Orientador: Marina Sangoi de Oliveira Ilha / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T20:54:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ribeiro_MariliaFerraz_M.pdf: 7377703 bytes, checksum: 1e30ea2940df727adbb976b5bcd9ca4e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: O emprego de medidas visando a conservação de água e energia elétrica vem sendo cada vez mais incentivado, dentro do conceito de sustentabilidade das edificações. O chuveiro, equipamento mais empregado para o aquecimento de água para o banho em habitações de interesse social, representa cerca de 24% do consumo de energia elétrica do setor residencial, além de ser utilizado no horário de pico do sistema elétrico, o que aumenta sobremaneira a demanda desse insumo. Alguns estudos avaliaram o impacto do emprego de sistemas de aquecimento solar em conjunto com chuveiros de potência regulável em edificações de interesse social, evidenciando a redução de consumo de energia elétrica. Há necessidade de se verificar, contudo, o impacto no consumo da água vinculado ao uso desses sistemas, pois muitas vezes o pensamento relacionado ao "aquecimento gratuito" pode conduzir a um aumento do consumo de água. A conscientização das pessoas é condição imprescindível para a sua participação ativa e mudança de hábitos de consumo, em conjunto com o emprego de tecnologias economizadoras. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo desenvolvido junto a 16 habitações de interesse social localizadas em um bairro da cidade de Campinas, São Paulo. Trata-se de um estudo de caso no qual a montagem e instalação dos aquecedores solares de baixo custo (ASBC) foram efetuadas pela própria comunidade envolvida, que participou também de oficinas de sensibilização para o uso racional de água e de energia elétrica. Foram avaliados o impacto após a instalação do ASBC, a apropriação da tecnologia por seus usuários e as mudanças ocorridas nos hábitos de consumo após a participação das oficinas de sensibilização. A partir dessas análises foram propostas diretrizes e recomendações para implantação de tecnologias sociais em comunidades com as mesmas características / Abstract: The use of measures aiming to conserve water and energy has been increasingly encouraged, within the concept of sustainability of buildings. Shower, the equipment most used to heat water for bathing in low-income houses, represents approximately 24% of electricity consumption in the residential sector, besides being used on peak periods of the electrical system, which greatly increases demand of this input. Some studies have assessed the impact of the use of solar heating systems in conjunction with adjustable power showers in low-income houses, highlighting the reduction in power consumption. It is necessary to verify, though, the impact on water consumption linked to the use of such systems because often the thought related to the "free heating" can lead to an increase in water consumption. The awareness of people is prerequisite for their active participation and change in consumption habits, along with the use of saving technologies. This work presents a study conducted with 16 low-income houses located in a neighborhood in the city of Campinas, São Paulo. This is a case study in which the assembly and installation of low cost solar heating systems (ASBC) were carried out by the community involved, which also participated in workshops to raise awareness of the rational use of water and energy. The impact after installation of the ASBC, the appropriation of technology by its users and the changes in consumption habits after participating in the workshops to raise awareness were evaluated. From these analyses, guidelines and recommendations were established for deployment of technologies in communities with the same characteristics / Mestrado / Arquitetura e Construção / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Orientador: Leila Mezan Algranti / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T13:10:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tedeschi_DeniseMariaRibeiro_M.pdf: 6005560 bytes, checksum: 56238ae0c437feda692f7c7951fefb39 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: As formas de apropriação das águas correspondem às maneiras como os indivíduos conceberam os vários modos de obter, empregar e se relacionar com esse líquido em determinadas situações históricas. Ao lado de uma questão fisiológica premente em torno das águas, aspectos sociais, culturais e mesmo econômicos são urdidos e apresentam sua trama. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar as formas de apropriação das águas no espaço urbano de Mariana, Capitania de Minas Gerais, entre 1745-1798, período de execução de sua reforma urbana. Como os demais núcleos urbanos mineradores do período, a cidade cresceu contornando os rios e córregos, onde ocorriam os serviços da mineração. Em 1745, o Rei D. João V elegeu a então Vila de Nossa Senhora do Carmo, castigada pelas enchentes, para sede do bispado da Capitania. Para estar condigna à sua nova função religiosa, o monarca ordenou que se realizassem as intervenções urbanas necessárias na cidade. O presente trabalho contemplou a pluralidade das apropriações das águas em Mariana, priorizando temas como a contenção, a distribuição e o fornecimento do líquido, bem como a diversidade das intenções, impressões e sensibilidades que envolveram o consumo das águas urbanas nessa cidade / Abstract: The forms of water appropriation correspond to the ways the individuals conceived the different modes of obtaining, using and relating to this liquid in certain historical situations. Besides the essential physiological issue concerning waters, social, cultural and even economic aspects are weaved and come about their weft. The goal of this work is to investigate the forms of water appropriation in the urban site of the city of Mariana, in the Capitany of Minas Gerais, Brazil, between the years of 1745 and 1798, when its urban reform took place. Likewise other mining urban centers, Mariana grew around the margins of rivers and streams, where mining services took place. In 1745, D. João the 5th, King of Portugal, chose Vila de Nossa Senhora do Carmo, the former name of the city of Mariana, then suffering from floods, as the episcopate headquarters of the Capitany. To fulfill this new religious function, the King ordered the required urban interventions in the city. This work includes the plurality of water appropriations in Mariana, focusing on issues like water restraining, distribution and furnishing, as well as the multiple intentions, impressions and sensitivities involved in water consumption in that city / Mestrado / Historia Cultural / Mestre em História

Orientador: Roberto Testezlaf / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T05:56:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Coletti_Christiane_D.pdf: 8342251 bytes, checksum: 37b6856a6758c3ef7a2a68d43697723c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: No Brasil, a produção de tomate de mesa é realizada, em sua maioria, utilizando-se a irrigação por sulcos, apesar da baixa eficiência e o potencial de contaminação dos recursos hídricos apresentados por esse sistema. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo quantificar os impactos da irrigação por sulcos, utilizada na cultura de tomate de mesa, que possam comprometer a disponibilidade hídrica da bacia hidrográfica do Rio das Pedras, situada nos municípios de Mogi-Guaçu e Estiva Gerbi, SP. Foram avaliados parâmetros relacionados com o desempenho da irrigação em uma propriedade agrícola, onde foram monitoradas: lâmina de irrigação, água percolada, armazenamento de água no solo, evapotranspiração de referência, escoamento superficial e precipitação. Com o intuito de expressar de forma objetiva e integrada as alterações da qualidade da água na bacia hidrográfica, estabeleceu-se um índice de qualidade da água, a partir da determinação dos níveis de concentração de oito contaminantes físicos e químicos presentes na água superficial. Para a avaliação dos impactos na qualidade da água, foram realizadas coletas de amostras de água em seis pontos ao longo da bacia durante treze meses, que permitissem a identificação do carreamento de nutrientes e de sedimentos provocados pela erosão. De acordo com os resultados obtidos a eficiência de irrigação na propriedade foi da ordem de 26%, considerada baixa quando comparada a outros sistemas de irrigação. As perdas por percolação foram estimadas em 11%, aproximadamente, as perdas por escoamento superficial no sistema calculado em torno de 1,5%, e as perdas por condução em 61%. Desta forma as perdas totais foram de aproximadamente 74%. No entanto, o uso de sulcos curtos e o manejo realizado na irrigação geraram valores aceitáveis de uniformidade de distribuição de água no solo. Apesar disso, a irrigação por sulcos, da maneira que é realizada, foi considerada ineficiente e com potencial para a redução da disponibilidade dos recursos hídricos. Quanto à qualidade da água, observou-se por meio do índice de qualidade de água (IQA), condições de deterioração na bacia do Rio das Pedras, relacionados com a produção do tomate de mesa na bacia. Observou-se também a presença de NH3-N e NH3, originados no processo de fertilização utilizado na cultura. A principal conclusão desse estudo foi a comprovação da ineficiência da irrigação por sulcos praticada pelo produtor, com perdas excessivas de água que afetam a disponibilidade de água da bacia pela presença de contaminantes físicos e químicos / Abstract: Furrow irrigation is the mostly used system in the production of fresh market tomato in Brazil, although, its low application efficiency and the potential to contaminate water resources. The object of this study was to quantify the impacts of furrows irrigation management in the tomato crop, which can compromise the water availability (quantity and quality) at the Rio das Pedras Watershed, located in the cities of Mogi-Guaçu and Estiva Gerbi - SP. It were evaluated the irrigation performance parameters that could affect the readiness of watershed water resources. The following irrigation components were monitored: irrigation depth applied, furrow runoff and water percolation, soil water