CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Dois experimentos foram conduzidos para determinar os melhores nÃveis nutricionais de sÃdio e cloro para codornas italianas destinadas à produÃÃo de carne (1 a 49 dias de idade). Em cada experimento, 384 codornas com um dia de idade foram distribuÃdas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos e oito repetiÃÃes de oito aves por unidade experimental. Os nÃveis de sÃdio e de cloro avaliados foram: 0,07; 0,12; 0,17; 0,22; 0,27 e 0,32%. Observou-se efeito quadrÃtico dos nÃveis de sÃdio sobre o consumo de raÃÃo, ganho de peso e sobre os rendimentos de carcaÃa e coxa+sobrecoxa, com nÃveis Ãtimos de 0,257%, 0,216%, 0,207% e 0,191%, respectivamente. O aumento do sÃdio na raÃÃo promoveu prejuÃzo linear na conversÃo alimentar e aumento na ingestÃo de Ãgua. Entretanto, a umidade das excretas e o rendimento de peito nÃo foram afetados significativamente pelos nÃveis de sÃdio. Para o cloro, nÃo foram observados efeitos significativos dos nÃveis de cloro das raÃÃes sobre todos os parÃmetros avaliados. Considerando os resultados, pode-se recomendar que as raÃÃes para codornas italianas destinadas à produÃÃo de carne, na fase de 1 a 49 dias, sejam formuladas com 0,22% de sÃdio e nÃveis de cloro entre 0,07% a 0,32% / Two experiments were conducted to determine the best sodium and chlorine nutritional levels to Italian quails for meat production (aged 1 to 49 days). In each trial, 384 one-day quails were distributed in a completely randomized design with six treatments and eight replications of eight birds of experimental unit. The levels of sodium and chlorine evaluated were: 0,07; 0,12; 0,17; 0,22; 0,27 and 0,32%. It was observed a quadratic effect of the sodium levels on feed intake, weight gain and yields of carcass and thigh plus drumstick, with optimal levels of 0,257%, 0,216%, 0,207% and 0,191% respectively. The increase in sodium level in the diet produced a linear decrease in feed conversion and an in increase in water intake. However, the excreta moisture and breast yield were not significantly affected by the sodium levels. As for chlorine, we did not observe any significant effects of the chlorine levels in the diets on all the parameters evaluated. From the results, we can recommend that the diets for Italian quails bred for meat production, in the phase from 1 to 49 days, are formulated with 0,22% of sodium level and chlorine levels from 0,07% to 0,32%

Introdução: O risco à saúde humana ocasionado pela contaminação biológica de águas captadas para abastecimento público é realçado pela ocorrência de surtos de doenças associadas aos protozoários Giardia e Cryptosporidium, que possuem baixas doses infecciosas e alta capacidade de sobrevivência no ambiente, além de serem capazes de resistir ao processo tradicional de desinfecção da água (cloração). Partindo-se da hipótese de que há um risco elevado de infecção por estes protozoários pela ingestão de água tratada por métodos convencionais e que fazem uso de mananciais superficiais impactados por contaminação biológica, resultando num possível incremento da incidência de diarréias, este estudo se propôs a verificar a ocorrência destes protozoários em águas captadas para abastecimento público no município de Cajamar-SP, caracterizar sua patogenicidade e avaliar o risco associado ao seu consumo através da água tratada. Métodos: Foram coletadas 48 amostras do ribeirão dos Cristais no ponto de captação da estação de tratamento de água, semanalmente, durante 12 meses (de 16/05/2013 a 21/05/2014). A detecção e a análise da concentração dos protozoários foram realizadas de acordo com Método 1623.1 da United States Environmental Protection Agency e a extração e caracterização dos espécies/genótipos de Giardia e Cryptosporidium foi realizada através metodologias moleculares e seqüenciamento. O risco de infecção pela ingestão de cistos de Giardia e oocistos de Cryptosporidium presentes na água tratada foi calculado usando a ferramenta da Avaliação Quantitativa do Risco Microbiológico, a partir dos dados de concentração dos patógenos obtidos pelo Método 1623.1, eficiência de remoção dos (oo)cistos durante o processo convencional de tratamento da água, modelo dose-resposta e taxa