Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:20:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabiano Boscaglia - Capitulo_I_e_II.pdf: 1956367 bytes, checksum: 65bf574f8e52dde89dae4cbc9ccd78d6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-13 / O presente estudo discute a relação entre a dinâmica populacional e os recursos hídricos na área urbanizada do município da Serra-ES, a partir das modificações ocorridas na estrutura demográfica e no consumo de água residencial a partir da segunda metade do século XX. Assim, o objetivo da pesquisa consiste em caracterizar e analisar a dinâmica populacional e o consumo de água da Serra apontando as inter-relações atuais e futuras entre os componentes demográficos e o consumo de água residencial. Para alcançar o objetivo proposto delineamos um plano de trabalho que buscou inicialmente rastrear fundamentos teóricos em diversas áreas do conhecimento, almejando visualizar aproximações entre a população e os recursos hídricos. Na sequência, examinou-se com detalhes a evolução e o quadro atual demográfico, bem como o padrão de consumo de água no município, afim de, num esforço analítico encontrar pontos de confluência entre os aspectos demográficos e o consumo de água residencial. Dentre os resultados destacam-se às inter-relações entre o crescimento da população da área urbanizada da Serra e o consumo de água residencial, uma vez que se observa uma mesma tendência de evolução das taxas de crescimento e dos valores absolutos no período analisado entre outras. Os cenários futuros da dinâmica populacional e do consumo de água indicam que a população da Serra continuará crescendo nas próximas décadas, a taxas médias menores a cada período, sendo que após 2040 a população tende a atingir seu nível de saturação, ou seja, o crescimento se estabilizará. Os cenários do consumo se apresentam com tendência de crescimento até a década de 2040, com taxas superiores ao da população em ritmo de desaceleração / This dissertation aims to discuss the relationship between the populational dynamics and the use of water resourses in the urbanized area of the County of Serra, in Espírito Santo, focusing in the transformations that took place in the demographic structure and its relation to the water consumption. The analysis of such relation refers the second half of the twentieth century. Thus, the primary objective of the research consists in characterizing and analyzing the populational dynamic and the consumption of water in Serra, pointing out the current and future interrelationship between the demographic components and the domestic water use. In order to reach the proposed objective, our work plan has seeked, initially, to trace the theoretical framework in various areas of knowledge, trying to explore the theoretical approximations between both fields - Population and water resources. Then we have examined deeply the evolution and the current demographic frame, as well as the patterns of water consumption in the county, intending, in an analytical effort, find out similarities through the correlation of demographic aspects and the domestic water use. Among the outcomes, we would like to highlight the interrelationship between the population growth rate in the urbanized area of Serra County and the consumption of water in the domestic sphere, since it can be noticed the same trend of evolution in the population growth rates and the absolute values in water use in the period analyzed. The future scenario of population dynamic and the water consumption indicate that Serra population keep on growing in the next decades, although with lower rates in each period. Around 2040 the population of Serra must reach its level of saturation, that s to say, the growth will become stable. The scenario of water consumption, instead, will follow a trend of growth until the same decade, but with rates higher than those of the population, this one already in a slowdown

Submitted by Deyse Queiroz (deysequeirozz@hotmail.com) on 2018-05-30T18:32:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LUCIANA ROCHA DE LIMA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2017..pdf: 983248 bytes, checksum: 57452632c520590aad123ff5ddc65a52 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-30T18:32:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LUCIANA ROCHA DE LIMA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2017..pdf: 983248 bytes, checksum: 57452632c520590aad123ff5ddc65a52 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-20 / O consumo de água utilizado nas instituições de Educação Infantil pública do município de Aparecida, Estado da Paraíba, é proveniente de fontes como: poços profundos, abastecimento de água por carro pipa, bem como pelo uso de água proveniente de cisternas. Com o objetivo de analisar a qualidade da água utilizada nessas escolas, e verificar até que ponto essas águas podem ou não causar doenças veiculada por uso de água de baixa potabilidade, optou-se em fazer esse estudo, bem como, estabelecer a que