The thesis describes the transposition of the Czech Television crisis on the pages of daily newspapers and weekly magazines. The theoretical part of the thesis describes the genesis of the TV crisis and later shows the problematic of biased news. In the practical part it divides the Czech media according to the quantitative content analysis to the media which openly supported the rebelling journalists or the new management of Czech TV. Interesting in the study is that the traditional right-left division of the Czech media was disproved in the analysis, because the Socialist Party was speaking frequently and with biggest weight also in the traditional right-wing daily newspapers such as Hospodarske noviny, Lidove noviny and Mlada fronta Dnes.

The purpose of this study is to determine whether there is a relationship between personal value preferences (PVPs) and burnout among music therapists. A total of 450 board-certified music therapists participated in this study. Four hundred and twenty-one participants finished the survey partially and completely, and were analyzed with regard to demographic information (gender identity, years of work, worksites, weekly work hours, annual salary range). Three hundred and forty-three participants who completed the Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ-RR), and Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS) were subjected to non-parametric and linear regression analyses. Regarding the relationship between worksites and burnout, the Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to detect differences in burnout as a function of reported worksite and was found to be significant for Depersonalization. Post-hoc analyses using the Dunn-Bonferroni method found one pairwise difference: Those working in Psychiatric Hospitals report higher Depersonalization than those working in Private Practice/Agency settings. This would seem to suggest that some of the characteristics of the worksite might be related to the experience of burnout. A similar approach was used to detect differences in burnout as a function of reported salary range. The result was significant for Emotional Exhaustion; however, post-hoc tests revealed that no two salary ranges differ significantly from one another. Multiple regression was used to examine the extent to which years of work and weekly work hours are related to burnout. Findings suggest that both years of work and weekly work hours and burnout were statistically significant. Further analysis finds that years of work was negatively correlated with Emotional Exhaustion and Depersonalization, and positively correlated with Personal Accomplishment; and weekly work hours was positively correlated with Emotional Exhaustion, Depersonalization, and Personal Accomplishment. Although the results are statistically significant, the practical use of these findings may be limited because of the relatively small amount of variance explained by the overall model and individually by years of work and weekly work hours. Finally, multiple regression was conducted to examine the relationship between PVPs and burnout. Results suggest that PVPs as a group are related to Emotional Exhaustion, Depersonalization, and Personal Accomplishment. Specifically, Self-Transcendence is negatively related to Emotional Exhaustion, Depersonalization, and positively related to Personal Accomplishment; Self-Enhancement is positively correlated with Emotional Exhaustion and Depersonalization and negatively correlated with Personal Accomplishment; Openness to Change is negatively correlated to Emotional Exhaustion and Depersonalization, and positively correlated to Personal Accomplishment; and Conservation is positively correlated with Emotional Exhaustion and negatively with Depersonalization and Personal Achievement. These findings as well as implications for future research and implications are explored further.

The aim of the diploma thesis "Media image of culture in the weekly Respekt and Reflex" is to use qualitative and quantitative research to describe the attitude towards culture and its relationship in the social news weekly magazines Respekt and Reflex. The theoretical part of this work is devoted to the description of the influences on the production of cultural journalism. It deals with the interpretative conception of culture, from the anthropological conception, through the conception of the Frankfurt and Birmingham schools to contemporary approaches to the attitude towards culture and the creative industries. All this is set in the context of the study of media and mass media, which is also influencing the cultural production. The results of the analytical part then present the concept of culture based on the description of editorial approaches to cultural topics and the analysis of the contents of the stated weekly magazines. In the end of the work the theoretical knowledge is connected with the results of research. Keywords Cultural journalism, culture in media, culture, media, society, cultural society, Respekt, Refex, weekly magazines.

