The subject of this dissertation is the assessment and optimization of water distribution in the group water supply. The water supply networks are located in the Water Association of Babicko, former district of Uherské Hradiště, region of Zlín. The objective of this work is the unification of the entire documentation for all projects, creation of a hydraulic model of water supply network and subsequent verification of the existing capacities and pressure ratios. This work is particularly focused on the evaluation of pressure ratios at the highest and the lowest points of villages, whether they correspond to the legal limits, and subsequent design of a possible division to pressure zones.

Anxiety / Introducción: El distrito de Santiago de Surco pertenece al DIRIS Lima sur, con una población de 344.242 Habitantes. Se registró como principal causa de morbilidad y mortalidad las infecciones agudas de vías respiratorias. Actualmente el principal problema de salud identificado es el aumento de mortalidad y morbilidad por el virus Sars CoV 2. Se identificó que no existía una manera adecuada para prevenir el contagio de este virus. Así mismo se identificó la ausencia de prácticas saludables como estilo de vida. Descripción del proyecto: El proyecto tuvo como objetivo general promover prácticas saludables para mejorar la salud física y mental. El total de participantes fueron dos y en un grupo mixto de edades. Así mismo se establecieron objetivos específicos sobre: actividad física, actividades recreacionales, adecuado consumo de agua y protocolos de bioseguridad y desinfección frente al COVID-19. Se realizó la elaboración de sesiones educativas, talleres prácticos y demostrativos, implementación de horarios, cronogramas y afiches, junto a cuestionarios y listas de cotejo para los objetivos propuestos. Resultados: Para las actividades programadas, se logró el 100% de los indicadores de eficacia y cobertura en las sesiones educativas sobre actividades físicas, recreacionales, adecuado consumo de agua y protocolos de bioseguridad frente al COVID-19. De igual manera para los talleres prácticos y demostrativos. Se logró un resultado del 100% en los indicadores de eficacia y utilización, además se cumplió con la duración media preestablecida en todas las actividades del proyecto. Conclusiones: Se logró cumplir con lo propuesto en el objetivo general y objetivos específicos, promoviendo las practicas saludables como: actividad física, consumo de agua, implementación de actividades recreacionales, y reforzando los protocolos de bioseguridad y desinfección frente al COVID-19 en la familia “Gonzales Motta”. Se recomienda para futuras intervenciones tomar en cuenta las limitaciones y características del público objetivo del proyecto. / Introduction: The district of Santiago de Surco belongs to the DIRIS Lima south, with a population of 344,242 inhabitants. Acute respiratory tract infections were recorded as the main cause of morbidity and mortality. Currently the main health problem identified is the increase in mortality and morbidity due to the Sars CoV 2 virus. In this context, it was identified that there was no adequate way to prevent contagion. of this virus. Likewise, the absence of healthy practices as a lifestyle was identified. Project description: The general objective of the project was to promote healthy practices to improve physical and mental health. The total of participants were two and in a mixed age group. Likewise, specific objectives were established on physical activity, recreational activities, adequate water consumption, and biosafety and disinfection protocols against COVID-19. The development of educational sessions, practical and demonstrative workshops, implementation of schedules, schedules, and posters, along with questionnaires and checklists for the proposed objectives were carried out. Results: For the programmed activities, 100% of the efficacy and coverage indicators were achieved in the educational sessions on physical and recreational activities, adequate water consumption and biosecurity protocols against COVID-19. In the same way for practical and demonstrative workshops. A 100% result was achieved in the efficiency and utilization indicators, and the pre-established average duration was also met in all project activities. Conclusions: It was possible to comply with what was proposed in the general objective and specific objectives, promoting healthy practices such as: physical activity, water consumption, implementation of recreational activities, and reinforcing the biosecurity and disinfection protocols against COVID-19 in the family "Gonzales Motta". It is recommended for future interventions to consider the limitations and characteristics of the project's target audience. / Trabajo de investigación

Many citizens living in Old Havana, Cuba, do not have regular access to potable water in their homes. As a result, this thesis explores how the water infrastructure in Old Havana shapes the everyday lives of local residents. The empirical material in this study was collected during two months of minor field studies in Havana mainly through the qualitative research methods of interviews and diaries but also through observations. The results were analyzed through four main theoretical concepts: the social practice approach in technology, hydraulic citizenship, social practice theory and feminist theory. Results revealed that the local water infrastructure produces and reproduces social inequalities and domestic do-it-yourself practices. It was also revealed that women carry out most of the domestic water activities, largely due to prevailing machismo ideals and traditional gender norms. Consequently, women in Old Havana are generally more affected by water supply irregularities and malfunctioning infrastructure than men.