ponto a falta de utilização de meios de informações e proteção, manutenção dos mananciais e possíveis doenças relacionadas e veiculadas com o uso e consumo de água às vezes imprópria para consumo humano, pode causar ao ser humano, em especial as crianças, e sabendo que a água é um elemento essencial a vida, mas que pode trazer riscos à saúde humana se houver comprometimento de sua qualidade. Pensando nisso o estudo abrange as escolas públicas de educação infantil do Município de Aparecida, sertão paraibano. Nesse aspecto as crianças são as que mais sofrem com os problemas da ingestão de água contaminada, uma vez que são mais vulneráveis devido à imaturidade de seu sistema imunológico. Nesse contexto destaca a importância de um levantamento da qualidade da água para consumo em instituições do ensino infantil, uma vez que a escola representa um importante ambiente no qual está inserida a criança. Foram coletadas amostras em reservatórios de água em nove escolas e duas creches municipais, nos seguintes pontos: reservatórios, bebedouros, torneira da cozinha e ponto de entrada da água, as amostras foram coletadas no período de estiagem, de julho a agosto do ano de 2016, e posteriormente, transportadas e analisadas no Laboratório de Microbiologia e de Análises de Solos, Água e Plantas, ambos do Campus de Sousa do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia da Paraíba - IFPB. O presente trabalho objetivou- se analisar os padrões físico-químicos e microbiológicos da água utilizadas nas escolas e creches da Educação Infantil do ensino público do município de Aparecida, Sertão paraibano. Com os resultados, verificou-se ser imprópria para consumo humano, de acordo com os parâmetros microbiológicos analisados da água, com presença de Coliformes e Encheria Coli. A pesquisa serviu para fornecer informações para comunidade escolar da real situação da potabilidade, destacando a importância de evitar consumir água imprópria, bem como, orientar a respeito da conservação dos recursos hídricos no processo de Educação Ambiental. / The consumption of water used in public infant education institutions in the city of Aparecida, State of Paraíba, comes from sources such as: deep wells, water supply by car kite, as well as the use of water from cisterns. In order to analyze the quality of the water used in these schools, and to verify the extent to which these waters may or may not cause illnesses caused by the use of low drinking water, it was decided to do this study, as well as to establish the Lack of use of means of information and protection, maintenance of water sources and possible related diseases and transmitted with the use and consumption of water sometimes unfit for human consumption, can cause to the human being, especially the children, and knowing that the water is An element essential to life, but which can pose risks to human health if its quality is compromised. With this in mind, the study covers the public schools of early childhood education in the Municipality of Aparecida, in the Sertão of Paraíba. In this aspect, children are the ones who suffer most from the problems of drinking contaminated water, since they are more vulnerable due to the immaturity of their immune system. In this context it highlights the importance of a survey of the quality of drinking water in institutions of early childhood education, since the school represents an important environment in which the child is inserted. Samples were collected in water reservoirs in nine schools and two municipal nurseries, in the following points: reservoirs, drinking fountains, kitchen faucet and water entry point, samples were collected during the dry season, from July to August, 2016 , And later transported and analyzed in the Laboratory of Microbiology and Analysis of Soils, Water and Plants, both of the Campus de Sousa of the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Paraíba - IFPB. The objective of this study was to analyze the physicochemical and microbiological patterns of water used in the schools and kindergartens of the Early Childhood Education in the city of Aparecida, Sertão, Paraíba. With the results, it was found to be unfit for human consumption, according to the microbiological parameters analyzed of the water, with presence of Coliformes and Encheria Coli. The research served to provide information to the school community about the real situation of drinking water, highlighting the importance of avoiding the consumption of inappropriate water, as well as guiding the conservation of water resources in the process of Environmental Education.