No description available.

Objectives: Determine if numbness differs in magnitude and duration between 10-, 15-, and 20-min ice bath immersions, when temperature was held constant. Design: Dependant variables; sensation of pressure (g), perceived pain (cm), and skin temperature (º C). A repeated measures 3 X 19 factorial guided this study. Conditions were 10-, 15-, and 20-min ice bath immersions. Measurement times were before immersion, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, and 20 min immersion, and 1.5, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11 min postimmersion. Subjects: Eighteen college-aged volunteers. Measurements: Subjects participated in three ice bath immersions (10, 15, and 20 min). Sensation of pressure was tested over the anterior talofibular ligament prior to immersion, and 1.5, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 min postimmersion. Cold induced pain was recorded at baseline (prior to treatment), every 2 min during immersion (beginning with 1 min), immediately following foot removal (10, 15, and 20 min), and directly following each monofilament reading (1.5, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 min posttreatment). Water bath and skin temperature were recorded every min (baseline to 11 min postimmersion). ANOVA's and Tukey-Kramer multiple range tests were used to determine significance. Results: Water bath temperature was held constant at 1º C. Loss of sensation was greater following 20 min of immersion than 10 min of immersion at all postimmersion measurement times. The greatest loss of sensation was at 1.5 min following the 20-min immersion. Cold induced pain was greatest, in all conditions, during the first 5 min of immersion. Pain peaked at 1 min of immersion and declined sharply until 9 min after immersion. Postimmersion pain was significantly greater following 20 min of immersion than 10 or 15 min of immersion. Skin temperature did not differ among conditions at baseline or during immersion. Conclusions: Our research supports clinical recommendations of 12-20 min initial immersion during cryokinetics. There was no difference in water or skin temperature between groups; therefore, the increased magnitude and duration of numbness following 20-min immersion was due to the increased length of immersion. Prolonging immersion past the point of perceived numbness may be beneficial.

Four denture base materials of poly(methyl methacrylate) (QC-20, Pladent-20, Hygenic, and Optilon-399) were prepared by convention water bath and microwave-energy cured methods. While the resin was in the dough stage, it was packed into two molds (65 mm ¡¦15 mm ¡¦10 mm) in the fiber reinforced plastic flask. The variation of temperature with time was recorded by two thermocouples during the microwave heating at 80, 160, and 240 watts, respectively. Microwave polymerization was carried out in the same equipment. The microwave flask containing the same size of resin blocks were processed at 80, 160, 240, and 560 watts for 15, 10, 7, and 2 min, separately. Then each flask was turned over, and cured an additional 2 min at 560 watts. In the case of water-bath method, the resin in the dough stage was packed in the Brass flask, and then cured at 70¢J for 9 hours. Ten specimens were prepared for each condition studied. The surface hardness, porosity, flexural properties and solubility of both process conditions were evaluated. The samples were sectioned by microtome and stained 2 % Osmiun tetroxide, then the morphology of Optilon-399 was observed by using TEM (Transmission electron microscopy) at 160 KV. The result indicate that the flexural strength for Optilon-399 specimens prepared by water-bath method was 20 MPa higher than that prepared in microwave oven, however, there were no obvious difference between the samples cured at different power. Phase separation in two different sizes was observed in all of the Optilon-399 specimens. The larger domain was with 0.18 mm~0.67 mm diameter has dispersed rubber phase surrounded by a rubber periphery. The smaller domain with 0.1 mm diameter is rich with rubber phase. The size and distribution of the larger domain were correlated with the microwave power and curing time. The sample cured by water-bath has the largest average domain diameter (0.395¡Ó0.068 mm). In the specimens prepared by microwave method, the domain size decreased with increasing power. In additions, the domain size varied across the specimen. The size difference between the largest and the smallest domain for specimens cured at 80W was 0.03 mm, and that for specimens cured at 560W was 0.05 mm. This indicated that the larger the power watt was, the higher the morphology difference was.