Nous analysons cette thèse au travers de quatre grandes échelles d'observation : macrosociale, mésosociale, microsociale et micro-individuel. Dans le premier temps, pour comprendre le contexte de la gestion et l'utilisation de l'eau potable, nous allons présenter d'abord le contexte environnemental pour rappeler l'importance géopolitique par rapport à l'eau au niveau internationale, montrer progressivement le développement du pays accompagnant « une crise de l'eau » au niveau national, et au niveau régional notre exemple de Guangzhou, ainsi que les solutions et les conflits de cette crise dans une échelle macrosociale. « La maîtrise de l'eau » en quantité et en qualité est toujours un enjeu particulièrement important au niveau national et international. En second, nous allons montrer une évolution de la qualité et de la gestion de l'eau courante à Guangzhou. Dans cette partie, nous allons rappeler d'abord la cause principale d'une pollution importante nuisant à la qualité de l'eau courante à cause d'un développement d'urbanisation très rapide, pour comprendre comment l'eau courante est devenue non potable. Dans l'échelle d'observation mésosociale, nous pouvons observer les réactions et les coopérations des différents secteurs publics et privées autour de la production et de la distribution de l'eau courante. Dans la troisième partie, nous allons mobiliser notre perspective à l'échelle d'observation microsociale. Ici nous nous intéresserons particulièrement à l'usage de l'eau dans la vie quotidienne chez les individus, notamment dans le cadre de l'alimentation. Nous allons présenter d'abord une évolution et une diversité de l'eau dans la famille chinoise citadine contemporaine, de manière plus ancienne comme l'eau des puits vers plusieurs types d'eau commerciale. En face des choix, comment les individus expertisent et choisissent leur(s) eau(x) ? Comment les individus utilisent et transforment les sens de l'eau dans l'espace domestique ? Ensuite, nous analyserons les occasions de consommation et les représentations des eaux potables (l'eau courante, ainsi que des autres eaux sans goût ou avec du goût (des boissons non alcoolisées) dans les familles chinoises dans quatre grandes villes (Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou et Chengdu) en Chine à l'échelle d'observation microsociale et micro-individuel. C'est dans cette partie que nous voyons les différentes pratiques entre les chinois les plus traditionnels qui pratiquent la philosophie chinoise du qi, du yin et du yang dans la consommation des eaux dans leur vie quotidienne et les chinois plus modernes qui ne pratiquent pas du tout la tradition, ou bien entre les deux. C'est aussi dans cette partie, où nous voyons le lien interrelationnel dans la société chinoise au travers de la consommation des eaux. À la fin, nous avons travaillé sur le goût, surtout le sucré dans les boissons non alcoolisées en montrant les occasions, les pratiques et les représentations et la gestion du corps par rapport au sucre et au sucré. / We will analyze this topic based on four major scales of observation: macrosocial, mesosocial, microsocial and micro individual. Firstly, in order to understand the context of drinking-water usage and management, we will present the environmental context and the geopolitical importance of water at the international level. We will then demonstrate China's development following a "water crisis" at the national level. Finally, we will present the regional-level example of Guangzhou, along with the solutions to and conflicts within this crisis on a macrosocial scale. "Water management", in terms of quantity and quality, continues to be a particularly important issue on the national and international stage. Secondly, we will examine the changes in the quality and management of running water in Guangzhou. In this second section, we will first show that running water in the region has become undrinkable due to severe pollution stemming from rapid urbanization. On a mesosocial level, we can observe the reactions of and cooperation between various segments of the public and private sector with respect to the production and distribution of running water. In the third section, we will examine the issue on the microsocial scale. Here, we will be focusing on water usage in individuals' daily lives, especially in the context of food and eating habits. We will first describe the changing role and diversity of water usage in the modern urban Chinese household, from historic usage of well-water to various types of commercially produced water. How do individuals select their preferred water source(s) based on the available options? How do they use and transform the meaning of water within the domestic realm? Next, we will analyze the forms of consumption and the representations of drinking water (including running water as well as other types of non-alcoholic water beverages, both flavored and unflavored) within Chinese households in four major Chinese cities: Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Chengdu on the microsocial scale and micro individual. In this section, we outline the differences between the habits of more traditional Chinese, adherents of the Chinese philosophy of qi, yin, and yang, and those of more modern, non-traditional Chinese, as well as those in between the two extremes. This section also explores the relationships inherent in Chinese society though the lens of water consumption. Lastly, we address the issue of flavor, especially sugar in non-alcoholic drinks, by outlining the forms, practices, representations, and management of the body in relation to sugar and sweet drinks.