[pt] Em consequência de modificações econômicas, populacionais e nos padrões de consumo, a utilização de água doce aumentou significativamente nos últimos 100 anos. Notoriamente, a medição mostra-se primordial para estimular a conservação da água. Sendo assim, esta dissertação tem por intuito contribuir para o aprimoramento das tecnologias dos hidrômetros, mais especificamente para medição do volume de água escoado em uma tubulação de unidades autônomas em edifícios. Com isso, o presente estudo objetiva avaliar a aplicabilidade de um sensor resistivo de filme fino (bend sensor), com diferentes revestimentos e comprimentos, para implementação em sistemas de medição individualizada de água. Além disso, a motivação deste trabalho é propor um hidrômetro utilizando as válvulas de controle de fluxo que, normalmente, já estão presentes nas instalações hidráulicas condominiais, evitando, assim, a necessidade de obras maiores em prédios antigos, que possuem medição coletiva de consumo de água. Metodologicamente, apresenta-se o sistema desenvolvido para as caracterizações eletromecânica e térmica do sensor, a simulação computacional do sensor realizada por meio do software Ansys e do circuito eletrônico feita no software LTspice (marca registrada) , o treinamento de uma rede neural artificial e as estimativas de volume a partir de pulsos trapezoidais. Os resultados obtidos permitiram avaliar, levando em consideração o tipo de revestimento, que o sensor revestido com poliéster possui um melhor comportamento para o hidrômetro proposto. Além disso, esta avaliação permitiu concluir que o bend sensor demonstrou viabilidade para ser utilizado como transdutor deste medidor volumétrico, podendo ser facilmente inserido dentro de algum componente hidráulico, como uma válvula de controle de fluxo, por exemplo. / [en] As a result of economic, population, and consumption patterns changes, the use of freshwater has increased significantly in the last 100 years. Notably, measurement is essential to encourage water conservation. Therefore, this dissertation aims to contribute to the advancement of water meter technologies, specifically for measuring the volume of water drained in a pipeline of autonomous units in buildings. Thus, the present study aims to evaluate the applicability of a thin-film resistive sensor (bend sensor) with different coatings and lengths for implementation in individualized water measurement systems. In addition, the motivation of this work is to propose a volumetric meter using flow control valves that, ordinarily, are already present in the buildings hydraulic installations, thus avoiding the need for large-scale works in old buildings, which have collective measurement of water consumption. Methodologically, it is presented the system developed for the electromechanical and thermal characterization of the sensor, the computational simulation of the sensor performed using the Ansys software, and of the electronic circuit designed in LTSpice (trademark) software, the training of artificial neural network and the volume estimates from trapezoidal pulses. The results obtained allowed us to assess that, taking into account the type of coating, the sensor coated with polyester has better behavior for the proposed hydrometer. In addition, this evaluation allowed to conclude that the bend sensor demonstrated the feasibility to be used as a transducer of this volumetric meter and can be easily inserted inside a hydraulic component, as a flow control valve, for example.