de ingestão diária de água para indivíduos menores de 5 anos e maiores de 21 anos. Resultados: Cistos de Giardia foram detectados em 83,3% das amostras (40/48), com concentrações variando desde o limite de detecção (<0,1) até 8,6 cistos/L. Oocistos de Cryptosporidium foram etectados em 37,5% das amostras (18/48), com concentrações variando desde o limite de detecção (<0,1) até 2 oocistos/L. As espécies/genótipos encontrados (Giardia intestinalis A e B e Cryptosporidium parvum e hominis) são característicos de contaminação antrópica e são frequentemente identificados em estudos epidemiológicos como responsáveis por surtos. A estimativa do risco anual de infecção por Giardia foi de 3,3x10-3 (IC95% 4,6x10-3) para crianças e de 11,5x10-3 (IC95% 13,3x10-3) para adultos, enquanto o risco por Cryptosporidium foi de 1,1x10-3 (IC95% 1,7x10-3) para crianças e de 3,9x10-3 (IC95% 5,0x10-3) para adultos. O incremento da incidência de diarréias foi observado no cenário de estudo após um acidente que resultou em transbordamento de esgotos não tratados no manancial, coincidindo com o aumento na detecção de (oo)cistos. Conclusão: Os resultados evidenciaram que a vulnerabilidade do ribeirão dos Cristais a contaminações biológicas pode culminar em um risco elevado de infecção e adoecimento por Giardia e Cryptosporidium através da ingestão de água tratada. Portanto, o caso é preocupante, tanto do ponto de vista do tratamento e abastecimento de água potável, quanto da degradação e contaminação do manancial, evidenciando a necessidade de se estabelecer medidas de intervenção direcionadas a promover a qualidade da água e garantir sua segurança / Introduction: The risk to human health caused by biological contamination of source water from public water supply is highlighted by the occurrence of outbreaks associated with the protozoa Giardia and Cryptosporidium, which have low infectious doses and high capacity of survival in the environment, besides being capable of withstanding traditional process for water disinfection (chlorination). Considering that there is a high risk of infection by these protozoa through drinking water treated with conventional methods uptaked from surface waters impacted by biological contamination, resulting in a possible increase in the incidence of diarrhea, this study aimed to verify the occurrence of these protozoa in waters collected for public supply in Cajamar-SP, characterize their pathogenicity and evaluate the risk associated with its consumption. Methods: Forty eight samples were collected in ribeirão dos Cristais, at uptake point of the water treatment plant, weekly, for 12 months (from 05/16/2013 to 05/21/2014). The detection and quantification of protozoa were carried out according to the United States Environmental Protection Agency Method 1623.1, and the extraction and characterization of species/genotypes of iardia and Cryptosporidium were performed through molecular methods and sequencing. The risk of infection by ingestion of Giardia and Cryptosporidium (oo)cysts present in the treated water were calculated using the Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment tool, based on the concentration data of pathogens obtained by the Method 1623.1, removal efficiency of (oo) cysts in the conventional process of water treatment, dose-response model and rate of daily water intake for individuals under the age of 5 years and over 21 years. Results: Giardia cysts were detected in 83.3% of the samples (40/48), with concentrations ranging rom the detection limit (<0.1) to 8.6 cysts/L. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 7.5% of the samples (18/48), with concentrations ranging from the detection limit (<0.1) to 2 oocysts/L. The species/genotypes found (Giardia intestinalis A and B and Cryptosporidium parvum and hominis) are characteristic of anthropogenic contamination and are often identified in epidemiological studies as being responsible for outbreaks. The estimated annual risk of infection by Giardia was 3,3x10-3 (95% CI 4,6x10-3) for children and 11,5x10-3 (95% CI 13,3x10-3) for adults, while the risk for Cryptosporidium was 1,1x10-3 (95% CI 1,7x10-3) for children and 3,9x10-3 (95% CI 5,0x10-3) for adults. The increase in the incidence