"Representation of the environment in Russian and Czech press" This diploma thesis deals with the representation of the environment in the Russian and Czech press. For my research I chose two news weekly papers: Respekt and Argumenty a fakta issued between the years 2007-2011. Quantitative content analysis and qualitative frame analysis were used for data processing. The theoretical part describes the development of the media, their influence on society, mechanism of news construction (agenda setting, news values, objectivity, bias, access to news, work with sources), the development and state of the Czech and Russian media, concepts of nature and the development of environmental reporting. In the practical part I found out how the environment and nature are viewed and interpreted by these printed media in the content of their messages. Key words: environment; nature; media; representation; agenda-setting; content analysis; frame analysis; framing; weekly magazíne; Respekt; Argumenty a fakta

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / In the decade since first identified, the Acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has become a serious global disease. The nature of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) that causes AIDS, whereby a carrier may be asymptomatic yet remain infectious, has enabled its dramatic spread. The number of AIDS cases is increasing exponentially, averaging a doubling time of between 8-15 months in different countries. Of the millions of HIV carriers, it is now estimated that all will eventually go on to develop full-blown AIDS and probably die within 15 years. Unlike other infectiqus diseases, there is currently no known vaccine or cure. Further, HIV is now virtually completely dependent on volitional sexual behaviours for transmission to occur. It is therefore an entirely preventable disease. However, since the behaviours that contribute to HIV-transmission are influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors, their alteration in line with safer sexual practices has been shown to be considerably complex and difficult. Intervention strategies that have relied on imparting knowledge about the disease have achieved limited success in influencing behaviour change. Unsafe sexual practices, and the risk of HIV-infection, often continue even when knowledge regarding prevention is adequate. It has therefore become apparent that other variables intrude which may mediate between knowledge acquisition, attitude formation, and consequent sexual behaviours. There appear to be no models which adequately explain the complexities in this area, and which enable adequate intervention strategies to be developed. The present study was undertaken to redress this problem, and to explore those variables that mediate in the area. Various psychological and social factors appear to be implicated in influencing sexual attitudes and behaviours. In order to adequately test the impact of psychosocial variables that were found to have significant associations in an exploratory study, a measuring instrument was developed. The AIDS Psychosocial Scale was statistically validated using content, frequency, factor, and reliability analyses and included psychological factors of self concept, defenses of denial, repression, and rationalisation, perceived empowerment in the form of locus of control and selfefficacy, and the social factor of peer pressure susceptibility. The impact of these psychosocial variables on indices of knowledge, condom attitude, and sexual practices, and on other epidemiological variables was tested using a sample of students at the University of the Western Cape (n=308). Results indicated a number of correlational and causal links between variables, confirming the mediational role psychosocial factors have in influencing knowledge acquisition, attitude formation, and behaviour outcome. A profile of lower self concept, higher defenses, lower self-efficacy, more external locus of control, and higher peer pressure susceptibility emerged which was associated with poorer knowledge, more negative attitudes, and higher unsafe sex. Based on this study, a model of psychosocial mediation is developed and its implications for intervention strategies discussed.

La tesis que presentamos se centra en la importancia que la ilustración como categoría semiótico-discursiva establece en las colecciones literarias de novela corta, que triunfan en España en los años iniciales del siglo XX. En los cinco primeros capítulos, se plantean aspectos significativos del mundo de la imagen ilustrada: una aproximación al decurso histórico de la ilustración, a su consideración como medio de comunicación de masas, y a su relación con las disciplinas artísticas clásicas como pintura y la literatura. También se realiza un análisis generalizado del ámbito y el mercado en que tiene lugar el auge de las colecciones de novela corta en sus diferentes variantes. El capítulo VI se dedica a un estudio semiótico centrado en las consideradas siete grandes colecciones de novela corta: El Cuento Semanal, Los Contemporáneos, La Novela Corta, El Libro Popular, La Novela Semanal, La Novela de Hoy y La Novela Mundial. / The thesis that we defend is focused on the importance of the illustration, considered as a semiotic-discursive category, within the literary collections of short novel, those who had triumphed in Spain at the beginning of the twentieth century. In the first five chapters, we propose some significant aspects regarding the world of the illustrated image: an approach to the historic course of illustration, to its consideration as one form of mass media, and to its connection with the classic artistic disciplines such as painting and literature. Moreover, we carry out a general analysis of the cultural realm and market in which the different varieties of short novel collections reach their peak. Chapter VI is devoted to a semiotic study that is focused on the seven greatest short novel collections: The Weekly Tale, The Contemporaries, The Short Novel, The Popular Story Book, The Weekly Novel, Today's Novel and The Worldly Novel.

