waste collecting vehicles with two objectives: to reduce the total fuel consumption of the vehicles (environmental sustainability) and to limit the continuous drive-time of the drivers (social sustainability). Research has been limited from this aspect, and in this study, the focus is on the practical application of pickup and delivery of electronic waste. The study also presents results for the online dynamic routing variant of this problem, where traffic congestion appears mid-route. A detailed analysis and parameter optimization has been done for Simulated Annealing, Genetic algorithm(GA), along with more advanced variants like Non-dominated Sorting GA (NSGA II), NSGA III, UNSGA III, and Indicator-Based Selection Evolutionary Algorithm (IBEA). Additionally, the Gini index is used to create a multi-objective model, which is novel in the context of CMDGVRP to the best of our knowledge. The use of the Gini index in the field of CMDGVRP shows excellent potential in balancing environmental, economic, and social sustainability. An extension of the CMDGVRP is introduced where vehicles can visit dropoff locations mid-route and then continue with a new route. This implementation is novel to our knowledge and is named Drop-and-continue. It is shown to increase the performance on large datasets. Results are presented from realistic simulation studies on a public dataset, with varying route lengths and vehicle fleet sizes, along with a real-world dataset from a waste collection company in Sweden. The results show that the optimal choice of algorithm depends on the dataset size and if there is a maximum budget of evaluations or computation time. Realistic problems are solved in a matter of a few seconds, given that they are initiated well. Simulated Annealing and Genetic algorithm prove to be very competitive in the case of large problems and limited computation time budget.

O estudo foi realizado na Área de Proteção Ambiental da Serra dos Pireneus, região de ecoturismo emergente, no Estado de Goiás, adotando como marcos referenciais os conceitos de sistemas ambientais complexos e de desenvolvimento sustentável da Agenda 21. Duas abordagens foram utilizadas: a) análise de dados sobre o agravamento da situação de resíduos sólidos no contexto da região onde se insere a área, compreendendo aspectos históricos, econômicos, sociais, culturais e de saúde, relacionados à expansão do turismo e b) enquete com os gestores responsáveis por empreendimentos turísticos do município de Pirenópolis, envolvendo sua lide com os resíduos sólidos, sua apreensão sobre o tema e sua concordância em participar de um programa de coleta seletiva. Constatou-se inicialmente que há extrema fragilidade dos ecossistemas da região em decorrência dos fatores inter-relacionados de adensamento populacional, atividades de extração mineral, pecuária, agricultura extensiva e turismo. Constatou-se igualmente que esta última atividade apresentou aspectos contraditórios ao envolver riscos e ao trazer, concomitantemente, novas perspectivas para o desenvolvimento das comunidades e para a preservação do meio ambiente. constatou-se finalmente que é significativa a geração sazonal de resíduos sólidos derivados da atividade turística no município; que há iniciativas de reaproveitamento desses resíduos pelos empreendimentos de turismo, com base na herança cultural rural de baixo consumo e baixo desperdício; que há, entre os gestores dos empreendimentos turísticos, a preocupação com o impacto dos resíduos sólidos no meio ambiente e que há interesse da maioria dos gestores em aderir a um programa de coleta seletiva. Concluiu-se que um amplo e abrangente processo educativo é necessário para mobilizar as pessoas e para integrar ações por meio de uma dinâmica participativa, concebida como núcleo central de implementação do gerenciamento integrado dos resíduos sólidos na região / The study was undertaken in the environmental protected area of Serra dos Pireneus, region of emergent ecotourism in the State of Goiás, adopting the concept of Environmental Complex Systems and the concept of Sustainable Development defined by the Agenda 21 as theoretical references. Two approaches were defined: a) analysis of secondary data on the worsening of the solid wastes situation in the whole region of the selected area, including historical, economic, social, cultural, and health aspects, related to the expansion of tourism and b) survey comprising touristic enterprise owners and managers in the municipality of Pirenópolis, on their struggle with solid waste disposal, their comprehension of the subject and their agreement in collaborating with a solid waste selective collecting program. Initially we realised an extreme fragility of the region\'s ecosystems due to facts related to increased population, mineral extraction activities, cattle breeding, extensive agriculture and tourism. Tourism in the region is seen as a paradox, since it shows an aggravation of the pre-existing situation and, at the same time, brings new perspectives for community development and conservation of environment resources. Finally, the survey results demonstrated that: there is a significant and irregular generation of solid waste due to touristic activity in the area; there are local initiatives of reutilization of solid waste by the touristic enterprises, based on rural cultural background that stimulates low consumption and loss; there is a concern among the managers regarding the environmental impact of solid waste and, finally, the majority of the managers want to join a solid waste selective collecting program. In conclusion, a wide educational process is needed to motivate people and to integrate actions by means of a participatory planning, as a central part of an integrated solid waste management program for the region