of diarrhea was observed in the study scenario after an accident that resulted in an overflow of untreated sewage that reached the reservoir, coinciding with an increase in the detection of the (oo)cysts. Conclusion: The results showed that the vulnerability of the ribeirão dos Cristais to biological contamination may result in a high risk of infection and illness by Giardia and Cryptosporidium through the drinking water consumption. Therefore, the case is of concern, both from the point of view of the treatment and supply of drinking water, as well as to the degradation and contamination of the water source, highlighting the need to establish intervention measures aimed at promoting water quality and ensure its safety

A racionalização do uso da água é necessária para contribuir com a redução do desperdício e com o uso consciente. A cidade de São Paulo se encontra em nível crítico de escassez de água, devido ao aumento da população, da demanda e da falta de tratamento dos efluentes, realizando a captação de água para abastecimento em bacias hídricas cada vez mais distantes. A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar o uso racional da água em edifícios de escritórios, verificando os procedimentos, métodos, técnicas, tecnologias e práticas adotadas para a racionalização do recurso. Descreve alguns conceitos sobre conservação da água; qualidade da água; uso potável e não potável; consumo; medidas de economia; substituição de fontes: aproveitamento de água pluvial; lençol freático; poço artesiano; reúso de água; certificação ambiental. O processo de certificação ambiental em edifícios tem contribuído com medidas de incentivo e conscientização do uso racional da água. Entre os selos certificadores ambientais observados estão o LEED; AQUA; SELO CASA AZUL CAIXA; e o processo de etiquetagem PROCEL EDIFICA na bonificação para a redução de consumo de água. Estudos de casos foram realizados, comparando o uso racional da água em um edifício de escritórios certificado pelo selo LEED com nove casos de edifícios de escritórios não certificados, situados em uma mesma região na cidade de São Paulo. Foram observadas as técnicas, procedimentos e tecnologias utilizadas em cada caso, e avaliados os benefícios da certificação ambiental para o uso racional da água, com objetivo de realização de análises comparativas qualitativas e quantitativas entre os casos. Por fim, a conclusão do trabalho destaca procedimentos que auxiliam no desenvolvimento de projetos de edifícios de escritórios para o uso racional da água. / In order to reduce water waste and encourage consumption awareness it is necessary to develop a rational use of water supply. The city of São Paulo currently faces a critical level of water, with scarcity due to population and demand growth, and lack of wastewater treatment, capturing a getting water from increasingly distant supply watersheds. This research aims at analyzing the rational water use in office buildings, checking procedures, methods, techniques, technologies and practices adopted for resource rationalization. Some the concepts of water conservation, water quality, potable and non potable water consumption, saving measures; font substitution: use of rainwater, groundwater, artesian well, reclaimed water, environmental certification are herein included. The environmental certification process for buildings has contributed with incentives and awareness of water conservation. Among the environmental certification seals we have the LEED, AQUA, CASA AZUL CAIXA SEAL, and the labeling process PROCEL EDIFICA to rebate water consumption. Case studies were conducted, comparing the rational use of water in an office building certified by the LEED, with nine cases of non-certified office buildings located in the same region in the city of São Paulo. Techniques, procedures and technologies used in each case were observed and were assessed the benefits of the environmental certification for the rational use of water, with objective of carrying out comparative the qualitative and quantitative analysis between cases. This paper finally presents procedures have been described to assist projects development of projects of office buildings seeking a more rational use of water.

