M. Tech., (Faculty of Applied and Computer Science), Vaal University of Technology / There is huge concern in the mining and industries to manage wastewater prior to discharge into the environment. It is generally cheaper and cost reducing for industries to treat its own wastewater before discharging to the local authority sewer. Dense Media Separation (DMS) Powders Company produces milled and atoms ferro-silicon by pyro-metallurgical process. DMS Powders uses municipal water for all processes taking place in the plants. The water used during the processes of milled and atom ferrosilicon powder is discharged into the environment without being treated. By treating this process wastewater before discharging will result in reducing the water consumption by recycling and the penalty costs for polluting the environment. The primary objective of this study is to find suitable method for treatment of DMS Powders’ process water using selected membrane processes. Membrane processes are better choice compared to traditional physical/chemical treatment processes, due to their advantages of approving water quality, no phase change, no chemical addition and simple operation. Two commercial membranes namely; NF-, and SW30HR are used in the treatment of DMS Powders process water. These membranes were purchased from (Dow/Filmtec) Manufacturing Company (Pty) situated in South Africa. Membranes were characterised by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and Fourie Transform Infrared (FTIR) instruments. For synthetic water three membranes (NF- , NF90, and SW30HR) are investigated for the study. The fluxibility indicated that NF- membrane has higher flux compared to NF90 and SW30HR membranes. All the three membranes were very good in terms of rejection on single salts. Fouling was studied on DMS Powders process water. Concentration polarization was formed on NF- and SW30HR membranes investigations on selected membranes conclude that NF- membrane will be the suitable membrane for treatment of DMS Powders process water because of its high fluxibility and rejection. Discharged effluent of DMS Powders could comply with the legislature and environmental pollution could be minimised. The study revealed that fouling does occur during treatment of process water. SW30HR showed that M9 Plant had more fouling for M9 samples than other Plants (M8A and M8B). It was because of higher concentrations in suspended solids.or M8A, M8B and M9 process water.

This dissertation sets its goal in application of the water footprint indicator, which is a practical and multi-layered indicator of water sources consumption. Of human activities, agriculture presents the most significant demands on water sources consumption. Therefore I have turned my focus to the widely-discussed issue of biofuels production, because the input materials for production of this kind of energy are agricultural crops (in the Czech republic those are: oilseed rape, sugar beet, Indian corn and winter wheat). The calculated results of water footprints of the selected industrial crops (m3 /t) and of water footprints of the heating value units of that crops (m3 /GJ) offer us a concrete notion of energy requirements of water of that chosen industrial crops in the conditions of the Czech republic. Keywords: water footprint indicator, biofuels, oilseed rape, water consumption, biodiesel, bioethanol, evapotranspiration.

Este trabalho teve como objetivos estimar o consumo hídrico da cultura da estévia utilizando dois microlisímetros de lençol freático de nível constante, bem como determinar as funções de resposta de lâminas de irrigação no rendimento de folhas da cultura. A pesquisa foi realizada na área experimental do Departamento de Agronomia e Gestão do Agroecossistema da Universidade de Pisa, em San Piero a Grado Pisa/Itália. A evapotranspiração de referência foi determinada pelo método Penman-Monteith-FAO. Os dados de evapotranpiração foram coletados diariamente durante o período de junho a outubro de 2000. O lençol freático dos dois microlisímetros foi mantido a 35 cm da superfície do solo. As lâminas de irrigação aplicadas foram 64%, 80%, 100%, 117% da evapotranspiração medida pelos microlisímetros e um tratamento testemunha sem irrigação, sendo 4 repetições em cada tratamento. O potencial de água no solo nos tratamentos foi monitorado com tensiômetros istalados nas profundidades de 10 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm e 40 cm de profundidade. A evapotranspiração da cultura durante todo ciclo (80dias) foi de 464 mm. Os valores médios de evapotranspiração para a fase de maoir consumo, ou seja, fase final, foram de 5,44 mm.dia-1. Os valores de coeficientes de cultura foram de 1,45 para a fase inicial, 1,14 para a intermediária e 1,16 para a fase final do desenvolvimento da cultura. O uso das maiores lâminas de irrigação, 117% ETE (538 mm ) e 100% ETE (464 mm) promoveram o maior rendimento de folhas, com 5130 Kg.ha-1 e 4931 Kg.ha-1, respectivamente. Esses valores foram 113% e 105% superiores ao tratamento sem irrigação. O rendimento da cultura decresceu conforme aumentou a tensão de água no solo. O uso das diferentes lâminas