「傳媒外部性」是指傳媒在生產其內容、或閱聽人於消費該內容的過程中，對於非關該市場交易之第三人產生影響，致使傳媒活動可能侵害第三人的權益，抑或可能創生公共利益的現象。作為一種傳播效果，以及一種構成市場失靈、從而需要公共政策介入的概念工具，「傳媒外部性」可以作為聯繫「傳播效果」與「媒介政策」的研究橋樑，因此對於拓展跨學科的溝通，具有潛在貢獻。 外部性是衍生自主流經濟學的概念，其測量無法不涉及量化指標（如貨幣），惟本研究亦闡明：該概念之內涵不可能、亦不應該完全以量化標準來看待；就此檢討後，本研究參照公法學教授Edwin Baker所提之十種傳媒外部性類目，同時酌量採納傳播效果研究的部分成果，提出本研究分析傳媒外部性的類目指標，並試圖使經濟學與傳播研究在對話中，能豐富各自的內涵。 透過相關文獻的檢視與分類，並針對《壹週刊》內容所創生的外部性予以歸納分析，本研究將歷來對於傳媒外部性的回應方式，分做三類八種。第一類是指行政立法部門的「傳播政策」回應，又可略分為宏觀結構管制（傳播哲學、產權與財源的確立）、微觀結構管制（庇古稅及津貼）、經由政府授權以形成三方對傳媒的共管，以及對傳媒內容的規範等；第二類則為民事與刑事等對於特定傳媒內容之「司法仲裁」回應；第三類回應則涉及「市場規則」，又可略分為媒體素養課程之推廣、媒體監督組織的運作、及傳媒與外部性承受者間的私下協商等。由於傳播政策可以是統合或中介前述三類回應的關鍵，本研究最後就公共政策介入以創生優質傳媒環境的作用，提出初步的反省。 / During the production and consumption process of media content, a certain ‘media externality’ is inevitably created that may benefit or harm the third parties who actually are not present in the market exchange relationship between the producers and their audience. Therefore it’s reasonable to conceive ‘media externality’ as one aspect of communication effects, and as a factor that contributes to market failure, as such, this thesis suggests that we employ ‘media externality’ as a conceptual tool bridging ‘communication research’ and ‘media-policy research’ in a way that both disciplines can contribute to each other. To measure ‘externality’, it’s not possible that quantitative indicators such as ‘money’ be not invoked, meanwhile it’s neither desirable nor feasible if economic calculation or consideration exhausts what we mean by ‘media externality’. Having established this methodological principle, and in addition to bringing in relevant communication effect researches, the author builds and expands upon Edwin Baker’s categorization and proposes my own framework for measuring ‘media externality’. It is hoped that communication science and economics can enrich respective tradition via this dialogue. The ‘Next Weekly’ is then subject to a careful investigation and its externality is subsequently assessed. In all, to deal with media externalities, three models with eight variants can be discerned. To begin with, there is a ‘policy dimension’ comprising macro-structural regulation that attends to communication philosophy, arrangements of media property rights and finances of media production. The second policy element is of a micro-structural regulation nature, including Pigouvian tax or subsidy. Also, the state may stipulate that its regulatory power be shared with the industry and the audience’ alike. The second model indicates civilian or criminal lawsuits. Lastly there is a market response to media externality, be it the promotion of media literacy, operations of media watch groups or individual victim’s compromise with the media. This thesis ends in a reflection, since by its definition communication policy is bound to step in all the other variants, that evaluates the relationship between public policy and a more healthy media ecology.