In this study, we discussed the impacts of human water consumption to the nutrient burden in a river estuary, and used Huanghe River as a case study. The agricultural water consumption from the Huanghe River has significantly decreased the natural water flows, and the amount of water consumption could be almost twice as high as the water entering into the estuary. According to our calculation, agricultural water usage decreased TN outflows by 6.5 x 104 Mg/year and TP outflows by 2.0 x 103 Mg/year. These account for 74% and 77% of the total output loads. It has been widely reported that the majority of the rivers in northern China were severely polluted by nutrients. Its implication on the budget of nutrient in the estuary ecosystem is not well characterized. Our study showed that the discharge of nutrients in the coast waters from polluted rivers was over concerned. Nutrients in the polluted rivers were transported back to the terrestrial systems when water was drawn for human water consumption. The magnitudes of changes in riverine nutrient discharges even exceed the water-sediment regulation trails in the Huanghe River. It has non-negligible impact on estimating the nutrient burden in costal water ecosystem.

A Study to Develop Strategies for Proactive Water-Loss Management Hyun Jung Park Directed by Dr. Mary Beth Walker Water conservation is one of the important policy concerns. However, most water conservation practices have focused primarily on reducing use by customers. Since a large amount of water lost in supply systems causes water providers to lose money, resources, and reliability, and the current passive approach cannot deal with water losses effectively, a proactive approach is necessary for water-loss management. The goal of this study is to help policymakers and water utilities develop strategies that proactively solve water losses. To develop strategies for water-loss management, it is essential to identify key factors that determine the level of water losses as well as the factors that encourage the adoption of the innovative control practices. Using three different datasets and statistical methodology, this study analyzed the factors associated with water losses and utilities responses to the problems. Based on case studies, this study explored managers perceptions about the adoption of water-loss management and identified organizational characteristics that may influence managements decisions to adopt such strategies. Operational and Maintenance (O and M) factors had the most significant impacts on water losses. In particular, system size, represented by total production or population served, and infrastructure rehabilitation were crucial factors. The effects of some internal factors on water losses were predicted but those of several internal factors were rather unclear and relatively complicated. This study confirmed that utilities were more likely to be motivated to combat water losses if certain external conditions, such as higher water demand, limited resource availability, and institutional pressure exist. This study found several internal and external factors associated with the adoption of proactive water-loss management; however, internal factors seemed to dominate in the decision-making processes over such adoption. The utilities that have already adopted proactive water-loss management seem to be more amenable to adopt new practices because they have certain characteristics and their managers have more positive perspectives. The findings suggest several policy implications and recommendations for the water industry. Finally, this study discussed limitations of the study, and suggestions for further studies.

European Union&amp / #8217 / s Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) Directive forms a comprehensive framework for industries mentioned in the Annex 1 of the Directive concentrating on the reduction of the environmental impacts of the industrial activities which can be implemented by the BREF Documents that provide guidelines for each sector. Among those industries, textile is a water and energy intensive one. In the present study, gains in terms of energy and water consumptions were assessed in a denim producing textile mill following the adaptation of related BAT measures. In this respect, installation of flow meters, use of semi-counter current rinsing applications / minimization of wash waters in the water softening plant, reuse of concentrate stream from reverse osmosis plant and compressor cooling waters resulted in reduction from 6,000 to 4,850 tone/day of total water consumption in the period of January&amp / #8217 / 05-December&amp / #8217 / 07. Consequently, specific water consumption in the mill was decreased from 78 to 55 L/kg textile by 29:5% which is close to lower limit of the range suggested in BREF Textile Document (i.e. 50-100 L/kg fabric). Use of waste heat from finishing wastewater streams in heating up the washing waters, heat-insulation and maintenance applications in addition to BAT measures taken for water minimization reduced specific energy consumption from 0.0100 to 0.0091 Gcal/kg textile resulting in 9% reduction in the period of January&amp / #8217 / 05-December&amp / #8217 / 07, although, energy consumption was increased from 786 to 804 Gcal/day. This achieved level of specific energy consumption was in the reference range mentioned in BREF Textile Document (i.e. 8-20 kWh/kg fabric).