Cette thèse s'intéresse au développement de stratégies de décalage de charge pouvant être appliquées à un parc de chauffe-eau Joule (CEJ).On propose une modélisation entrée-sortie du système que constitue le CEJ. L'idée est de concevoir un modèle précis et peu coûteux numériquement, qui pourrait être intégré dans un CEJ intelligent. On présente notamment un modèle phénoménologique multi-période d'évolution du profil de température dans le CEJ ainsi qu'un modèle de la demande en eau chaude. On étudie des stratégies d'optimisation pour un parc de CEJ dont la résistance peut être pilotée par un gestionnaire central. Trois cas de figures sont étudiés. Le premier concerne un petit nombre de ballons intelligents et présente une méthode de résolution d'un problème d'optimisation en temps discret. Puis, on s'intéresse à un parc de taille moyenne. Une heuristique gardant indivisibles les périodes de chauffe (pour minimiser les aléas thermo-hydrauliques) est présentée. Enfin, un modèle de comportement d'un nombre infini de ballon est présenté sous la forme d'une équation de Fokker-Planck. / This thesis focuses on the development of advanced strategies for load shifting of large groups of electric hot water tanks (EHWT).The first part of this thesis is dedicated to representing an EHWT as an input-output system. The idea is to design a simple, tractable and relatively accurate model that can be implemented inside a low-power computing unit embedded in a smart EHWT, for practical applications of optimization strategies. It includes in particular a phenomenological multi-period model of the temperature profile in the tank and a realistic domestic hot water consumption model.The second part focuses on the design of optimal control strategies for a group of tanks. Three use-cases are studied. The first one deals with a small number of smart and controllable EHWT for which we propose a discrete-time optimal resolution method. The second use-case adresses a medium-scale group of controllable tanks and proposes a heuristic which keeps the heating period undivided to minimize thermo-hydraulic hazards. Finally, we present the modelling of the behavior of a infinite population of tanks under the form of a Fokker-Planck equation.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-06-13T12:27:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Vanessa Koetz.pdf: 936294 bytes, checksum: e0e7f3aee5827014853ec7ce819d37a8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-13T12:27:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vanessa Koetz.pdf: 936294 bytes, checksum: e0e7f3aee5827014853ec7ce819d37a8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-27 / São Paulo suffered in 2014 a water collapse. Given this, would there be something that the Municipal Government could do to counter this water collapse? What could the Municipal Government have done to avoid reaching the unsustainable environmental situation that the city lives in? What can the Municipal Government do to contribute to the environmental and also the ecological balance of the city and to reverse a century of destruction of the ecosystems in which the city was erected? These are the questions that guide the dissertation. In order to answer them, we first look at the urbanization history of the Municipality of São Paulo. Next, we cover the juridical dimension of the water regime and soil management in Brazil. In the third chapter, we situate the water problem worldwide and investigate the main international documents related to water security and the right to the city. Finally, we seek to understand the specific role of the Municipal Executive of São Paulo in the management, preservation and recovery of water, for the purpose of supplying the population of São Paulo, based on the study of the main normative instruments and public policies of water resources management in the State of São Paulo and municipal urban land planning / São Paulo conheceu no ano de 2014 um colapso hídrico. Diante disso, haveria algo que o Poder Público Municipal pudesse fazer para combater este colapso hídrico? O que poderia ter feito o Poder Público Municipal para não se chegar a situação ambiental insustentável que vive a cidade? O que poderá fazer o Poder Público Municipal para contribuir para o equilíbrio ecológico ambiental, e também hídrico, da cidade e para reverter um século de destruição dos ecossistemas nos quais a cidade foi erguida? São estas as questões que orientam a dissertação. A fim de responde-las, primeiramente, percorremos a história de urbanização do Município de São Paulo. Em seguida, percorremos a dimensão jurídica do regime das águas e do ordenamento do solo no Brasil. No terceiro capítulo, situamos a problemática da água em nível mundial e procedemos à investigação dos principais documentos internacionais relacionados à segurança hídrica e ao direito à cidade. Por fim, procuramos compreender o papel específico do Poder Executivo Municipal de São Paulo na gestão, preservação e recuperação das águas, para fins de abastecimento da população paulistana, a partir do estudo dos principais instrumentos normativos e políticas públicas da gestão dos recursos hídricos no Estado de São Paulo e do ordenamento do solo urbano municipal