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:58:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcio E Lima .pdf: 9019810 bytes, checksum: 89a1e038ffab0307e67d30879c9c3fe2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-03 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / This study aimed to: determine the productivity and efficiency of water use of eggplant crop under different irrigation levels in the system of no-tillage cultivation (and intercropped with a legume crop); determine the crop coefficients, evapotranspiration maximum growth of eggplant crop in no-tillage system with the addition of mulch and soil with conventional tillage with plowing and harrowing. The work was performed in the years 2007-2008, the SIPA (Integrated Production Agroecological), and conducted two series of experiments. In 2007 was established the culture of eggplant in a total area of 576 m2, using randomized block design in split plots, with treatments in the plot (four irrigation levels) and subplot (two cropping systems - consortium and cowpea with monoculture). The eggplant-cowpea intercropping did not significantly affect the yield of eggplant in organic management in notillage system. The eggplant crop responds to different irrigation affecting business productivity and total, were not observed, however, significant differences in the number of fruits per plant. In 2008 a second experiment was conducted using a randomized design (CRD) with two treatments (cultivation system: direct and conventional) and five replications. There were no significant differences in yield of eggplant in the two cropping systems, and the marketable fruit yield equal to 47.42 Mg ha-1 in PD and 47.91 Mg ha-1 on PC. The coefficients of eggplant crop cultivation for the DP system were 0.83 (from transplanting to flowering), 0.77 (from flowering to fruiting), 0.90 (fruiting the first harvest) and 0.97 (the first harvest at the end of the cycle). For the PC system, the crop coefficients were respectively 0.81, 1.14, 1.17 and 1.05. The water consumption of eggplant was 342.2 and 388.1 mm for the PD and PC, respectively, during 134 days of cultivation of eggplant. The maximum efficiency of water use (considering irrigation + precipitation) was 8.17 kg m-3 for the PD and 7.66 kg m-3 for the PC. The growth analysis showed that the conventional tillage system showed maximum accumulation of dry matter to 127 DAT with an estimated value of 454.28 g m-2. For no-till, the maximum estimated value was 369.81 g m-2 at 124 DAT. The largest leaf area index (LAI) was estimated to be 2.84 m2 m-2 to 130 DAT for conventional tillage and 2.96 m2 m-2 for the till. The maximum height of plants was 88.66 and 95.20 cm for NT and CT at 138 DAT. / O presente trabalho teve como objetivos: Determinar a produtividade e a efici?ncia do uso da ?gua da cultura da berinjela em fun??o de diferentes l?minas de irriga??o no sistema de cultivo de plantio direto (consorciada com uma leguminosa e solteira); Determinar os coeficientes de cultivo, evapotranspira??o m?xima e o crescimento da cultura da berinjela, no sistema de plantio direto com adi??o de palhada e em solo com o preparo convencional com ara??o e gradagem. O trabalho foi executado nos anos de 2007-2008, no SIPA (Sistema Integrado de Produ??o Agroecol?gica), sendo conduzidas duas s?ries de experimentos. Em 2007 foi implantada a cultura da berinjela em uma ?rea total de 576 m2, utilizando o delineamento de blocos casualizados, no esquema de parcelas subdivididas, sendo os tratamentos na parcela (4 l?minas de irriga??o) e na subparcela (2 sistemas de cultivo cons?rcio com caupi e monocultivo). O cons?rcio berinjela-feij?o caupi n?o influenciou significativamente a produtividade da cultura da berinjela em manejo org?nico no sistema de plantio direto. A cultura da berinjela responde a diferentes l?minas de irriga??o afetando a produtividade comercial e total, n?o sendo observadas, no entanto, diferen?as significativas no n?mero de frutos por planta. Em 2008 foi conduzido um segundo experimento utilizando o delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC) com os dois tratamentos (sistema de cultivo: direto e convencional) e cinco repeti??es. N?o houve diferen?as significativas na produtividade da cultura da berinjela nos dois sistemas de cultivo, sendo a produ??o de frutos comerciais igual a 47,42 Mg ha-1 no PD e de 47,91 Mg ha-1 no PC. Os coeficientes de cultivo para cultura da berinjela no sistema de PD foram de 0,83 (do transplantio ao florescimento), 0,77 (do florescimento ? frutifica??o), 0,90 (da frutifica??o ? 1a colheita) e 0,97 (da 1a colheita ao final do ciclo). Para o sistema PC, os coeficientes de cultivo foram de, respectivamente, 0,81; 1,14; 1,17 e 1,05. O consumo h?drico da berinjela foi 342,2 e 388,1 mm para o PD e PC, respectivamente, durante 134 dias de cultivo da berinjela. A m?xima efici?ncia do uso da ?gua (considerando irriga??o + precipita??o) foi de 8,17 kg m-3 para o PD e de 7,66 kg m-3 para o PC. A an?lise de crescimento evidenciou que o sistema de plantio convencional apresentou o m?ximo acumulo de mat?ria seca estimada aos 127 DAT com valor de 454,28 g m-2. Para o plantio direto, o valor m?ximo estimado foi de 369,81 g m-2 aos 124 DAT. O maior ?ndice de ?rea foliar (IAF) estimado foi de 2,84 m2 m-2 aos 130 DAT para o plantio convencional e de 2,96 m2 m-2 para o plantio direto. A altura m?xima das plantas foi de 88,66 e 95,20 cm para o PD e PC aos 138 DAT.