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-27T18:56:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Claudir Gabriel Kaufmann Junior.pdf: 4409753 bytes, checksum: 7098b87dc0b890c9350164eb26517c90 (MD5) Claudir Gabriel Kaufmann Junior.pdf.jpg: 3059 bytes, checksum: 586a2e911c55b542c5c656ea1f983b22 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-05 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The nanotechnology has been focused of many studies and become scientifically and technologically revolutionary. It can be found in many products on the market. The nanoscale is defined as a billionth of a meter (10-9m). The manipulation in this scale has provided a series of studies in the health, computing, physics, chemistry, materials and others fields. In the context of manipulation of nanostructures, this paper proposes an alternative produtcion of NTC on arc discharge method, which dispense the use of sealed cameras and working with water as an insulator environment. The project was divided in two main stages: the software development and the production of NTC. A control system via software to manage the approach speed of the electrode (cathode) and the speed of rotation of electrode (anode) was developed in the first stage. In the second stage, tests were performed with different parameters for the production of NTC: source type (direct current and alternating current), type of catalyst, solubilized iron in the water and iron doped in the anode electrode, and also two types of graphite called A and B (higher purity). The material produced was characterized by the Raman Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy techniques. Carbon nanotubes were produced when the graphite with higher purity was used, independently of the type of catalyst and the source used. In addition to the CNT was possible to observe with graphite B the production of several carbon nanostructures as nanosphere, nanorods, nanohoneycombs and nanoflowers of grapheme. However the graphite A (low purity) produced microspheres and nanospheres. / A nanotecnologia vem sendo o foco de diversas pesquisas tornado-se uma verdadeira revolução na ciência e tecnologia, já se pode encontrá-la em diversos produtos no mercado. A nanoescala é definida como a bilionésima parte do metro (10-9m). A manipulação nesta ordem de grandeza despertou uma serie de estudos nas áreas de saúde, computação, física, química, materiais, entre outras. Dentro do contexto de manipulação de nanoestruturas o presente trabalho propõe um método alternativo de produção de nanotubos de carbono por arco elétrico, o qual dispensa a utilização de câmeras seladas, trabalhando com água como meio isolante. O Trabalho foi divido em duas etapas principais: o desenvolvimento do software e a produção de NTC. Na primeira etapa foi desenvolvido um sistema de controle via software para gerenciar a velocidade de aproximação do eletrodo (cátodo) e a velocidade de giro do eletrodo (ânodo). Na segunda etapa realizaram-se testes com diferentes parâmetros para produção de NTC: tipo de fonte (corrente continua e alternada), tipo de catalisador: ferro solubilizado em água e ferro dopado no eletrodo ânodo, além de dois tipos de grafite, denominadas A e B (grafite B com maior pureza). O material produzido foi caracterizado pelas técnicas de Espectroscopia Raman e por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura. Nanotubos de carbono foram produzidos quando se utilizou grafite B de alta pureza, independendo do tipo de catalisador e da fonte utilizada. Alem dos NTC foi possível observar com a grafite B a produção de diversas nanoestruturas de carbono como nanoesferas, nanorods (nanovaras), nanofavos de mel e nanoflores de grafeno. Já para a grafite A, com baixa pureza, produziu apenas microesferas e nanoesferas.

Submitted by MARCIA ROVADOSCHI (marciar@unifra.br) on 2018-08-16T17:25:35Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_ClaudirGabrielKaufmannJunior.pdf: 4418925 bytes, checksum: 687c661d424523cd9edfde7f671305ad (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T17:25:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_ClaudirGabrielKaufmannJunior.pdf: 4418925 bytes, checksum: 687c661d424523cd9edfde7f671305ad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-05 / The nanotechnology has been focused of many studies and become scientifically and technologically revolutionary. It can be found in many products on the market. The nanoscale is defined as a billionth of a meter (10-9m). The manipulation in this scale has provided a series of studies in the health, computing, physics, chemistry, materials and others fields. In the context of manipulation of nanostructures, this paper proposes an alternative produtcion of NTC on arc discharge method, which dispense the use of sealed cameras and working with water as an insulator environment. The project was divided in two main stages: the software development and the production of NTC. A control system via software to manage the approach speed of the electrode (cathode) and the speed of rotation of electrode (anode) was developed in the first stage. In the second stage, tests were performed with different parameters for the production of NTC: source type (direct current and alternating current), type of catalyst, solubilized iron in the water and iron doped in the anode electrode, and also two types of graphite called A and B (higher purity). The material produced was characterized by the Raman Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy techniques. Carbon nanotubes were produced when the graphite with higher purity was used, independently of the type of catalyst and the source used. In addition to the CNT was possible to observe with graphite B the production of several carbon nanostructures as nanosphere, nanorods, nanohoneycombs and nanoflowers of grapheme. However the graphite A (low purity) produced microspheres and nanospheres. / A nanotecnologia