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-03-07T11:27:08Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Poliana Nascimento Arruda - 2015.pdf: 2671904 bytes, checksum: 0ccd127461223a3858ff55187eeb2597 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-03-07T11:30:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Poliana Nascimento Arruda - 2015.pdf: 2671904 bytes, checksum: 0ccd127461223a3858ff55187eeb2597 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-07T11:30:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Poliana Nascimento Arruda - 2015.pdf: 2671904 bytes, checksum: 0ccd127461223a3858ff55187eeb2597 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The existence of basic sanitation, as well as its quality is essential to the composition of a healthy environment. Several factors influence the search for quality services as fair tariffs, satisfaction of users of services, the management and the management sanitary actions among other attributes that basic sanitation of the municipality must contain and influence in achieving satisfactory index under health, education, economy, etc. This study aimed conduct a survey the characteristics of the Water Supply Systems (SAA) and System Sewage (SES), covering the management of services, collection and control, user satisfaction and the quality of the water distributed, and as the contents of Acute Diarrhoeal Diseases (DDA) in 21 municipalities in the state of Goiás in the management of sanitation services are performed by public bodies, or by municipalities through local authorities, departments and offices. The characteristics of the systems were obtained through on-site visits with application forms for healthcare managers, as well as forms of satisfaction for consumers in the period 2012 to 2014. The water quality data and DDA incidence come from respectively the Ministry of Health programs, Environmental Health Surveillance related to Water Quality for Human Consumption (Vigiagua) and Acute Diarrhoeal Diseases Monitoring (MDDA) for the year 2014. It was observed that in ten municipalities systems are managed by local authorities, four by departments and offices and seven without specific organ. The absence of water treatment was found in seven counties, six without specific organ, explaining the relationship with the management. In sewage noticed a deficiency in the presence of black tanks fully in 57,1% of the municipalities. The satisfaction of the population is related to economic, cultural and political factors, the latter being the predominant on the situation of public water and sewage, wherein the way management influences the existence of better infrastructure conditions. In the 21 municipalities tariff revisions occur in different ways and there is not a specific regulatory entity, the collection was observed in 67% of these municipalities. It was observed that in 21 municipalities there is a greater need as investment in infrastructure and the Goiana Agency Regulation, the regulatory body of the 225 remaining municipalities in the state of Goiás, while not complying with the law in all its spheres, contributes effectively in quality the services offered. As for water quality, it was found that the municipalities that do not have treated water levels above 70% of samples outside the potability standard were found, not being a correlation between the incidence of DDA and this aspect. Compliance with the guidelines Vigiagua is unsatisfactory, particularly for fluoride parameter and turbidity. It needs to occur an interaction between environmental and health sectors for the data to be analyzed together in order to be practical preventive, educational and corrective actions. / A existência de saneamento básico, assim como sua qualidade é essencial para a composição de um ambiente salubre. Diversos fatores influenciam na busca por serviços de qualidade, como tarifas justas, a satisfação dos usuários dos serviços, a gestão e o gerenciamento das ações sanitárias