Water supplies in California are stretched to critical levels as a result of population growth, periodic drought, and climate change. The California legislature recognized that the best way to increase supply is to decrease demand so the Water Use Efficiency Senate Bill 7 (SBx7-7) was signed into law in 2009. The law requires water purveyors to reduce per capita water usage by 20% by the year 2020. To comply, water purveyors are searching for innovative ways to increase water conservation. A review of the literature has shown that many factors influence water consumption. However, the majority of household water consumption is attributable to outdoor landscaping, and traditional grass lawns have increasingly been targeted for conservation measures by municipalities. The purpose of this study was to determine if the receipt of a landscape rebate reduces water consumption. The theoretical frameworks for this study were Ajzen and Fishbein’s theory of reasoned action and theory of planned behavior. Archival data were collected and analyzed utilizing an ordinary least squares regression analysis. The analyses determined that there was a significant reduction in water consumption for customers who received a rebate but there was no significant difference in water consumption in the 24 months before and 24 months after receipt of a rebate. While the results were mixed, a robust water conservation program, including Cash-4-Grass rebates, can have a significant impact on water consumption. This study is expected to promote positive social change via empirical data that allows water professionals to encourage alternative methods for extending California’s water supplies.

Water is the most used substance in the world, followed by concrete. Water scarcity is nowadays more common due to concentrated population growth and climate change. Concrete demand is ~15 billion m3 per year fulfilling the need for more and better housing and infrastructure for a growing and wealthier population. Since no other material could fulfil this demand, concrete needs to be produced in a sustainable way, minimizing environmental loads such as water consumption. The water footprint is a tool that measures water use over a products\' life cycle and estimates its potential environmental impacts. Despite the growing concern on water, the existing water footprint methodologies are too complex and require large amounts of data. This study develops a streamlined water footprint methodology for concrete production, simple enough to be useful to the industry and robust enough to be environmentally meaningful. An extensive study on existing water footprint methodologies have been conducted. Then a streamlined methodology was proposed focused on the water flows that are more relevant in concrete production including water quantity and quality letting to meaningful results with less data. Typical water inventory includes the batch water (150-200 H kg/m3), dust control (500-1500 H kg/day), truck washing (13-500 H kg/m3), cement production (0.185-1.333 H kg/kg) and aggregates production (0.116-2.0 H kg/kg). Regarding water quality, the most critical flows - Zinc, Lead, Nitrate, Nitrogen oxides and Sulfur dioxide- were identified based on the contribution of these flows to the potential environmental impacts, the control or influence that the concrete producer has on the activities were these flows appear and the feasibility to measure these flows on site. Concrete water footprint varies due to mix design, technological routes, location and choice of impact assessment method. The results are of interest to the research community as well as to the stakeholders of the cement and concrete industries and a contribution to sustainable construction since study of water footprint is fundamental to improve water efficiency. / A água é a substância mais utilizada no mundo, seguida pelo concreto. A escassez de água é hoje em dia mais comum devido ao crescimento populacional concentrado e às mudanças climáticas. A demanda de concreto é ~15 billion m3 por ano que atende a demanda de mais e melhor moradia e infraestrutura para uma população crescente e mais prospera. Uma vez que nenhum outro material pode satisfazer essa demanda, o concreto precisa ser produzido de forma sustentável, minimizando as cargas ambientais, como o consumo de água. A pegada hídrica é uma ferramenta que mede o uso da água ao longo do ciclo de vida de um produto e estima seus potenciais impactos ambientais. Apesar da crescente preocupação com a água, as metodologias existentes de pegada hídrica são muito complexas e exigem grandes quantidades de dados. Este estudo desenvolve uma metodologia optimizada de pegada hídrica para produção