Water is an irreplaceable resource, covering around two thirds of Earth´s surface, although only one percent is available for use. Except from households, other human activities such as agriculture and industries use water. Water use and pollution can make water unavailable to some users and places already exposed for water scarcity are especially vulnerable for such changes. Increased water use and factors such as climate change make water scarcity to a global concern and to protect the environment and humans it will be necessary to manage this problem. The concept of water footprint was introduced in 2002 as a tool to assess impact from freshwater use. Since then, many methods concerning water use and degradation have been developed and today there are several studies made on water footprint. Still, the majority of these studies only include water use. The aim of this study was to evaluate three different methods due to their ability to calculate water footprint for the production of trucks, with the qualification that the methods should consider both water use and emissions. Three methods were applied on two Volvo factories in Sweden, located in Umeå and Gothenburg. Investigations of water flows in background processes were made as a life cycle assessment in Gabi software. The water flows were thereafter assessed with the H2Oe, the Water Footprint Network and the Ecological scarcity method. The results showed that for the factory in Umeå the water footprint values were 2.62 Mm3 H2Oe, 43.08 Mm3 and 354.7 MEP per 30,000 cabins. The variation in units and values indicates that it is complicated to compare water footprints for products calculated with different methods. The study also showed that the H2Oe and the Ecological scarcity method account for the water scarcity situation. A review of the concordance with the new ISO standard for water footprint was made but none of the methods satisfies all criteria for elementary flows. Comparison between processes at the factories showed that a flocculation chemical gives a larger water footprint for the H2Oe and the Ecological scarcity method, while the water footprint for the WFN method and carbon footprint is larger for electricity. This indicates that environmental impact is considered different depending on method and that a process favorable regarding to climate change not necessarily is beneficial for environmental impact in the perspective of water use. / Vatten är en ovärderlig resurs som täcker cirka två tredjedelar av jordens yta men där endast en procent är tillgänglig för användning. Människan använder vatten till olika ändamål, förutom i hushåll används vatten bland annat inom jordbruk och industrier. Vattenanvändning och utsläpp av föroreningar kan göra vatten otillgängligt, vilket kan vara extra känsligt i de områden där människor redan lider av vattenbrist. Den ökade vattenanvändningen tillsammans med exempelvis klimatförändringar bidrar till att göra vattenbrist till en global angelägenhet och det kommer att krävas åtgärder för att skydda människor och miljö. År 2002 introducerades begreppet vattenfotavtryck som ett verktyg för att bedöma miljöpåverkan från vattenanvändning. Sedan dess har begreppet utvecklats till att inkludera många olika beräkningsmetoder men många av de befintliga studierna har uteslutit föroreningar och bara fokuserat på vattenkonsumtion. Syftet med denna rapport var att utvärdera tre olika metoder med avseende på deras förmåga att beräkna vattenfotavtryck vid produktion av lastbilar, med villkoret att metoderna ska inkludera både vattenkonsumtion och föroreningar. I studien användes tre metoder för att beräkna vattenfotavtrycket för två Volvo fabriker placerade i Umeå och Göteborg. En livscykelanalys utfördes i livscykelanalysverktyget Gabi, för att kartlägga vattenflöden från bakgrundsprocesser. Därefter värderades vattenflödena med metoderna; H2Oe, WFN och Ecological scarcity. Resultatet för fabriken i Umeå gav för respektive metod ett vattenfotavtryck motsvarande 2,62 Mm3 H2Oe, 43,08 Mm3 respektive 354,7 MEP per 30 000 lastbilshytter. Variationen i enheter och storlek tyder på att det kan vara svårt att jämföra vattenfotavtryck för produkter som beräknats med olika metoder. Studien visade att H2Oe och Ecological scarcity tar hänsyn till vattentillgängligheten i området. En granskning av metodernas överensstämmelse med den nya ISO standarden för vattenfotavtryck gjordes men ingen av metoderna i studien uppfyllde alla kriterier. Av de processer som ingår i fabrikerna visade det sig att vattenfotavtrycket för H2Oe och Ecological scarcity metoden var störst för en fällningskemikalie. För den tredje metoden och koldioxid var avtrycket störst för elektriciteten. Detta tyder på att olika metoder värderar miljöpåverkan olika samt att de processer som anses bättre ur miljösynpunkt för klimatförändringar inte nödvändigtvis behöver vara bäst vid vattenanvändning.