de irrigação não afetou o teor de esteviosídeo nas folhas, com um valor mádio de 6,49%. O intervalo de irrigação de 3 dias não afetou o rendimento quando foi aplicado a maior lâmina de irrigação (117%). / The aim of this work was to estimate the water consumption of stevia using two constant watertable microlysimeters and determine the irrigation levels response in the yield. The research was conducted at the Department of Agronomy and Agroecosystem Gestion experimental area of the Pisa University, in San Piero a Grado-Pisa/Itália. The reference evapotranspiration e was determined by the Penman-Monteith-FAO method. The data was daily coleected from June to October 2000. The two microlysimeters watertable had been maintained at 35 cm depth. The irrigation levls were 15%, 64%, 80%, 100% and 117% of evapotranspiration (ETP), measured by capillary ascension microlisymeter. The experimental design was entirely randomize with 4 repetitions and 20 plots. The soil water potential was measured by tensiometers installed at 10 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm and 40 cm. The crop evapotranspiration in the total cicle (80 days) was 464 mm. For the most water consumption phase, the crop evapotranspiration average was 5,44 mm.day-1. The crop coefficient values were 1,14 for the next period (from 26 to 50 days), and 1,16 for the latest one (from 51 to 80 days). The greatest yield was obtained by 117% ETE (538 mm) and 100% ETE (464 mm) irrigation levels, with 5130 Kg.ha-1 and 4931 Kg.ha-1, respectively. These values were 113% and 105% higher than the treatment without irrigation. The yield decreased according to increased the soil water tension. The different irrigation levels did not affect the esteviodeo content, with an average of 6,49%. Until 3 days between irrigation under the 117% ETE, the crops yield was not affected significatevily.

Submitted by Jadson Francisco de Jesus SILVA (jadson@uefs.br) on 2018-04-10T23:18:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Carlos - Disserta??o - Vers?o Final 2017 B.pdf: 1422782 bytes, checksum: 8058051bfe780cb7972b630af8f1e7e0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-10T23:18:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Carlos - Disserta??o - Vers?o Final 2017 B.pdf: 1422782 bytes, checksum: 8058051bfe780cb7972b630af8f1e7e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-11 / The dairy industry is an example of a system characterized by the association of different production systems: agriculture, livestock, dairy, industrial transformation and product distribution. Dairy products are the food group that includes milk, as well as its processed byproducts, having as main inputs, water and energy. These inputs are essential in the production processes of the dairy industry, as well as the assessment of eco-efficiency through the quantities of water and energy consumed. For this purpose, data from 23 dairy products registered at INEMA from 2006 to 2012 were used, and the average water consumption coefficient of 3.15 LL of processed milk and average effluent generation coefficient of 3.17 LL processed milk. Regarding the energy consumed indicator, the available data were unsatisfactory due to lack of data, which made it impossible to obtain reliable results on consumption. It was concluded that the dairy products licensed in the state of Bahia are less efficient in the use of water and energy inputs in relation to the national industry, as it is in relation to the international industry (benckmarking). It is pointed out that this type of approach is not yet an initiative of the Environmental Agency and that the concept of eco-efficiency is not incorporated in the analyzes of environmental licensing in Brazil. / A industria de latic?nios ? um exemplo de sistema caracterizado pela associa??o de diferentes sistemas de produ??o: agricultura, pecu?ria, explora??o leiteira, transforma??o industrial e distribui??o do produto. Os produtos l?cteos s?o o grupo de alimentos que inclui o leite, assim como os seus derivados processados, tendo como insumos principais, ?gua e energia. Esses insumos s?o essenciais nos processos produtivos da ind?stria de produtos l?cteos, assim como a avalia??o da ecoefici?ncia atraves das quantidades de ?gua e energia consumidas. Para este fim, foram utilizados dados de 23 latic?nios protocolados no INEMA, no per?odo de 2006 a 2012, sendo obtido o coeficiente m?dio de consumo de ?gua de 3,15 L.L de leite processado e coeficiente m?dio de gera??o de efluente de 3,17 L.L leite processado. Quanto ao indicador de energia consumida, os dados disponibilizados foram insatisfat?rios devido ? falta de dados, o que impossibilitou a obten??o de resultados confi?veis sobre o consumo. Concluiu-se que os latic?nios licenciados no estado da Bahia s?o menos eficientes na utiliza??o dos insumos de ?gua e energia em rela??o ? ind?stria nacional, da mesma forma que esta em rela??o ? ind?stria internacional (benckmarking). Indica-se que esse tipo de abordagem ainda n?o ? uma iniciativa do ?rg?o Ambiental e que o conceito de ecoefici?ncia n?o est? incorporado nas an?lises do licenciamento ambiental, no Brasil.