storage, reference evapotranspiration, and precipitation. Using the concentration levels of eight physical and chemical superficial water contaminants in six sample points during thirteen months, a water quality index was estimated to express the alterations of the watershed water quality. The water index was used to identify the nutrients and sediments transported inside the watershed. The results showed that the irrigation efficiency was around 26% in the farm; value considered low when compared to others irrigation system. The percolation loss was approximately 11%, and the runoff near to 1.5%. The water conduction loss (pipe and soil channels) was estimated in 61%, resulting in an overall irrigation loss of approximately 74% in the farm. However, the irrigation management applied in short length furrows generated acceptable water distribution uniformity. The water quality index showed agricultural chemical contaminations along the watershed, highly related to the fresh market tomato production, the major agricultural exploration in the watershed. It was observed the presences of NH3-N and NH3, mainly originated in the fertilization process used in the tomato crop production. The main research conclusion showed that the furrow irrigation is inefficiently operated in the fresh market tomato production, with excessive water loss affecting the watershed water quality with physical and chemical contaminants / Doutorado / Agua e Solo / Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola

Este trabalho teve como objetivos estimar o consumo hídrico da cultura da estévia utilizando dois microlisímetros de lençol freático de nível constante, bem como determinar as funções de resposta de lâminas de irrigação no rendimento de folhas da cultura. A pesquisa foi realizada na área experimental do Departamento de Agronomia e Gestão do Agroecossistema da Universidade de Pisa, em San Piero a Grado Pisa/Itália. A evapotranspiração de referência foi determinada pelo método Penman-Monteith-FAO. Os dados de evapotranpiração foram coletados diariamente durante o período de junho a outubro de 2000. O lençol freático dos dois microlisímetros foi mantido a 35 cm da superfície do solo. As lâminas de irrigação aplicadas foram 64%, 80%, 100%, 117% da evapotranspiração medida pelos microlisímetros e um tratamento testemunha sem irrigação, sendo 4 repetições em cada tratamento. O potencial de água no solo nos tratamentos foi monitorado com tensiômetros istalados nas profundidades de 10 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm e 40 cm de profundidade. A evapotranspiração da cultura durante todo ciclo (80dias) foi de 464 mm. Os valores médios de evapotranspiração para a fase de maoir consumo, ou seja, fase final, foram de 5,44 mm.dia-1. Os valores de coeficientes de cultura foram de 1,45 para a fase inicial, 1,14 para a intermediária e 1,16 para a fase final do desenvolvimento da cultura. O uso das maiores lâminas de irrigação, 117% ETE (538 mm ) e 100% ETE (464 mm) promoveram o maior rendimento de folhas, com 5130 Kg.ha-1 e 4931 Kg.ha-1, respectivamente. Esses valores foram 113% e 105% superiores ao tratamento sem irrigação. O rendimento da cultura decresceu conforme aumentou a tensão de água no solo. O uso das diferentes lâminas de irrigação não afetou o teor de esteviosídeo nas folhas, com um valor mádio de 6,49%. O intervalo de irrigação de 3 dias não afetou o rendimento quando foi aplicado a maior lâmina de irrigação (117%). / The aim of this work was to estimate the water consumption of stevia using two constant watertable microlysimeters and determine the irrigation levels response in the yield. The research was conducted at the Department of Agronomy and Agroecosystem Gestion experimental area of the Pisa University, in San Piero a Grado-Pisa/Itália. The reference evapotranspiration e was determined by the Penman-Monteith-FAO method. The data was daily coleected from June to October 2000. The two microlysimeters watertable had been maintained at 35 cm depth. The irrigation levls were 15%, 64%, 80%, 100% and 117% of evapotranspiration (ETP), measured by capillary ascension microlisymeter. The experimental design was entirely randomize with 4 repetitions and 20 plots. The soil water potential was measured by tensiometers installed at 10 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm and 40 cm. The crop evapotranspiration in the total cicle (80 days) was 464 mm. For the most water consumption phase, the crop evapotranspiration average was 5,44 mm.day-1. The crop coefficient values were 1,14 for the next period (from 26 to 50 days), and 1,16 for the latest one (from 51 to 80 days). The greatest yield was obtained by 117% ETE (538 mm) and 100% ETE (464 mm) irrigation levels, with 5130 Kg.ha-1 and 4931 Kg.ha-1, respectively. These values were 113% and 105% higher than the treatment without irrigation. The yield decreased according to increased the soil water tension. The different irrigation levels did not affect the esteviodeo content, with an average of 6,49%. Until 3 days between irrigation under the 117% ETE, the crops yield was not affected significatevily.