Includes bibliographical references (64 p.) / 2 v. : ill., maps (chiefly col.) ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / The concept of sustainable development is explored with a focus upon water resources and urban development. Simulation of urban growth patterns and water resources management has been undertaken as part of the case study. The artificial Neural Networks technique has been employed to model regional water consumption. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1999?

Includes bibliographical references (64 p.) / 2 v. : ill., maps (chiefly col.) ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / The concept of sustainable development is explored with a focus upon water resources and urban development. Simulation of urban growth patterns and water resources management has been undertaken as part of the case study. The artificial Neural Networks technique has been employed to model regional water consumption. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1999?

A água é essencial à manutenção da vida. No entanto, com as situações de estresse hídrico - disponibilidade hídrica inferior a 1.700 m per capita ao ano (FALKENMARK, 1989) - vivenciadas em diversos pontos do planeta, somadas ao acelerado crescimento da população mundial, os problemas relacionados ao uso da água tendem a aumentar. Neste contexto, a pegada hídrica (PH), que é um indicador de sustentabilidade ambiental, se torna uma importante ferramenta de gestão de recursos hídricos pois indica o consumo de água doce com base em seus usos. O presente trabalho objetiva mensurar a pegada hídrica em função das componentes industrial, doméstica e alimentar da população do bairro Rocinha, um aglomerado subnormal localizado no município do Rio de Janeiro. A pesquisa se deteve a um Estudo de Caso de 20 sub-bairros da comunidade. Sua abordagem foi quantitativa, contando com uma amostra de 203 domicílios, erro amostral de 7% e grau de confiança de 93%. Para tal, foi utilizada como ferramenta de cálculo o modelo Water Footprint Network do ano de 2005. Os resultados indicaram que, em média, a PH dos indivíduos que compõem a amostra é de 1715 m/ano per capita assim divididos: PH de consumo doméstico de água de 175 m/ano per capita (479 l/hab.dia); PH de produtos agrícolas igual a 1470 m/ano per capita, e PH de produtos industrializados de 70 m/ano per capita. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que os indivíduos da amostra com uma maior despesa mensal tendem a ter pegadas hídricas industrial e total também maiores. / Water is essential for sustaining life. However, the situations of hydric stress - less than 1.700 m per capita water availability per year (FALKENMARK, 1989) - experienced in many parts of the world, coupled with the rapid growth of the global population, the problems related to water use tend to increase. In this context, the water footprint (WF), which is an indicator of environmental sustainability becomes an important tool for water resource management indicates the consumption of fresh water based on their uses. This study aimed to measure the water footprint as a function of industrial components, domestic and feed of the population of the Rocinhas neighborhood, a cluster subnormal located in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro. The research was focused on a case study of 20 sub-districts of the community. Its approach was quantitative, with a sample of 203 households, sampling error of 7% and confidence level of 93%. For this purpose, was used as the tool for calculating the Water Footprint Network model year 2005. The results indicated that, on average, the WF of the individuals in the sample is 1715 m/ year per capita divided as follows: WF of domestic water consumption of 175 m/ year per capita (479 l/ inhab.day), WF agricultural products equal to 1470 m/ year per capita, and WF industrial products 70 m/ year per capita. The results suggest that individuals in the sample with a higher monthly expenditure tend to have industrial water footprints and overall greater.