entre outros atributos que o saneamento básico do município deve conter e que influenciam no alcance de índices satisfatórios no âmbito da saúde, educação, economia e etc. Esse estudo objetivou realizar um levantamento das características dos Sistemas de Abastecimento de Água (SAA) e Sistema de Esgotamento Sanitário (SES), abrangendo a gestão dos serviços, a cobrança e a regulação, a satisfação dos usuários e a qualidade da água distribuída, bem como os índices de Doenças Diarreicas Agudas (DDA) em 21 municípios do estado de Goiás em que a gestão dos serviços de saneamento são realizadas por entidades de direito público, ou seja, pela prefeituras por meio de autarquias, departamentos e secretarias. As características dos sistemas foram obtidas por meio de visitas in loco com aplicação de formulários para os gestores dos sistemas, além de formulários de satisfação para os consumidores no período de 2012 a 2014. Os dados da qualidade da água e da incidência de DDA são oriundos respectivamente dos programas do Ministério da Saúde, Vigilância Ambiental em Saúde relacionada à Qualidade da Água para Consumo Humano (Vigiagua) e Monitoramento de Doenças Diarreicas Agudas (MDDA) referentes ao ano de 2014. Observou-se que em dez municípios os sistemas são geridos por autarquias, quatro por departamentos e secretarias e sete não possuem órgão específico. A ausência de tratamento de água foi encontrada em sete municípios, sendo seis sem órgão específico, explicitando a relação com a gestão. No esgotamento sanitário notou-se uma deficiência com a presença de fossas negras integralmente em 57,1% dos municípios. A satisfação da população está relacionada a fatores econômicos, culturais e políticos, sendo esse último o preponderante para a situação dos serviços públicos de água e esgoto, sendo que a forma de gestão influencia na existência de melhores condições de infraestrutura. Nos 21 municípios as revisões tarifárias ocorrem de diferentes formas não havendo um ente regulador específico, sendo observada a cobrança em 67% desses municípios. Foi observado que nos 21 municípios há uma maior carência quanto aos investimentos em infraestrutura e que a Agência Goiana de Regulação, órgão regulador dos 225 municípios restantes do estado de Goiás, mesmo não cumprindo com a legislação em todas as suas esferas, contribui efetivamente na qualidade dos serviços oferecidos. Quanto a qualidade da água, foi verificado que nos municípios que não possuem água tratada índices acima de 70% de amostras fora do padrão de potabilidade foram encontradas, não sendo verificada correlação entre a incidência de DDA e esse quesito. O cumprimento das diretrizes do Vigiagua encontra-se insatisfatória, principalmente para o parâmetro flúor e turbidez. É necessário que ocorra uma interação entre os setores ambientais e de saúde para que os dados sejam analisados em conjunto no intuito de haver práticas de ações preventivas, educativas e corretivas.

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2015-10-08T22:34:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o PPGECEA - Versao Final.pdf: 1221901 bytes, checksum: e87ef19103280149b784bab62da0ced2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-08T22:34:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o PPGECEA - Versao Final.pdf: 1221901 bytes, checksum: e87ef19103280149b784bab62da0ced2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-29 / Brazil is nowadays one of the largest producers and exporters of meat in the world. Despite this positive result, the environmental impacts which were caused by those production activities need to be analyzed. Thus, this paper aimed to evaluate the consumption of water and energy, informed in the environmental licensing processes in Bahia, spent for animal slaughtering activity. For that, data from 13 slaughterhouses and 12 refrigerators recorded in INEMA, from 2006 up to 2012 were used. The results have showed that 75% of the industries that slaughter cattle have high rates of water consumption, with average scores of 1.663 L/animal in slaughterhouses and 1,216 L/animal in cold storage chamber, reaching this figure to 100% in pig slaughtering industries, with an average consumption of 1,093 L/animal in slaughterhouses and 1,125 L/animal in refrigerating chambers. In chicken slaughtering, the average water consumption was 16 L/animal in slaughterhouses and 18 L/animal in cold storage chamber, compatible to benchmark data in the industry. In the energy aspect, it was not possible to quantify the total consumption due to the absence of electricity consumption data. Related to thermal energy, both cattle