"Numerous higher education (HE) institutions in the United States (US) have created sustainability agendas, including construction of sustainable buildings. More than 200 US HE institutions, have at least one Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certified building on their campus (Princeton Review 2012). With the growing student population and need to house them, residence hall construction is rising nationwide. A profile of newly constructed building types shows residence halls hold the largest median area (Princeton Review 2012). In an effort to assess if sustainable residence halls are performing sustainably, a series of post occupancy evaluation (POE) indicators were selected. POE indicators were chosen through a review of widely adopted sustainability rating systems, scientific literature and student occupant feedback. The selected indicators address a range of parameters including: water and energy consumption, occupant thermal comfort, occupant consumption behavior and education, noise insulation (indoor and outdoor), and Facilities Management (FM) operational feedback. Furthermore, specific indicators such as building energy management systems (BEMS), building automation control systems (BACS) and artificial intelligence (AI) agents were examined. The proposed POE indicator framework data was collected from various key stakeholders including: designers, HE FM departments, residential life personnel, and student occupants. The dataset includes: actual temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH) measurements of a LEED-Gold residence hall, actual water (9 residence halls) and energy consumption (4 residence halls) data, and feedback from designers, HE FM departments and 593 student occupants (LEED and non-LEED residence halls). The proposed POE indicator framework triangulates quantitative and qualitative data, via investigative and diagnostic techniques; creating a comprehensive building performance picture, vis-à-vis technical and non-technical parameters."

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2017-06-07T13:34:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Lierge Luppi_.pdf: 5784644 bytes, checksum: afd8d47d9fe068389882419294dd6e53 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-07T13:34:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lierge Luppi_.pdf: 5784644 bytes, checksum: afd8d47d9fe068389882419294dd6e53 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-28 / Nenhuma / A água é um recurso natural essencial para a sobrevivência, mas que pode vir a faltar caso as pessoas não tomem consciência de sua importância e não adotem Práticas Ambientalmente Sustentáveis (PAS). Levando em consideração a problemática apresentada, esta tese teve como objetivo analisar os antecedentes do comportamento de economizar água, considerando tanto a intenção quanto o comportamento real, além de fatores situacionais como, por exemplo, aumento da tarifa, racionamento e impacto direto. Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa, utilizou-se do método misto, combinando três estudos independentes, composto por um estudo exploratório com 18 participantes, uma survey com 1.073 estudantes e um experimento com 480 participantes. A pesquisa foi longitudinal, no sentido de que os participantes do experimento também haviam participado da etapa prévia (survey). Em todas as fases, os pesquisados eram estudantes de oito cursos da UNEMAT, Campus de Tangará da Serra. A análise dos resultados foi feita por intermédio de análise qualitativa exploratória para o Estudo 1 (estudo exploratório), Modelagem de Equações Estruturais para o Estudo 2 (survey) e Anova para o Estudo 3 (experimento). Posteriormente, foi realizada análise com Modelagem de Equações Estruturais para o Estudo 2 e 3 juntos (combinação survey e experimento). Os resultados encontrados nesta tese revelam que a intenção de economizar água não se converte em comportamento real; que a motivação financeira é um forte indutor da intenção comportamental, porém, para práticas diárias mais simples; e que os antecedentes que se destacaram foram normas subjetivas, controle percebido, frequência, atitude, consumo real passado. Esta tese contribui para a literatura de comportamento do consumidor e marketing ao propor e testar um modelo adaptado das Teorias da Ação para explicar a intenção de economizar água e o comportamento real do consumo de água; analisando de modo longitudinal, coletando dados dos mesmos respondentes em dois períodos de tempo; utilizando tanto respostas atitudinais (a opinião dos respondentes nas escalas de 1 a 7), quanto dados objetivos (o valor real do consumo em metros cúbicos obtidos através da conta de água); e fazendo a combinação de dois estudos, analisando os resultados da survey com o experimento, obteve-se um único modelo conceitual. / Water is a natural resource that is essential for surviving, but there can be a water shortage if people are not conscious of its importance and do not use Sustainable Environmental Practices (SEP). Taking into account the problem presented, this thesis aimed to analyze the antecedents behind the behavior of saving water, considering the intention and the real behavior, besides situational factors such as the increase of the water bill, rationing and direct impact. To develop the research, the mixed method was used, combining three independent studies, comprising an exploratory study with 18 participants, a survey with 1,073 students and an experiment with 480 participants. The research was longitudinal, since the experiment participants had already taken part of the previous step (the survey). During all the steps, the subjects were students of eight courses of UNEMAT, Tangará da Serra Campus. The analysis of the results was done as follows: exploratory qualitative analysis for Study 1 (exploratory study), Structural Equation Modeling for Study 2 (survey) and Anova for Study 3 (experiment). Later, Studies 2 and 3 were analyzed through Structural Equation Modeling (a combination of survey and experiment). The results showed that the intention to save water does not reflect in the real behavior: financial motivation is a strong antecedent for the behavioral intention, but for simpler daily practices; the most common antecedent were subjective norms, perceived control, frequency, attitude, and previous real consumption. This thesis contributes to the literature of marketing and consumer’s behavior by offering and testing an adapted model of the Action Theories to explain the intention to save water and the real behavior of water consumption; longitudinally analyzing, collecting data of the same individuals in two periods of time; using both behavioral answers (the participants’ opinion in a range from 1 to 7) and objective data (the real value of consumption in cubic meters present in the water bill). Combining the two studies, analyzing the results of the survey along with the experiment, a single concept model was obtained.

Submitted by CARLA MARIA GOULART DE MORAES (carlagm) on 2015-05-19T13:43:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ClaudiaMariaHensel.pdf: 20030865 bytes, checksum: d95ec551e648442b67e7bfbd91f1b9f0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-19T13:43:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ClaudiaMariaHensel.pdf: 20030865 bytes, checksum: d95ec551e648442b67e7bfbd91f1b9f0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-30 / Nenhuma / Este trabalho tem por objeto de análise o consumo de água em Caxias do Sul, durante o período de 1988 a 2008, e a forma como o uso desse recurso natural vem sendo tratado pelas políticas públicas e pelos movimentos ambientais. Para apresentar a evolução histórica das políticas ambientais no Brasil e no município de Caxias do Sul, fez-se necessário recuperar como se dá a construção dos direitos relacionados à elaboração das políticas públicas. Para alcançar essa meta, vem à tona a Política Nacional dos Recursos Hídricos e as inovações trazidas pela lei, principalmente, a previsão da participação da sociedade civil, com a criação de instâncias decisórias. O objetivo geral deste estudo pauta-se na alegação de que Caxias do Sul tornou-se um espaço construído em razão da expansão urbana e industrial dos últimos trinta anos, adquirindo as características de uma sociedade de risco. Esse fato tem desencadeado impactos ambientais, sendo alguns imperceptíveis na atualidade, e que poderão comprometer a qualidade e a quantidade da água para consumo humano futuramente, com ameaça de tornar-se um fenômeno irreversível. Para atingir o objetivo desta análise, parte-se das estratégias metodológicas que foram primordiais ao aprofundamento da compreensão sociológica desse problema, por meio de levantamentos de dados e da interpretação. Constatou-se, entretanto, por esse arrolamento, de que há indivíduos que se aperceberam dessas questões e se sensibilizaram, passando por um processo de reflexividade e de mobilização. Então, por meio de organizações ambientais e associações civis a atuação se reverteu em processos de formatação de políticas socioambientais. Diante dessas constatações, este trabalho tenta averiguar a preocupação dos atores sociais que integram os órgãos colegiados de teor ambientalista e se essa articulação tem levado à implementação de políticas ambientais no município. Ao mesmo tempo, determinados segmentos da sociedade, não apresentam a contrapartida dessa inquietação, que pode ser considerada uma conduta de risco em face de dano ambiental futuro. Nesse aspecto, questiona-se tanto o comportamento individualista e do mercado quanto a possibilidade de implementar mecanismos contra danos ambientais por meio de movimentos e da reflexividade ante a degradação, as incertezas e os riscos. Quanto aos atores sociais investiga-se a difusão do conhecimento das questões que envolvem a água no município, a participação do processo de decisão como o Comitê de Bacia e a articulação para implantar políticas ambientais junto ao Conselho Municipal de Meio Ambiente. Nessa