A survey methodology was developed to measure the consumer welfare loss associated with various municipal water shortages. The methodology was designed to provide monetary estimates of consumer welfare loss and was tested on 644 households in the Tucson metropolitan area in February, 1981. The methodology was based on welfare economic theory and used two types of welfare measures: willingness to pay and willingness to accept. Respondents were presented with two hypothetical water shortage situations and asked to estimate their welfare loss according to prepared bidding schedules. The results of the survey, although biased by bidding behavior, indicate that consumers place a low value on the welfare loss associated with water shortages. The bidding behavior can be explained in part by the bidding mechanics and in part by the inability of the respondents to know their true response to possible water shortages.

Balancing water demand and supply in South Africa involves high levels of uncertainty. The Department of Water and Sanitation (DWS) is responsible for making decisions to either increase water supply or decrease water demand so as to ensure that sufficient water is available, when and where it is needed. However, no retrospective analyses of such decisions have been found. One way to assess such decisions is to evaluate the associated costs and benefits thereof. Therefore the primary aim of this study is to evaluate the costs and benefits of selected water supply options, and of the decision-making associated with those options. In order to achieve this purpose, four case studies were analysed within a mixed-methods research paradigm, which used both quantitative and qualitative methods, including unit reference value (URV) analysis, inter- and intra-case analysis and content analysis to examine the success of the decisions made. The four case studies were conducted on the Inyaka, Nandoni, Berg and De Hoop dams and their catchments. Firstly, estimated and actual project costs were compared using unit reference analysis and inter-case analyses. Secondly, the reduction of mean annual runoff (MAR) caused by invasive alien plants (IAPs) and the cost of clearing them in the dam catchments were evaluated using inter-case analyses. Information thus gathered was used together with data from DWS documentation and the results of interviews with ten key specialists, to analyse the decision-making process that led to the decision to build De Hoop Dam (the most recent case study). The rational decision-making model (RDMM) was used as a framework within which to analyse and evaluate this decision-making process. This study has also demonstrated how the RDMM can be used to assess decision-making associated with water supply development. The results of this study show that there is considerable variation of estimated costs (at the time that the decision to build the dam was taken) in relation to the actual costs of building the dams and that Ministers were not put in a position to understand the full long-term costs or the opportunity costs of the proposed dams. Furthermore, the most recent IAP data (2008) shows that the impact on water security by IAPs could not offset the water security resulting from building each of the four dams. However, if IAP management is not continued in these catchments, the projected reduction of MAR by IAPs will compromise water security within 45 years. Given the almost exponential spread and densification of IAPs, together with their long-term impact on MAR and increased costs of controlling them, it is clear that IAP management should have been factored into water supply decision-making from the outset. In the analysis of the decision to build the De Hoop Dam, the results show that while the decision-making process that culminated in the decision to build the dam did not follow the steps of the RDMM, DWS appears to have followed a somewhat similar approach. It was found that while there was a need for the provision of additional water in the Olifants catchment, this need was overstated and the resulting overestimation caused the scale and size of the dam to be larger than it could and probably should have been. Additionally, it appears that DWS‘s decision to build the De Hoop Dam themselves, rather than having it built by the private sector, may have been less than optimal. It is recommended that, in future decision-making, DWS needs to incorporate multiple alternative options into the same solution, and to ensure that decision-makers are put into a position to make informed decisions, including adequate consideration of externalities. Furthermore, DWS needs to employ decision-making models such as the RDMM to facilitate retrospective analyses to improve their institutional knowledge. Keywords: water resources management, dams, invasive alien plants, decision-making, unit reference values, rational decision-making model.