Магистерская диссертация: 121 с., 20 рис., 18 табл., 53 источника, 2 приложения. Тема исследования является актуальной, так как с 2014 года законодательная база государственного регулирования деятельности по обращению с отходами в РФ претерпевает серьезные изменения, которые в значительной степени коснулись области обращения с ТКО. Целью работы является разработка программы аудита соответствия деятельности МУП МО «Город Первоуральск» ПервоуральскРемСервис» требованиям природоохранного законодательства в области обращения с отходами. Объект исследования – предприятие МУП МО «Город Первоуральск» ПервоуральскРемСервис». Предмет исследования – Система обращения с отходами МУП МО «Город Первоуральск» ПервоуральскРемСервис». В рамках диссертационной работы была разработана универсальная Программа-схема аудита соответствия требованиям природоохранного законодательства в области обращения с отходами производства и потребления, путем деления деятельности на составляющие ее процессы. Применение предложенной программы-схемы является универсальным инструментом для проведения аудитов деятельности в области обращения с отходами производства и потребления на любом предприятии. Кроме того, позволяет детализировать, проверить и обновить всю необходимую информацию для разработки Проекта нормативов обращения с отходами и лимитов на их размещение. Экономическая эффективность проведения аудита деятельности по обращению с отходами МУП МО «Город Первоуральск» «ПервоуральскРемСервис» составляет 178%, на основании чего можно сделать вывод о необходимости проведения экологического аудита деятельности по обращению с отходами. / Master's thesis: 121 pp., 20 images, 18 tables, 53 sources, 2 applications. The research topic is relevant, since since 2014 the legislative reform in the field of human rights protection. The purpose of the work is the development of audit compliance programs for the Municipal Unitary Enterprise "City of Pervouralsk" PervouralskRemServis "requires environmental protection legislation in the field of waste management. The object of the research is the enterprise of MUP MO "Pervouralsk City" PervouralskRemServis. " The subject of the study is the Waste Management System of Municipal Unitary Enterprise "Pervouralsk City" PervouralskRemServis ". As part of the thesis, a universal program was developed to audit the compliance with the requirements of environmental legislation in the field of handling waste production and consumption, by dividing activities into its constituent processes. The application of the proposed program scheme is a universal tool for conducting audits of activities in the field of waste management of production and consumption in any enterprise. In addition, it allows to detail, check and update all the necessary information for the development of the Draft Waste Management Standards and limits on their placement. The economic efficiency of the audit of the waste management activities of Municipal Unitary Enterprise "City of Pervouralsk" PervouralskRemServis is 178%, which leads to the conclusion that it is necessary to conduct an environmental audit of waste management activities.

No description available.

An approach to hybrid cooling technique is proposed using air jets which impinge on a triangular grooved surface with dry grooves and grooves containing water. One major application is for condensers of thermoelectric power plants. The heat and mass transfer analogy were successfully used to evaluate the simultaneous heat and mass transfer. Results showed that hybrid jet impingement produced high heat flux levels at low jet velocities and flow rates. Experimental results were used to characterize the resulting heat transfer under different conditions such as flow open area percentage, array orifices diameter and array to surface stand-off distance. The results have shown that jet impingement is capable of delivering high transfer rates with lower cooling cost rates compared to current industry conventional techniques. Water is efficiently used in hybrid jet impingement because evaporative energy is absorbed directly from the surface instead of cooling air to near wet-bulb temperature. / Master of Science / Array jet impingement cooling experiments were conducted on a triangular grooved surface with the surface at a constant temperature. Results showed that jet impingement can provide high transfer rates with lower rates of cooling cost in comparison to contemporary conventional techniques in the industry. Experiments on the triangular grooved surfaces were performed at dry and wet surface conditions. Under the dry conditions, the objective is to characterize the resulting heat transfer under varying operational conditions such as jet speed, array orifice diameter, array to surface stand-off distance, and flow open area percentage. Results from the triangular surface when dry showed less improvement in heat transfer than the rectangular grooved surface. A hybrid cooling technique approach was proposed and developed by using air jets impinging on a triangular grooved surface with the grooves containing water. The approach is being suggested and experimentally tested for its viability as an alternative to thermoelectric power plant cooling towers. Convection heat and mass transfer coefficients were experimentally measured for different wet coverage of the surface. Results showed that the hybrid jet impingement produced high heat flux levels at low jet velocities and flow rates. The highest heat transfer was consistently found with a 50% coverage of the surface. Hybrid jet impingement showed an improvement up to 500% in heat transfer as compared to jet impingement on a dry grooved surface.