de concreto, simples o suficiente para ser útil para a indústria e robusta o suficiente para ser ambientalmente significativa. Um estudo extensivo em metodologias existentes da pegada da água foi conduzido. Em seguida, uma metodologia optimizada foi proposta focada nos fluxos de água que são mais relevantes na produção de concreto, incluindo quantidade e qualidade, permitindo resultados significativos com menos dados. O inventário de água típica inclui a água de mistura (150-200 H kg/m3), controle de poeira (500-1500 H kg/dia), lavagem de caminhões (13-500 H kg/m3), produção de cimento (0.185-1.333 H kg/kg ) e produção de agregados (0.116-2,0 H kg/kg). Em relação à qualidade da água, os fluxos mais críticos -Zinco, Chumbo, Nitrato, Óxidos de nitrogênio e Dióxido de enxofre-foram identificados com base na contribuição destes fluxos para os potenciais impactos ambientais, o controle ou a influência que o produtor de concreto tem sobre as atividades onde esses fluxos aparecem e a viabilidade para medir esses fluxos no local. A pegada de água de concreto varia devido à formulação, rotas tecnológicas, localização e escolha do método de avaliação de impacto. Os resultados são de interesse para a comunidade de pesquisa, bem como para as partes interessadas das indústrias de cimento e concreto e uma contribuição para a construção sustentável, uma vez que o estudo da pegada hídrica é fundamental para melhorar a eficiência da água.

Bibliography: p. 474-514.

Infectious disease can be transmitted via various environmental pathways, many of which are incorporated into our water and wastewater systems. Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) can be a valuable tool in identifying hazard exposure pathways and estimating their associated health impacts. QMRA can be applied to establish standards and guidelines and has been adopted by the World Health Organisation for the management of risks from water-related infectious diseases. This thesis aims at presenting a holistic approach for the assessment of microbial health risks in urban water and wastewater systems. The procedure of QMRA is presented, together with the data collected for the case studies, and the results are discussed in a risk management framework. Decentralised drinking water treatment with membranes was shown to be competitive with centralised conventional treatment regarding environmental impacts and health. To attain sufficient die-off of pathogens in order to reduce risks to acceptable levels, facilities that permit the long-term storage of locally collected faeces are required. Issues of operation and mangement are likely to determine the health risks in decentralised systems. While failures in distribution are more likely to result in detectable waterborne disease outbreaks, the number of people at risk of becoming infected with pathogens passing normal treatment, calculated on a yearly basis, can be larger. Site-specific pathogen monitoring of source waters was identified as an important factor for the accurate estimation of risk. Noroviruses, an emerging waterborne pathogen, were shown to have fluctuating concentrations in surface water, with significant peaks during the wintertime. Time series analysis has potential as an early warning system if complemented by regular monitoring to discriminate peaks from random fluctuations. Groups already sensitive to infection, i.e. the elderly, the sick and children, were shown to consume higher volumes of cold tap water than the rest of the population, which may call for special atention in the risk management of drinking water systems. Microbial health risks associated with the handling and reuse of wastewater and sludge were shown to be successfully addressed within the management system Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP). Most exposure points identified could be controlled through easy measures. / Copyright Agreement: Figure 6-1, page 49 and figure 6-2, page 50 in the summary/introduction are reprinted from Water Science and Technology: Water Supply 2(2) 11-18, with permission from the copyright holders, IWA. Note: the median values are missing in the article but the figures have been corrected in the summary/introduction.

Bibliography: p. 474-514. / xli, 601 p. (some folded) : ill., maps (one col.) ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, 1995

Bibliography: p. 474-514. / xli, 601 p. (some folded) : ill., maps (one col.) ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, 1995

Thesis (M.P.H.)--University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, 2008. / Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 46-05, page: 2669. Adviser: R. Sue Day. Includes bibliographical references.