slaughter industries, which consume on average 241.9 kWh/animal, such as chicken slaughter, with an average consumption of 1.8 kWh/animal in slaughterhouses and 1.6 kWh/animal in refrigerators, they have showed high values, emphasizing the lack of data from that nature for the pigs slaughtering. The absence of such data indicates that this approach is not yet part of the Environmental Agency initiatives and that the concept of eco-efficiency is also not incorporated in the analysis of environmental licensing. / O Brasil atualmente ? um dos maiores produtores e exportadores de carne no mundo. Apesar deste enfoque positivo, agrega-se a esta atividade impactos ambientais que necessitam ser analisados. Neste sentido, este trabalho objetivou avaliar o consumo de ?gua e de energia informados nos processos de licenciamento ambiental do estado da Bahia para a atividade de abate de animais. Para isso, utilizou-se de dados de 13 abatedouros e 12 frigor?ficos protocolados no INEMA no per?odo de 2006 a 2012. Os resultados indicaram que 75% das ind?strias que abatem bovinos possuem altos ?ndices de consumo de ?gua, com resultados m?dios de 1.663 L/animal nos abatedouros e de 1.216 L/animal nos frigor?ficos, chegando esse ?ndice a 100% nas ind?strias de abate de su?nos, com consumo m?dio de 1.093 L/animal nos abatedouros e 1.125 L/animal nos frigor?ficos. No abate de frango, o consumo m?dio de ?gua foi de 16 L/animal nos abatedouros e 18 L/animal nos frigor?ficos, compat?vel com dados de benchmark do setor. No aspecto energia n?o foi poss?vel quantificar o consumo total devido ? inexist?ncia de dados de consumo de energia el?trica. Quanto ? energia t?rmica, tanto as ind?strias de abate de bovinos, consumindo em m?dia 241,9 kWh/animal, como a de frango, com consumo m?dio de 1,8 kWh/animal nos abatedouros e 1,6 kWh/animal nos frigor?ficos, apresentaram valores elevados, ressaltando-se a falta de dados desta natureza no abate de su?nos. A inexist?ncia tais dados indica que esse tipo de abordagem ainda n?o ? uma iniciativa do ?rg?o Ambiental e que o conceito de ecoefici?ncia n?o est? incorporado nas an?lises do licenciamento ambiental.

L’évolution de l’équipement des réseaux d’eau potable a considérablement amélioré le pilotage de ces derniers. Le telérelevé des compteurs d’eau est sans doute la technologie qui a créé la plus grande avancée ces dernières années dans la gestion de l’eau, tant pour l’opérateur que pour l’usager. Cette technologie a permis de passer d’une information le plus souvent annuelle sur les consommations (suite à la relève manuelle des compteurs d’eau) à une information infra-journalière. Mais le télérelevé, aussi performant soit-il, a un inconvénient : son coût. L’instrumentation complète d’un réseau engendre des investissements que certains opérateurs ne peuvent se permettre. Ainsi la création d’un échantillon de compteurs à équiper permet d’estimer la consommation totale d’un réseau tout en minimisant les coûts d’investissement. Cet échantillon doit être construit de façon intelligente de sorte que l’imprécision liée à l’estimation ne nuise pas à l’évaluation des consommations. Une connaissance précise sur les consommations d’eau permet de quantifier les volumes perdus en réseau. Mais, même dans le cas d’une évaluation exacte des pertes, cela ne peut pas suffire à éliminer toutes les fuites sur le réseau. En effet, si le réseau de distribution d’eau potable est majoritairement enterré, donc invisible, il en va de même pour les fuites. Une fraction des fuites est invisible et même indétectable par les techniques actuelles de recherche de fuites, et donc irréparable. La construction d’un modèle de fuite multi-états permet de décomposer le débit de fuite suivant les différents stades d’apparition d’une fuite : invisible et indétectable, invisible mais détectable par la recherche de fuite et enfin visible en surface. Ce modèle, de type semi-markovien, prend en compte les contraintes opérationnelles, notamment le fait que nous disposons de données de panel. La décomposition du débit de fuite permet de fait une meilleure gestion du réseau en ciblant et adaptant les actions de lutte contre les fuites à mettre en place en fonction de l’état de dégradation du réseau. / The evolution of equipment on drinking water networks has considerably bettered the monitoring of these lasts. Automatic meter reading (AMR) is clearly the technology which has brought the major progress these last years in water management, as for the operator and the end-users. This technology has allowed passing from an annual information on water consumption (thanks to the manual meter