With the current implementation of the South African National Water Act (NWA) underway, comprehensive tools to assist in the efficient, fair and sustainable management of water resources are needed. Water footprints (WFs) are increasingly being recognised as a meaningful way to represent human appropriation of water resources and provide a framework for assessing the sustainability of water use. The study calculated blue, green and grey WFs for the lower Sundays River Valley (LSRV) citrus sector across dry, humid and long-term average climates for a number of cultivars. The sustainability of both the LSRV and the production process of citrus were examined through the adoption of a number of environmental, social and economic indicators. The study revealed that there was no water scarcity in the area because of an inter-basin transfer and that water pollution levels attributed to citrus production required a more comprehensive indicator than the grey WF. Results showed that navels, despite being the dominant cultivar, had the highest WF and the lowest water productivity and technical efficiency. It also provided lower benefits of income and employment in terms of water use in comparison to other cultivars. Conversely, cultivars such as lemons, which required a greater amount of water and fertiliser, were the most productive cultivar with the lowest blue, green and grey WF. The study demonstrated the complexity of decisions regarding water management and the need to assess accurately the environmental, social and economic implications of strategies to increase efficiency of water. The importance of incorporating local data and verifying WFs was also illustrated. The analysis highlighted that WF assessments could be useful for the South African government and agricultural sectors to assist in future water management decisions and promote increased collaboration between stakeholders. The study found that the adoption of local benchmarks could be useful in aiding the promotion of more efficient water use and could factor in sensitive economic and social attributes. WFs in conjunction with other economic and social indicators could also be used to evaluate the sustainability of current and future allocations pertaining to the implementation of the NWA. It was however noted that this requires vast amounts of accurate data.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T17:57:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcos Holanda_Diss.pdf: 1903157 bytes, checksum: 12aff14850e97e4c1b0c835c68b68342 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-04-25 / Brazil: a water country. This thought could take the people to forget about water conservation. Although Brazil has big watersheds, it also has regions that present serious water supply crisis. The amazon region, with only 5% of brazilian population, stores 80% of water volume of all national territory, while greater part of the population is concentrated in the big cities, needing, at times, a higher volume of water. The individual measurement in residential buildings is one of the most important ways to prevent water lavishness, also to control and to reduce the water consumption. This work tries to show the individual measurement of water as a fair system of price, which permits the control and the reduction on the water consumption. In the firs part, three buildings that had changed from global measurement system to individual measurement system were studied. By these cases, it was possible to show, in the buildings, the distribution of the apartments in classes of consumption, the percentage reduction and the economic feasibility to perform the modification in the measurement system. The second part of this work was to follow a telemetric measurement system in a residential building with individual water meters. The telemetric measurement allowed to know the profile of each consumer, individually, as an important way to plan actions to control and to reduce the water consumption. / Brasil, país das águas. Este é um pensamento que pode levar a uma despreocupação quanto à conservação da água. Sim, o Brasil possui grandes bacias hidrográficas, mas, por outro lado, possui também regiões que apresentam graves crises de abastecimento. A região amazônica, com apenas 5% da população brasileira, armazena 80% do volume de água de todo o território nacional, enquanto grande parte da população concentra-se nas grandes cidades, exigindo um volume de água cada vez maior. A medição individualizada em edifícios residenciais apresenta-se como um dos meios importantes para combater o desperdício, controlar e reduzir o consumo de água. Este trabalho procura mostrar a medição individualizada como um sistema justo que permite o controle e a redução de água. Numa primeira etapa, foram estudados três edifícios que sofreram reforma, passando do sistema com medição global para o sistema com medição individualizada. Através destes três estudos de casos, foi possível mostrar a distribuição dos apartamentos em classes de consumo, a redução percentual do consumo do edifício e a viabilidade econômica para a execução da reforma. A segunda etapa deste trabalho, compreendeu o acompanhamento da medição por telemetria, associada à medição individualizada, em um edifício residencial. A medição por telemetria permitiu o traçado do perfil de cada consumidor, individualmente, funcionando como uma ferramenta importante para o planejamento de ações que visem ao controle e a redução do consumo de água.