vem sendo o foco de diversas pesquisas tornado-se uma verdadeira revolução na ciência e tecnologia, já se pode encontrá-la em diversos produtos no mercado. A nanoescala é definida como a bilionésima parte do metro (10-9m). A manipulação nesta ordem de grandeza despertou uma serie de estudos nas áreas de saúde, computação, física, química, materiais, entre outras. Dentro do contexto de manipulação de nanoestruturas o presente trabalho propõe um método alternativo de produção de nanotubos de carbono por arco elétrico, o qual dispensa a utilização de câmeras seladas, trabalhando com água como meio isolante. O Trabalho foi divido em duas etapas principais: o desenvolvimento do software e a produção de NTC. Na primeira etapa foi desenvolvido um sistema de controle via software para gerenciar a velocidade de aproximação do eletrodo (cátodo) e a velocidade de giro do eletrodo (ânodo). Na segunda etapa realizaram-se testes com diferentes parâmetros para produção de NTC: tipo de fonte (corrente continua e alternada), tipo de catalisador: ferro solubilizado em água e ferro dopado no eletrodo ânodo, além de dois tipos de grafite, denominadas A e B (grafite B com maior pureza). O material produzido foi caracterizado pelas técnicas de Espectroscopia Raman e por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura. Nanotubos de carbono foram produzidos quando se utilizou grafite B de alta pureza, independendo do tipo de catalisador e da fonte utilizada. Alem dos NTC foi possível observar com a grafite B a produção de diversas nanoestruturas de carbono como nanoesferas, nanorods (nanovaras), nanofavos de mel e nanoflores de grafeno. Já para a grafite A, com baixa pureza, produziu apenas microesferas e nanoesferas.

O Mycobacterium bovis causa a tuberculose zoonótica, doença que afeta os animais e o homem podendo causar a morte, sendo o leite uma importante via de transmissão da doença para o homem. A pasteurização do leite é a principal medida para quebrar essa cadeia de transmissão, cujos parâmetros de tempo e temperatura foram definidos através de experimentos que datam desde o fim do século XIX, com base na resistência térmica do M. bovis e da Coxiella burnetti, então considerados os mais resistentes patógenos não formadores de esporos que contaminam o leite. No Brasil são aprovados os binômios 62ºC a 65ºC por 30 minutos e 72ºC a 75ºC por 15 a 20 segundos. Entretanto, com o passar dos anos e surgimento de novas tecnologias (PCR, Spoligotyping e outras técnicas biomoleculares) foi possível observar diferenças genéticas intra-espécie. Assim, este projeto tem por objetivo avaliar e comparar o comportamento de dois espoligotipos de M. bovis (SB0120 e SB1033) frente aos dois protocolos de pasteurização utilizados no país. Para tanto, leite integral UHT foi contaminado com esses espoligotipos e submetido aos dois processos térmicos, em Banho-Maria. O leite foi semeado em meio sólido Stonebrink-Leslie e a contagem de colônias foi feita após 45 dias de incubação a 37ºC. Não houve neste experimento diferença entre as resistências térmicas dos dois espoligotipos, no entanto detectou-se uma maior importância da fase de aquecimento na redução do agente do que da fase de manutenção da temperatura, para os dois espoligotipos, nos dois processos. / Mycobacterium bovis causes zoonotic tuberculosis disease that affects animals and humans and can cause death, the milk is an important route of disease transmission to humans. The pasteurization of milk is the main measure to break the transmission chain, whose time and temperature parameters were defined by experiments dating from the late nineteenth century, based on thermal resistance of M. bovis and Coxiella burnetti, considered then the most resistant non-spore-forming pathogens that contaminate the milk. In Brazil, there are two approved binomials 62ºC to 65ºC for 30 minutes and 72ºC to 75ºC for 15 to 20 seconds. However, over the years and the emergence of new technologies (PCR, spoligotyping and other biomolecular techniques) was observed genetic differences intra-species. Thus, this project aims to evaluate and compare the behavior of two spoligotypes of M. bovis (SB0120 and SB1033) compared to the two pasteurization protocols used in the country. To this end, UHT milk was contaminated with these spoligotypes and subjected to two thermal processes in a water bath. The milk was streaked on solid medium Stonebrink-Leslie and colony counting was done after 45 days of incubation at 37ºC. This experiment showed that there was no difference between the thermal resistances of the two spoligotypes, however it was detected a greater importance of the heating phase in reducing the agent that the maintenance phase of temperature for the two spoligotypes, in both cases.