reading) toan infra-daily information. But as efficient as AMR can be, it has one main inconvenient : its cost. A complete network instrumentation generates capital expenditures that some operators can’t allowed themselves. The constitution of a sample of meters to equip enables then to estimate the network total consumption while minimizing the investments. This sample has to be built smartly so the inaccuracy of the estimator shouldn’t be harmful to the consumption estimation. A precise knowledge on water consumption allowsquantifying the water lost volumes on the network. But even an exact assessment of losses is still not enough to eliminate all the leaks on the network. Indeed, if the water distribution network is buried, and so invisible, so do the leaks. A fraction of leaks are invisible and even undetectable by the current technologies of leakage control, and so these leaks are un-reparable. The construction of a multi-state model enables us to decompose the leakage flow according to the different stages of appearance of a leak : invisible and undetectable, invisible but detectable with leakage control and finally detectable. This semi-Markovian model takes into account operational constrains, in particular the fact that we dispose of panel data. The leakage flow decomposition allows a better network monitoring but targeting and adapting the action of leakage reduction to set up according to the degradation state of the network.

This thesis aims to expand knowledge about the management of domestic water consumption. Among the various factors that influence water consumption, price and other economic variables have already been addressed by much research on this topic, obviously because of their implications for demand management. However, other factors such as the dominant urban model, the demographic structure and certain social values may also play a very important mediating role. This thesis aims to explore the factors (demographic, regional, socioeconomic, cultural, etc.) that influence domestic water consumption in two different but complementary scales: a local scale (municipalities in the Girona counties of Alt Empordà, Baix Empordà, Gironès, Pla de l’Estany and Selva) and a household scale (in suburban areas in the municipalities of Blanes, Caldes de Malavella, Lloret de Mar, Maçanet de la Selva, Santa Coloma de Farners, Sils, Tossa de Mar, Vidreres and Vilobí d’Onyar) / La present tesi té com a objectiu principal ampliar els coneixements la gestió de l’aigua per a usos domèstics. Entre els diferents factors que influeixen en el consum d’aigua, els preus i altres variables econòmiques han estat objecte de bona part de les investigacions sobre el tema. No obstant això, altres factors com, per exemple, el model d’ocupació urbana dominant, l’estructura demogràfica o certs valors socials, poden tenir també un rol molt rellevant. En aquesta tesi es proposa aprofundir sobre els factors (demogràfics, territorials, socioeconòmics, culturals, etc.) que incideixen en la demanda d’aigua per a usos domèstics, a dues escales diferents però complementàries: la municipal (municipis de les comarques gironines de l’Alt Empordà, Baix Empordà, Gironès, Pla de l’Estany i La Selva) i la llar (urbanitzacions dels municipis de Blanes, Caldes de Malavella, Lloret de Mar, Maçanet de la Selva, Santa Coloma de Farners, Sils, Tossa de Mar, Vidreres i Vilobí d’Onyar)

From the Proceedings of the 1978 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 14-15, 1978, Flagstaff, Arizona / Tucson's "Beat the Peak" program implemented in the summer of 1977 effectuated a reduction in peak day water usage from 151.5 million gallons per day on July 9, 1976, to 114.0 million gallons per day on July 8, 1977. This twenty-five percent reduction, if maintained, will allow a three -year deferral of a new remote wellfield and transmission pipeline estimated to cost between $25 and $50 million. More time will be available to analyze the cost effectiveness of solutions to the region's water resources supply problems (such as imported groundwater, Central Arizona Project water, effluent reuse, and their interrelationships). Although conservation was not promoted, the successful peak management program resulted in a 13.3 percent reduction in 1977 water use during the summer months (May through August) compared to usage during the same period in 1976. This resulted in water sales revenues less than projected, but the combination of less utility expenses and deferred capital improvements will yield lower customer rates and monthly bills than would have otherwise been necessary without the program.