A travers la thèse intitulée « l'Italie vue à travers les grands hebdomadaires français depuis mars 1994 », nous tenterons de saisir l'image que les principaux hebdomadaires français donnent de l'Italie depuis la formation du premier gouvernement Berlusconi. Ces hebdomadaires sont les suivants : «l'Express », « Le Point », « Marianne », « Courrier international » et « le Nouvel Observateur ». Il sera nécessaire de définir pour chacun d'entre eux la conception qu'il renvoie de l'Italie en général et de son actualité politique en particulier. Nous pouvons formuler quelques hypothèses : la représentation renvoyée par les médias est largement caricaturale. Elle pourrait être influencée par les idéologies et postures politiques des hebdomadaires. Il nous faudra le démontrer. Il faudra également rechercher quels facteurs influencent la vision des journalistes français dans les jugements qu'ils portent sur l'Italie. Il est possible, deuxième hypothèse, que la situation politique qui évolue en France pendant cette période, détermine en partie l'appréciation des journalistes. Probablement aussi, toutes sortes de préjugés partagés par l'opinion française interfèrent dans ces interprétations. D'autres facteurs comme les rivalités sportives (le football par exemple) ou les engagements politiques (l'Italie aux côtés des Etats-Unis dans la guerre en Irak, par exemple) peuvent jouer un rôle. Si ces hypothèses se confirment, nous pourrons réfléchir aux conséquences de ces commentaires parfois peu rationnels sur l'Italie, qui s'apparentent même à une forme d'ingérence. Nous en dégagerons des conclusions sur les rapports entre le journalisme et la politique : les propos journalistiques d'un pays sur un autre ont-ils une incidence sur les relations de politique extérieure qu'entretiennent les deux pays ? / The way the french weekly press describes Italy is rather negative. It is true that Italy has to face important difficulties such as an economic recession and a permanent government instability. The “Ligue du Nord”, a xenophobic party, is also worrying. « Antipolitic », which is known as the rejection of politicians, is a disturbing phenomenon too. Above all, Berlusconi who was at the same time a Prime minister and the owner of three commercial TV channels is suspected to distort and pervert democracy. However, Italy can’t be reduced to these negative aspects. Positive aspects are not fully appreciated by the french weekly press. It also attributes too much responsibility to Berlusconi. Journalists thinks throw « filters », that means their own standards. These standards are usually french, elitist and conservative ones. More than that, severe critics against Berlusconi are probably the way the journalists try to get power over politicians. The requirement of their job also explains the picture which is reflected in the french newspapers. Of course their editorial lines as their ideologies do influence their choices. Berlusconi is questioning our certitudes, our values and our assumptions: should the extremist parties be involved in a government? Should media be considered as a power that needs to be separated from the others? Journalists can’t distance themselves from news like historians or philosophers may do. However they should become conscious of their « filters » and then should describe Italy with more various nuances. The challenge is the quality of french press and the esteem the Italians might not carry on concerning France.

Le moins qu’on puisse dire est que l’Iran depuis la prise de pouvoir par les Ayatollahs en 1979 est un pays qui intéresse les hebdomadaires français et plus généralement les journalistes de notre pays. Une approche quantitative des articles consacrés à ce pays le prouve aisément. Mais il est particulièrement intéressant de constater que chacun des hebdomadaires français étudiés apporte une vision assez spécifique de ce qui caractérise l’Iran d’aujourd’hui. Toutefois, si la plupart des hebdomadaires sont d’accord pour reconnaître la complexité du problème iranien et de la société perse, "Valeurs Actuelles" par exemple va stigmatiser la barbarie du régime en place alors que"Courrier International", à l’inverse, va s’efforcer d’offrir un kaléidoscope d’opinions souvent contradictoires sur cette république islamique. De même, "Le Point" insiste sur la dangerosité de l’Iran d’aujourd’hui alors que "L’Express" met surtout l’accent sur les problèmes de nucléaire. "Marianne" pour sa part offre une étude équilibrée des problèmes tant internes qu’externes de l’Iran des Ayatollahs. En réalité, on peut constater un consensus des journalistes français spécialistes du monde persan sur le fait qu’en matière de politique intérieure, l’Iran ne cesse d’osciller entre démocratie et totalitarisme alors même que le pays semble avoir fait de la possession de l’arme nucléaire le futur point d’ancrage de sa politique extérieure à l’échelle internationale et de la sous-région. / The least we can say is that Iran since the seizure of power by the Ayatollahs in 1979 is a country that interests French weekly magazines and journalists. A quantitative approach of the articles concerning this country proves this assertion easily. But it is particularly interesting to note that each of the French weekly magazines provides a fairly specific approach that characterizes today's Iran. Nevertheless most French magazines recognize the complexity of the problems of Iran and Persian society. However, Valeurs Actuelles stigmatizes the barbaric regime while Courrier International, conversely provides a kaleidoscope of rather conflicting opinions on this Islamic republic. Similarly, Le Point emphasizes the danger of Iran today while L'Express focuses primarily on nuclear issues. Marianne on the other hand offers a balanced study of both internal and external problems of this country ruled by Ayatollahs. In reality, there may be a consensus among French journalists who are specialists of the Persian world due to the fact that concerning its domestic policy Iran continues to oscillate between democracy and totalitarianism even though the country seems to consider the possession of nuclear weapons as the future anchor of its foreign policy and sub-regional diplomatic role.