Array jet impingement cooling experiments were performed on flat and grooved surfaces with the surface at a constant temperature. For the flat surface, power and temperature measurements were performed to obtain convection coefficients under a wide range of operating conditions such as jet speed, orifice to surface stand-of distance, and open area percentage. Cooling performance (CP) was calculated as the ratio between heat transfer and fan power. An empirical model was developed to predict jet impingement heat transfer taking into account the entrainment effects. Experimental results showed that jet impingement can provide high transfer rates with lower rates of cooling cost in comparison to contemporary conventional techniques in the industry. CP values over 279 were measured which are significantly higher than the standard values of 70 to 95 in current technology. The model enhanced prediction accuracy by taking into account the entrainment effects; an effect that is rarely considered in the literature. Experiments on the grooved surfaces were performed at dry and wet surface conditions. Under dry conditions, results showed 10%~55% improvement in heat transfer when compared to the flat surface. Improvement percentage tends to be higher at wider gaps between the array of orifices and the grooved surface. An improvement of 30%~40% was observed when increasing Re either by increasing orifice diameter or jet speed. Similar improvement was observed at higher flow open area percentages. No significant improvement in heat transfer resulted from decreasing the size of the grooves from 3.56mm to 2.54mm. Similarly, no noticeable change in heat transfer resulted from changing the relative position of the jets striking the surface at the top of the grooves to the bottom of the grooves. Deeper grooves with twice the depth gave statistically similar average heat transfer coefficients as shallower grooves. Under wet conditions, a hybrid cooling technique approach was proposed by using air jets impinging on a grooved surface with the grooves containing water. The approached is proposed and evaluated experimentally for its feasibility as an alternative for cooling towers of thermoelectric power plants. Convection heat and mass transfer coefficients were measured experimentally using the heat mass transfer analogy. Results showed that hybrid jet impingement provided high magnitudes of heat flux at low jet speeds and flow rates. High coefficients of performance CP > 3000, and heat fluxes > 8,000W/m2 were observed. Hybrid jet impingement showed 500% improvement as compared to jet impingement on a dry flat surface. CP values of hybrid jet impingement is 600% to 1,500% more as compared to performance of air-cooled condensers and wet cooling towers. Water use for hybrid jet impingement cooling is efficient since evaporation energy is absorbed from the surface directly instead of cooling air to near wet-bulb temperature. / PHD / This thesis explored the possibility of using air jets on the outside surface of a device that is used to condense steam. An experiment apparatus was used to imitate the conditions of steam condensation in the lab. A flat metallic surface was heated by placing an electric heater beneath it. The metallic surface was cooled using air jets coming out of orifices situated above the hot metallic surface. A fan, connected to an electric motor, was used to create the air jets. The amount of heat transfer was measured by measuring the electric power the heater consumed. This measured power was compared to the power needed to run the fan. The ratio of heat transfer to fan power is called the coefficient of performance CP. The CP values of more than 200 were obtained when air jets were used meaning that we need one kilowatt of mechanical power to remove 200 kilowatts of heat. This CP value is 300% more than the current technology used in the industry where CP ranges from 70 to 90. This means that we can build very efficient steam condensers for power plants. This type of condensers that uses air jets allows the power plant to be efficient and to be able to increase the amount of power generated without extra cost. Further enhancement of the CP can be achieved by making the hot surface grooved instead of flat with the grooves containing water. Air jets, coming out of orifices situated above the grooved surface, were used for cooling. The CP values of more than 3,000 were obtained when air jets were used with wet grooved surface. This CP values is 1,500% more than the current technology used in the industry. This type of condensers that uses air jets on wet grooves allows the power plant to be efficient and to be able to tremendously increase the amount of power generated without extra power and water costs.

No / his book explores a new framework of Adaptive Water Management (AWM) for evaluating existing approaches in urban water management. It highlights the need to adopt multidisciplinary strategies in water management while providing an in-depth understanding of institutional interactions amongst different water related sectors. The key characteristics of AWM i.e. polycentric governance, organisational flexibility and public participation are investigated and described through a critical review of the relevant literature. The book presents an empirical case study undertaken in a selected developing-country city to investigate the potential gaps between the current water management approaches and possible implementation of AWM. Feasibility of AWM operations is examined in an environment surrounded by established water management structure with centralised governance and an institutional process based on technical flexibility. The key elements of AWM performance are (re)structured and transformed into decision support systems. Multi criteria decision models are developed to facilitate quantification and visualization of the elements derived from the case study, which is involved with water companies and water consumers. The book describes how the concept of AWM, along with structuring suitable decision support systems, can be developed and applied to developing-country cities. The book highlights the barriers for applying the AWM strategies that include established centralised decision making, bureaucratic interactions with external organisations, lack of organisational flexibility within the institutions, and lack of recognition of public role in water management. The findings outline that despite the lack of adaptability in the current water management in the case study, as an example of developing countries, there are positive attitudes among water professionals and the public towards adaptability through public-institutional participation.