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T14:42:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Marcos Humberto.pdf: 309390 bytes, checksum: 17847e7d57cdb47af008a9552ac17717 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-12 / Silicon is considered a beneficial element for plants and classified as a micronutrient. The use of Si brings innumerous for agriculture, particularly for grasses, up to now there are no reliable or efficient methodologies for quantifying available Si. Thus, methodologies able to quantify the available silicon in slags and fertilizers were evaluated. The aim of the work was to assess changes in the use of sodium carbonate + ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3 + Na2CO3) with disodium EDTA as extracting Si fertilizers through experiments with the cultivation of rice in an Oxisol and in a Haplortox Quartzipsamment soil typically displaced in a randomized design scheme in a green-house experiment in a factorial design with different sources, 5 Si extractors and 3 replicates. Extractions with four solutions were induced by autoclaving for 1 h at 121 °C in a water bath for 1:30 hours at 900 (± 30), also a standard Si extractor was used, consisting a solution that does not use an autoclave or water bath and rested for five days. The method using the autoclave was more efficient than the water bath and the best extracting solution was Na2CO3 0.1 mol L-1 + disodium EDTA 0.03 mol L-1 NH4NO3 and 0.2 mol L-1 / O Si (Silício) é considerado como sendo um elemento benéfico para as plantas e classificado como um micronutriente. Vários são os benefícios do Si para a agricultura, principalmente para as gramíneas, até o presente momento não existem metodologias confiáveis e eficientes para quantificar o Si disponível. Foram estudadas, então, metodologias capazes de quantificar o Si disponível em escória e fertilizantes. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar as variações do uso do Carbonato de Sódio + Nitrato de Amônio (Na2CO3+NH4NO3) com EDTA dissódico como extratores de Si em fertilizantes através de experimentos com a cultura de arroz em um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico e um Neossolo Quartzarênico órtico típico, montado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em casa-de-vegetação, com as soluções extratoras em esquema fatorial, com as diferentes fontes, 5 extratores de Si e 3 repetições. As extrações com as 4 soluções foram induzidas em autoclave por 1 h a 121º C e em banho-maria por 1:30 hora a 900 (±3º), além disso, foi utilizado o extrator S1 como padrão, que consistia em uma solução que não utilizou autoclave e nem banho-maria e repouso de 5 dias. O método utilizando a autoclave foi mais eficiente que o banho-maria e a melhor solução de extração foi com Na2CO3 0,1 mol L-1 + EDTA disódico 0,03 mol L-1 e NH4NO3 0,2 mol L-1.

O Mycobacterium bovis causa a tuberculose zoonótica, doença que afeta os animais e o homem podendo causar a morte, sendo o leite uma importante via de transmissão da doença para o homem. A pasteurização do leite é a principal medida para quebrar essa cadeia de transmissão, cujos parâmetros de tempo e temperatura foram definidos através de experimentos que datam desde o fim do século XIX, com base na resistência térmica do M. bovis e da Coxiella burnetti, então considerados os mais resistentes patógenos não formadores de esporos que contaminam o leite. No Brasil são aprovados os binômios 62ºC a 65ºC por 30 minutos e 72ºC a 75ºC por 15 a 20 segundos. Entretanto, com o passar dos anos e surgimento de novas tecnologias (PCR, Spoligotyping e outras técnicas biomoleculares) foi possível observar diferenças genéticas intra-espécie. Assim, este projeto tem por objetivo avaliar e comparar o comportamento de dois espoligotipos de M. bovis (SB0120 e SB1033) frente aos dois protocolos de pasteurização utilizados no país. Para tanto, leite integral UHT foi contaminado com esses espoligotipos e submetido aos dois processos térmicos, em Banho-Maria. O leite foi semeado em meio sólido Stonebrink-Leslie e a contagem de colônias foi feita após 45 dias de incubação a 37ºC. Não houve neste experimento diferença entre as resistências térmicas dos dois espoligotipos, no entanto detectou-se uma maior importância da fase de aquecimento na redução do agente do que da fase de manutenção da temperatura, para os dois espoligotipos, nos dois processos. / Mycobacterium bovis causes zoonotic tuberculosis disease that affects animals and humans and can cause death, the milk is an important route of disease transmission to humans. The pasteurization of milk is the main measure to break the transmission chain, whose time and temperature parameters were defined by experiments dating from the late nineteenth century, based on thermal resistance of M. bovis and Coxiella burnetti, considered then the most resistant non-spore-forming pathogens that contaminate the milk. In Brazil, there are two approved binomials 62ºC to 65ºC for 30 minutes and 72ºC to 75ºC for 15 to 20 seconds. However, over the years and the emergence of new technologies (PCR, spoligotyping and other biomolecular techniques) was observed genetic differences intra-species. Thus, this project aims to evaluate and compare the behavior of two spoligotypes of M. bovis (SB0120 and SB1033) compared to the two pasteurization protocols used in the country. To this end, UHT milk was contaminated with these spoligotypes and subjected to two thermal processes in a water bath. The milk was streaked on solid medium Stonebrink-Leslie and colony counting was done after 45 days of incubation at 37ºC. This experiment showed that there was no difference between the thermal resistances of the two spoligotypes, however it was detected a greater importance of the heating phase in reducing the agent that the maintenance phase of temperature for the two spoligotypes, in both cases.