medida, há referências neste estudo à Justiça Ambiental, mostrando a articulação e o reconhecimento desse direito junto às políticas públicas. Esse trabalho, portanto, tenta fazer um recorte que abarque a relação entre as instancias institucionais e os movimentos ambientais -- representados pelas organizações não-governamentais e associações civis -- e com as políticas públicas preventivas implementadas até então pelos gestores públicos. Por fim, elegem-se os cidadãos civis como atores sociais importantes no momento da elaboração de políticas ambientais, mesmo detectando-se que mantêm uma relação contraditória com o meio ambiente. / This study has the aim of analyzing water consumption in Caxias do Sul during the period from 1988 to 2008, and how it is being addressed by public policies and the environmental movement. In order to show the historical evolution of environmental policies in Brazil, and in the city of Caxias do Sul, it is necessary to do some research on this period of time, as it is needed for building rights relating to the elaboration of public policies. To achieve this goal, we need to take into consideration the National Policy of Water Resources. This would include the innovations brought in by law, especially now, with the prediction of the participation of civil society and group of decision makers. The aim of this study is guided on the claim that Caxias do Sul was built (and grew) because of the urban and industrial expansion of the last thirty years, giving rise to the characteristics of a risk society. This in turn, has triggered environmental impacts, with some that are noticeable today,that could compromise the quality and quantity of water for human consumption in the future. This threat could become an irreversible problem. To achieve the objective of this analysis, methodological strategies were used that were crucial to the deepening of the sociological understanding of this issue. By use of Surveys and data statistics, it was noted, however, that there are individuals who are unaware of these issues. Now, thanks to a newly raised sense of awareness, they are able to reflect and understand on which direction to act. Between the environmental organizations and civic associations there is a need to reverse and revise the work process necessary in formatting social and environmental policies. Given these findings, this paper attempts to ascertain the concerns of social actors that make up the collegiate level of environmental agencies. This has led to joint implementation of environmental policies in the municipality, yet at the same time, certain segments of society do not have the balancing mechanisms in place, which could be considered a risk in the face of future environmental damage. In this respect, we have to question both individualistic and market behavior. The possibility of implementing mechanisms which would be against environmental damage, through movement and reflexivity in the face of degradation, would decrease uncertainties and risks. As social actors research and share their diverse knowledge on the issues surrounding water in the district, participation and joint decision-making by the Basin Committee and the Municipal Council of Environment, new environmental policies would be able to be coordinated and implemented. To that extent, there are references to environmental justice in this study, showing the articulation and recognition of these laws, alongside public policy. This work, therefore, tries to merge the relationship between the instances of institutional and environmental movements - represented by non-governmental organizations and civic associations - and preventive public policies which are implemented so far by public managers. Finally, civilian citizens would be elected as important social actors at the time of environmental policy-making, and at the same time detecting if it is possible to maintain a contradictory relationship with the environment.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-08-06T13:55:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Cibele Bossa Antoniolli.pdf: 9171264 bytes, checksum: 4ec50cbb40d81c6087647a9bc589f54c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-06T13:55:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cibele Bossa Antoniolli.pdf: 9171264 bytes, checksum: 4ec50cbb40d81c6087647a9bc589f54c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-26 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / CNPQ – Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / PROSUP - Programa de Suporte à Pós-Gradução de Instituições de Ensino Particulares / UNISINOS - Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos / A indústria da construção civil em geral apresenta elevado impacto ambiental. É considerada a maior consumidora de recursos naturais, na maior parte, não-renováveis, além de gerar significativo volume de resíduos. Os selos de certificação ambiental surgem como uma ferramenta de projeto, execução e desempenho (pós-ocupação), indicando diretrizes voltadas à diminuição de impactos ambientais. Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar resultados de critérios pontuados no programa de certificação LEED (Leadership in Energy & Environment Design) durante a pós-ocupação de um prédio comercial, buscando reconhecer também o papel e percepção do usuário. O trabalho foi realizado através de um estudo de caso que utilizou informações disponibilizadas nos documentos de certificação, projeto e informações de consumos de energia e água. Para investigar o papel e a percepção do usuário, foi considerada a comparação entre o “Prédio A" (com certificação ambiental) em relação ao “Prédio B" (sem certificação ambiental). De forma geral, os resultados apontam que o consumo medido de água ficou 31% abaixo dos parâmetros do LEED, porém 199% acima dos parâmetros de projeto. Já o consumo medido de energia ficou 12% acima dos parâmetros do LEED e 32% acima dos parâmetros de projeto. Quanto ao papel do usuário, foi detectado que o uso de bicicletas/vestiários, uso de dispositivos economizadores de água, uso de escada ao invés de elevador, o descarte adequado de resíduos e a conscientização quanto à fumaça de cigarro são ações praticadas e reconhecidas pelos usuários. Quanto à percepção do usuário, em comparação a um prédio sem certificação ambiental, o conforto térmico, a maior transparência e a vista para o exterior são as estratégias de projeto entendidas como mais efetivas. / The construction industry in general has a high environmental impact. It is considered as the largest consumer of natural resources, mostly non-renewable, and it generates a significant volume of waste. The environmental certification arise as a tool for design, implementation and performance (post-occupancy), indicating guidelines for the environmental impacts reduction. The present study aims to analyze the performance of the scored criterias in the certification program, during the post-occupation of a LEED (Leadership in Energy & Environment Design) commercial building, seeking also to recognize the user’s role and perception. The study was conduct through a study case that considered the information that was available in the certification documents, design information and energy and water consumption. To investigate the user’s role and perception, a comparison between "Building A" (with environmental certification) in relation to the "Building B" (without environmental certification) was considered. Overall, the results showed that the measured consumption of water was 31% below the LEED parameters, but 199% above the design parameters. The measured consumption of energy was 12% above the LEED parameters and 32% above the design parameters. As for the user’s role, it was found that the use of bicycles/changing rooms, the use of water saving devices, the use of staircases instead of elevators, the proper disposal of waste and awareness of the cigarette smoke are practiced and recognized actions by users. As for the user’s perception compared to a non-certificate building, the thermal comfort, greater transparency and exterior views were aspects seen as the most effective design strategies.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:18:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Julia Guedes da Rocha.pdf: 1447284 bytes, checksum: a8b9acdcd986a43f254e4072f1b96eb9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This thesis s intent was to verify the effects of deprivation history on operant performance, on weight and on water and food consumption in rats. Another purpose was evaluate the effects of the experimental sessions on weight and on water and food consumption, with subjects under different deprivation history. Twelve rats were divided in 4 groups of three rats and each group was submitted to different deprivation history. All subjects were submitted to a preparing phase, which consisted of a 1st condition, when they had free access to the food, and a 2nd condition, in which the subjects were food deprived. After the preparing phase, the history phase began. Then, each group was submitted to different alternations between free access and food deprivation. When they were deprived, the subjects had one hour of food access daily. Two of the three subjects of each group had been on VI60 s sessions since the 2nd condition of the preparing phase. The results suggest: (1) the subjects gained more weight in the beginning of the 1st return to free access condition than the 2nd return to that condition; on each exposure to deprivation, the lost of weight took less time than the previous exposure; (2) the operant box sessions seemed to be an important variable on weight maintenance and recovery of some subjects; (3) the water consumption often decreased during deprivation; (4) the caloric ingestion decreased during deprivation and increased when subjects returned to free access conditions, to values beyond that registered in the 1st condition. After that, there is a decrease in caloric