El enfoque experimental es el corazón de algunos de los desarrollos más interesantes de la economía. Básicamente, los experimentos se utilizan para generar datos controlados. El término "datos controlados" se refiere al hecho de que la mayoría de los factores en los que influyen las conductas se mantienen constantes, y solo un factor de interés (el "tratamiento'') cambia a la vez. Este es el punto crítico para hacer una inferencia causal. A veces, este proceso de generación ocurre de forma natural (es decir, un "experimento natural''). Sin embargo, la mayoría de las veces, el investigador es el encargado de desarrollar y controlar el proceso de generación. Todas las áreas de la ciencia (incluida la economía) deben considerar todas las metodologías que se pueden aplicar. La teoría, los experimentos de laboratorio, los experimentos de campo, los experimentos online, la neuroeconomía, la investigación observacional y social, las encuestas y más, contribuyen a nuestra comprensión del mundo. En el primer capítulo de a tesis, se presentan resultados experimentales sobre subastas. Se consideran dos tratamientos experimentales: si el comprador prefiere más la calidad a la dimensión del precio, o si este último importa más que la calidad. Los participantes se asignan al azar a uno de estos dos tratamientos y se emparejan en grupos de cinco. Juegan una subasta de períodos múltiples, donde la calidad es exógena asignada en cada ronda y los sujetos presentan una rebaja al precio base anunciado. Las pujas se transforman en puntuaciones que combinan la calidad exógena y la rebaja. El vendedor con la puntuación más alta gana la subasta. Los resultados sugieren que, cuando el peso de la rebaja es mayor, los participantes pujan más cerca del equilibrio. Sin embargo, la probabilidad de obtener un resultado eficiente es mayor cuando se pone más peso en la calidad. En el segundo capítulo analizo los resultados de un experimento en línea en el que los sujetos juegan cuatro versiones del juego Stag-Hunt. Hay tres tratamientos: línea de base, retraso de tiempo y retraso motivado. En el segundo, los sujetos deben esperar 40 segundos antes de elegir una decisión. En el tercero, deben esperar 40 segundos y escribir un texto para motivar sus decisiones. Al final del juego, los participantes informan sobre creencias, preferencias de riesgo y una medida de confianza. El resultado principal es que los sujetos optan por colaborar menos cuando deliberan más. La explicación es que este tratamiento ayuda a los sujetos a comprender que esta es la opción más segura. En el tercer capítulo, los autores estiman el impacto de un programa educativo basado en juegos destinado a promover el uso sostenible del agua. Esto se hizo en la ciudad de Lucca, con miles de alumnos de 2º a 4º de primaria. Los hallazgos indican que los estudiantes del grupo de tratamiento (participantes del programa) mostraron una mayor conciencia sobre el consumo de agua respecto a aquellos estudiantes que no participaron en el programa. Además, encuentran que el efecto positivo aún se observa después de seis meses, lo que sugiere que los programas educativos basados en juegos pueden ser un instrumento eficaz para promover comportamientos prosociales en el consumo de agua.

This diploma thesis deals with the analysis of the time series of drains from the water reservoir and evaluation of the minimum night flow in the water supply network of the town of Valašské Meziříčí. In the theoretical part of this thesis were elaborated research of Czech and foreign literature focusing on drinking water consumption analysis, measurement and evaluation of minimum night flow and methods of determination of water losses in distribution systems. The practical part includes analysis of water outflows from reservoirs, evaluation of minimum night flow and determination of basic water loss indicators for selected district metered areas of the network. The above-mentioned water supply network is operated by the Vak Vsetín, a.s.