CAPES / A água é essencial para a vida no planeta e é necessária para diversas atividades humanas. Fatores como o crescimento demográfico, a expansão industrial e a progressiva urbanização, causaram o pronunciado aumento da demanda global de água, em concorrência com a redução da disponibilidade deste recurso natural. Assim, mesmo que haja volume de precipitações significativo, há risco de escassez hídrica. Desta equação resulta a necessidade premente de incentivar ações voltadas à economia e ao uso racional dos recursos hídricos. Como uma das práticas da gestão dos recursos hídricos, a adoção do reúso de água na indústria pode contribuir para a economia do insumo e a redução da poluição. O estudo parte da premissa de que a bonificação estabelecida pelo Comitê do Alto Iguaçu e Afluentes do Alto Ribeira (COALIAR), na Resolução nº 05/2013, não tem efetividade para incentivar o reúso de água. O COALIAR abrange parte da Região Metropolitana de Curitiba e municípios contíguos, no estado do Paraná. O objetivo da pesquisa é estudar os mecanismos de incentivo ao reúso de água vigentes na região do COALIAR. Como metodologia, foi utilizada a revisão bibliográfica, a pesquisa documental e a pesquisa de campo, por meio de entrevistas. Foram feitas entrevistas com atores envolvidos com recursos hídricos na região do COALIAR. A pesquisa classifica-se como descritiva e exploratória e para o tratamento dos dados foi adotada a abordagem qualitativa. Como conclusão, inferiu-se que para fomentar a prática de reúso de água são recomendáveis as normas premiais, em detrimento das normas punitivas. Os incentivos ao reúso de água podem ser estabelecidos por meio de descontos significativos, incidentes sobre valores cobrados pelo uso dos recursos hídricos, bem como por descontos e isenções fiscais. Considera-se, também, que o Poder Público deve divulgar amplamente os dados sobre os riscos de escassez hídrica e sobre os comportamentos que podem contribuir para a preservação da água. / Water is essential for life on the planet and it is necessary for various human activities. Factors such as population growth, industrial expansion and progressive urbanization have led to a pronounced increase in global water demand, in competition with reduced availability of this natural resource. Thus, even if there is significant precipitation volume, the risk of water scarcity is not excluded. From this equation results the urgent need to encourage actions aimed at the economy and the rational use of water resources. As one of the practices of water resources management, the adoption of water reuse in industry can contribute to the economy of the input and the reduction of pollution. The study starts from the premise that the subsidy established by the Comitê do Alto Iguaçu e Afluentes do Alto Ribeira (COALIAR), in Resolution number 05/2013, has no effect to encourage the reuse of water. The COALIAR covers part of the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba and contiguous counties contíguos, in the state of ParanaThe objective of the research is to study the water reuse incentive mechanisms in the region of the COALIAR. As a methodology, bibliographic review, documentary research and field research were used through interviews. Interviews were conducted with actors involved with water resources in the region of the COALIAR. The research is classified as descriptive and exploratory and for the treatment of the data, the qualitative approach was adopted. As a conclusion, it was inferred that to promote the practice of water reuse, it is recommended that the norms be awarded, to the detriment of punitive norms. Incentives for water reuse can be established through significant discounts, levied on amounts charged for the use of water resources, as well as discounts and tax exemptions. It is also considered that the Public Authorities should widely disseminate data on the risks of water scarcity and on the behaviors that may contribute to the preservation of water.

Water is a symbol of life. It affects all organisms on earth and its importance is emphasised in times of drought. The human population growth places more demands on our natural resources. As pressures on the available water increases, more measures are required to utilise water sustainably. South Africa is classified as a water stressed country with less than 1700 cubic meters of water available per person per year. Rand Water supplies water to approximately 11 million people in Gauteng. During times of drought, restrictions imposed are aimed mainly at the broader Green Industry. This research investigated international strategies, existing restrictions in Gauteng, and undertook a survey within the Green Industry to determine the most appropriate response. This research proposes a new water supply shortage response plan for Rand Water in Gauteng with a total of four levels of restrictions implemented at different stages of water stress in the system. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Management)