[ES] El Reino de Arabia Saudí está experimentando un importante crecimiento económico, industrial, comercial y demográfico. Este crecimiento, a su vez, provoca un aumento de la demanda de agua en la región. Además del crecimiento demográfico, también la industrialización y la modernización han ejercido una presión cada vez mayor sobre las infraestructuras hídricas del país. Urge aumentar la disponibilidad de agua para satisfacer la demanda prevista y mantener la seguridad y fiabilidad de los sistemas hídricos. Por lo tanto, es imperativo encontrar soluciones que mejoren la eficiencia del sistema hídrico del país. Un elemento clave en este esfuerzo es comprender y clasificar cómo se consume el agua con sus microcomponentes dentro de varios segmentos. La tesis recopila conocimientos precisos sobre las pautas y tendencias del consumo municipal de agua para comprender mejor los patrones de consumo y los comportamientos de los consumidores, así como desarrollar estimaciones e hipótesis preliminares. De este modo, se impulsará el modelo de demanda de agua municipal en el país para que sea capaz de hacer frente a diferentes escenarios y limitaciones. El desarrollo del modelo municipal de demanda de agua ha mostrado la necesidad de disponer de datos estadísticos y de facturación del agua fiables. Éstos constituyen el punto de partida de la previsión y deben estar disponibles con una resolución suficientemente alta. El modelo aquí presentado proporciona un marco para que nuevos desarrollos futuros. Los resultados del análisis también determinarán los factores y categorías utilizados en el modelo. El modelo se centra en la demanda de agua no residencial. No obstante, se incluyen previsiones separadas para la categoría residencial a fin de permitir la extrapolación de los resultados y el análisis top-down para un enfoque más preciso de las previsiones y, también, para una mejor comprensión general de los comportamientos de consumo de agua de la población. / [CA] El Regne de l'Aràbia Saudita està experimentant un important creixement econòmic, industrial, comercial i demogràfic. Aquest creixement, al seu torn, provoca un augment de la demanda d'aigua a la regió. A més del creixement demogràfic, també la industrialització i la modernització han exercit una pressió cada vegada major sobre les infraestructures hídriques del país. Urgeix augmentar la disponibilitat d'aigua per a satisfer la demanda prevista i mantindre la seguretat i fiabilitat dels sistemes hídrics. Per tant, és imperatiu trobar solucions que milloren l'eficiència del sistema hídric del país. Un element clau en aquest esforç és comprendre i classificar com es consumeix l'aigua amb els seus microcomponents dins de diversos segments. La tesi recopila coneixements precisos sobre les pautes i tendències del consum municipal d'aigua per a comprendre millor els patrons de consum i els comportaments dels consumidors, així com desenvolupar estimacions i hipòtesis preliminars. D'aquesta manera, s'impulsarà el model de demanda d'aigua municipal al país perquè siga capaç de fer front a diferents escenaris i limitacions. El desenvolupament del model municipal de demanda d'aigua ha mostrat la necessitat de disposar de dades estadístiques i de facturació de l'aigua fiables. Aquests constitueixen el punt de partida de la previsió i han d'estar disponibles amb una resolució prou alta. El model ací presentat proporciona un marc perquè nous desenvolupaments futurs. Els resultats de l'anàlisi també determinaran els factors i categories utilitzats en el model. El model se centra en la demanda d'aigua no residencial. No obstant això, s'inclouen previsions separades per a la categoria residencial a fi de permetre l'extrapolació dels resultats i l'anàlisi *top-*down per a un enfocament més precís de les previsions i, també, per a una millor comprensió general dels comportaments de consum d'aigua de la població. / [EN] The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is undergoing substantial economic, industrial, commercial, and population growth. This growth, in turn, leads to increased water demand in the region. In addition to population growth, industrialization and modernization have placed increasing pressure on KSA's water infrastructure. There is an urgent need to increase the water capacity to meet the projected demand and maintain the water systems' security and reliability. Therefore, it is imperative to find solutions that improve the efficiency of the Kingdom's water system. A key element in this effort is understanding and classifying how water is consumed with its micro-components within various segments. The thesis aims to collect precise knowledge about municipal water consumption patterns and trends to understand water consumption patterns and consumer behaviours better and develop preliminary estimates and assumptions. This will drive the municipal water demand model in KSA to be capable of dealing with different scenarios and constraints. The development of the municipal water demand model highlighted the need for reliable statistical and water billing data. These form the starting point of the forecast and need to be available at a high enough resolution. The model provides a framework for the required data to be built on further. The analysis results will also determine the drivers and categories used in the model. The model focuses on the non-Residential water demand. Still, separate forecasts are included for the residential category to enable the extrapolation of the results and downward analysis for a more accurate and cost-effective bottom-up approach to forecasting and an overall better understanding of the population's water consumption behaviours. / Alhudaithi, M. (2023). A Sectorial Analysis of Municipal Water Consumption and Management in Saudi Arabia [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/201553