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-22T17:27:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Widholzer1.pdf: 7296332 bytes, checksum: 2db45b3b4f6ab8b3d784c9e235871cd4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-05 / In this dissertation, gender representations in Carta Capital and Veja magazines are analyzed. It is presented the hypothesis of a paragenre, a genre of discourse that colonizes ad hoc journalistic texts produced to and/or about women. The main purpose of this study is to describe the paragenre. The corpus is integrated by features published in these magazines in March of 2009 and in March of 2013, aiming at data comparison of different periods. March was chosen because International Women s Day is celebrated in this month, when magazines usually publish special features for the female public, introducing thus exemplar or typical discourses (acc. FAIRCLOUGH, 2001). Concerning the editorial line, selected magazines are in opposite fields of ideology in Brazilian media scenery, which represents other relevant variable to a comparative study. The corpus examination is limited by Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) principles, multidisciplinary theory that is aligned with other post-modern interpretations to social phenomena. Upon the CDA perspective, description of genres does not aim to describe them in detailed aspects of linguistic materiality, but those related to peculiar social-historical and ideological conditions to a production, since the genres are not stable, fixed or homogeneous and they can even present a high level of abstraction (acc. FAIRCLOUGH, 2006). The basic feature to identify them is thus in their correlation with a specific social practice or a network of practices. Therefore the study of Theo van Leeuwen (1997) on representation of social actors in discourse is presented as one of the theoretical contributions registered in CDA, guiding the text examination in this dissertation. It is also linked to the definitions of gender adopted herein, that means a social-cultural construction and a semiotic apparatus, representation and self-representation which is a result of social technologies, institutionalized epistemologies and daily life practices (acc. LAURETIS, 1994). Research results indicate that the hypothesis is consistent, once it was verified that there are constant asymmetries regarding the representation between men and women in different genres that compose the magazines, demonstrating with actional (text), representational (discourse) and ideational (styles) senses of paragenre (acc. FAIRCLOUGH, 2006, p.67). This is a high abstraction genre, supported by subgenres and in social practices that support asymmetrical representations of genders / Nesta tese, analisam-se representações de gênero nas revistas Carta Capital e Veja. Propõe-se a hipótese de haver um paragênero que coloniza ad hoc textos jornalísticos produzidos para/sobre mulheres, sendo o objetivo principal deste trabalho descrever-se esse gênero do discurso. O corpus é integrado por matérias publicadas nessas revistas em março de 2009 e março de 2013, visando-se compararem dados de períodos distintos. A opção por março deveu-se a ser esse o mês de comemoração do Dia Internacional da Mulher, quando as revistas tradicionalmente produzem matérias especiais para o público feminino, veiculando discursos exemplares ou típicos (cf. FAIRCLOUGH, 2001). Quanto à linha editorial, as revistas selecionadas localizam-se em campos opostos da ideologia no cenário midiático brasileiro, o que configura outra variável relevante a um estudo comparativo. O exame do corpus baliza-se pela Análise Crítica do Discurso (ACD), teoria multidisciplinar que se alinha a outras interpretações pós-modernas para os fenômenos sociais. Na ACD, a descrição de gêneros do discurso não necessita pormenorizar os aspectos da materialidade linguística, mas aqueles relacionados às condições sócio-históricas e ideológicas peculiares a uma produção, pois os gêneros não são estáveis, fixos ou homogêneos, podendo mesmo apresentar um alto grau de abstração (cf. FAIRCLOUGH, 2006). O traço básico para identificá-los reside, destarte, em sua correlação com uma prática social específica, ou uma rede de práticas. Para tanto, o estudo de Theo van Leeuwen (1997) acerca da representação dos atores sociais no discurso apresenta-se como um dos aportes teóricos inscritos na ACD, norteando o exame dos textos nesta tese. Ele se coaduna ainda com as definições de gênero aqui adotadas, quais sejam, uma construção sociocultural e um aparato semiótico, representação e autorrepresentação produto de tecnologias sociais, epistemologias institucionalizadas e práticas da vida cotidiana (cf. LAURETIS, 1994). Os resultados da pesquisa indicam ser a hipótese consistente, pois concluiu-se haver constantes assimetrias quanto à representação entre homens e mulheres nos mais diversos gêneros que compõem a revista, manifestando-se como sentidos acionais (texto), representacionais (discurso) e ideacionais (estilos) do paragênero (cf. FAIRCLOUGH, 2006, p.67). Trata-se de um gênero discursivo de alta abstração, ancorado em subgêneros e em práticas sociais que sustentam representações assimétricas de gênero