ingestion, bigger on each return to free access condition; (5) the previous condition, free access or deprivation, seems to produce effects on the first experimental sessions of each new condition / O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar os possíveis efeitos produzidos por diferentes histórias de privação no desempenho operante, no peso e no consumo de água e alimento em ratos. Outro objetivo foi avaliar os efeitos de sessões experimentais na caixa operante no peso e no consumo de água e alimento dos sujeitos com diferentes privações. Para tanto, 12 ratos foram divididos em 4 grupos e cada um destes passou por diferentes histórias de privação. Todos os sujeitos passaram pela mesma fase de preparação, que consistiu em uma 1ª condição, na qual os sujeitos estavam ad lib, e em uma 2ª condição, em que os sujeitos estavam privados de alimento. Após a fase de preparação, teve início a fase de história, na qual cada grupo passou por diferentes alternações entre condições ad lib e privação. Quando privados, os animais tinham uma hora de acesso diário ao alimento. Dois dos três sujeitos de cada grupo passaram por sessões de VI60 s, a partir da 2ª condição da fase de preparação. Os resultados sugerem que: (1) os sujeitos tiveram um ganho maior de peso no início da 1ª vez que retornavam à situação de livre acesso ao alimento do que 2ª vez que foram expostos à condição ad lib e perderam peso durante menos tempo a cada nova exposição à privação; (2) as sessões na caixa operante pareceram uma variável importante na manutenção e recuperação do peso de alguns sujeitos; (3) em geral, o consumo de água diminuiu durante a privação; (4) a ingestão calórica aumentou, quando os sujeitos retornaram à condição ad lib, para valores além dos obtidos na 1ª condição (ad lib). Logo depois, observa-se uma diminuição da ingestão calórica, mais acentuada a cada retorno à situação de livre acesso; (5) a condição anterior, ad lib ou privação, parece ter efeitos nas primeiras sessões experimentais de cada nova condição

Textilindustrin står inför stora utmaningar när det kommer till forskning, utveckling ochproduktion på ett miljöanpassat och socialt ansvarsfullt sätt. Ökat miljömedvetetande hoskonsumenten har lett till ökat intresse och möjlighet för företaget att arbeta mot ett hållbartföretagande.Examensarbetet är skrivet som en del av kandidatexamen i textilingenjörsprogrammet föruppdragsföretaget BlåKläder AB och utfördes för att även kunna fungera som ett underlag förandra företag i avsikt med att påbörja/utveckla sitt arbete med socialt ansvarstagande.I arbetet presenteras miljöpåverkan av en arbetsbyxa i bomull från råväv till distribuering.Fyra miljöbelastande kategorier har tagits med i undersökningen, där mängden av kemikalie,vatten- och energiåtgång samt koldioxidutsläpp räknades ut per arbetsbyxa av minimumorder. Sammanställning av resultat visar att det används 2,5 kg kemikalier, 10,3 liter vatten,756 Wh energi och det släpps ut 0,4 kg kodoxid vid tillverkning av en arbetsbyxa.Rapporten behandlar och beskriver produktion av en rå bomullsväv medflamskyddsbehandling. Processflödet för hela behandlingsförloppet analyseras i arbetet därbåde kemikalier, energi- och vattenåtgång tas upp vid varje delprocess. Koldioxidutsläppanalyseras som en särskild del av rapporten och omfattar de direkta utsläppen av tung lastbiloch fraktfärja. Sammanställning av resultatet visar hur produktionen påverkar miljön utifrånde direkt påverkande kategorierna.The textile industry is facing major challenges when it comes to research, development andproduction in an environmentally friendly and socially responsible manner. Increasedawareness of consumers led to increased interest of the company and opportunities to worktoward a sustainable enterprise.This thesis is written as a part of the bachelor's degree in textile engineering program for theassigned company Blåkläder AB and was conducted to also serve as a basis for othercompanies in order to start/develop their work with social responsibility.The work presents the environmental impact of work wear trousers of cotton fromraw weave to distribution. Four environmental impact categories have been includedin the survey, in which the quantity of chemicals, water and energy use and carbonemissions were calculated per work wear trousers of the minimum order.Compilation of results indicates the use of 2,5 kg chemicals, 10,3 liters water,756Wh energy and 0,4 kg release of carbon dioxide for production of the work weartrousers.The report discusses and describes the production of a raw cotton fabric with flame retardanttreatment. The entire treatment process is analyzed in this report, where chemicals, energyand water consumption have been calculated for each sub-process. Carbon dioxide emissionsare analyzed as a separate part of the report and include the direct emissions of heavy truckand cargo ferry. Compilation of results indicates how the production of the work weartrousers affects the environment. / Program: Textilingenjörsutbildningen