<p dir="ltr">Nucleic acid testing has become a prominent method for rapid microbial detection. Unlike polymerase chain reaction (PCR), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a simple method of nucleic acid amplification where the reaction can be performed at a constant temperature and the output provided in a colorimetric format. A transparent water bath heater is a desirable instrument to perform the heating and observe the visual results of nucleic acid amplification. However, existing methods of heating the water are not convenient for loading and unloading the nucleic acid samples. Here, we developed a field-deployable water bath heating device—an isothermal heater called IsoHeat for short–which is solely dedicated to performing LAMP reactions and can heat the water up to 85 °C (if needed). Using 3D-printing and LASER-cutting technology, we fabricated different parts of the device and mechanically assembled the parts to develop the entire device. Users can commence the heating by pressing the start button on the screen after entering the target temperature. Subsequently, the device heats up the water bath and maintains the target temperature through a PID algorithm-based control system. We demonstrate that IsoHeat can operate in environmental temperatures ranging from 5-33 °C and it can conduct LAMP reactions in a liquid format as well as in paper-based devices. IsoHeat is more efficient and user-friendly compared to a commercially available immersion-heating device, which is often used to perform LAMP reactions. This newly developed device would be helpful to detect pathogens conveniently in the field (e.g., at the point-of-care for human applications, on farms for plant and animal applications, and in production facilities for food safety applications).</p>

Over the last two centuries, there has been a continual evolution of how occupied rooms are heated, with inventors competing to design new heating devices. In particular, there is a wide range of convector types, which vary in shape, size, design, material, operating medium and application. With approximately 190 million convectors installed in the UK alone, the question arises regarding the dependencies on the efficiency of heat distribution through convector-induced filling flows. A standard approach to evaluate convector performance is based on the convector strength only, the implication being the stronger the convector the better the performance. This work has gone beyond the limits of a stereotypical assessment in pursuit of answers regarding the physics of convector-induced filling and a new objective method to evaluate the efficiency of this transient process. The ultimate goal has been to provide a deep understanding of filling and stratification induced by a convector, in order to heat rooms rapidly and effectively. An experimental facility has been designed that approximates dynamic similarity between the experimental set-up and a real-life room with a convector. In the experiments, a rectangular sectioned water tank represents a room and a saline source rectangular sectioned panel with sintered side walls provides a convector representation. Experiments have been performed in water with a saline solution to ensure high Rayleigh numbers. Diagnostic techniques involve a combination of a shadowgraph method, a dye-attenuation method, direct salinity measurements and a new application of Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). Interesting insight into convector-induced buoyancy-driven flows has been gained. As a result, new guidelines aimed at heating rooms more rapidly and effectively have been proposed. The key outcome that can be immediately applied is that, for a given convector strength, heat distribution with height can be improved by adjusting the convector position. For instance, faster filling leading to more uniform heat distribution occurs in rooms with convectors detached from side walls, due to large-scale mixing flows in the early period of filling. Also shorter convectors relative to the room height, positioned close to the floor level, promote faster and more uniform filling. An attempt to describe the transient filling has been made and to do so statistical methods, application specific, have been developed. As a result, the empirical equations describing both the filling rates in different stages of filling and the development of stratification have been derived, which rank the governing parameters, based on their importance, as either dominant or subordinate. Two dominant parameters governing filling flows are the non-dimensional accumulation parameter B and the Rayleigh number ΔRa, which are related to the convector strength. The impact of these two parameters is constant throughout the process. The parameters accounting for the system geometry and filling time (T) are subordinate parameters. Their impact, visible in the early period, decreases as filling continues.