16 fold. maps and tables in pocket at end of v.2 / 2 v. : ill., diags., photos ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Geology, 1977

En inventering i början av 1970-talet visade på 255 existerande väderkvarnar (100 stolpkvarnar, 155 hättkvarnar) på Gotland i varierande skick. En småindustriinventering 2001 bekräftade antalet ungefärligt. Dessa inventeringar av Gotlands kvarnbestånd fokuserade helt på det exteriöra och förbisåg kvarnarnas interiörer. Ingen heltäckande inventering har således gjorts av väderkvarnarnas på Gotland interiörer. Många står och ruttnar bort, en del byggs om och många har redan byggts om till fritidsboenden. Varken Länsstyrelsen Gotlands län eller Region Gotland (Gotlands kommun) har i nuläget någon plan för kvarnarna. Medvetenheten och kunskapen är påtagligt liten om kvarnverken i dessa kvarnar, och denna omedvetenhet eller okunskap kan leda till ett ofrivilligt ointresse, inte minst hos beslutsfattare, med den effekten att för eftervärlden värdefull dokumentation inte genomförs, och naturligtvis även att många kvarnverk går förlorade - för alltid. Vi och våra efterkommande går då miste om kunskap om vårt förflutna, om olika historiska uttryck vad gäller teknikhistoria från olika tidsperioder och regioner. Kanske får vi kvar en mindre mängd exempel som talar till oss från det förflutna och som säger ”så här var det”, men verkligheten var mer varierad. Eftersom forskningen om Gotlands väderkvarnar är eftersatt vet vi inte vilka som byggde väderkvarnarna, medan man på andra håll vet namn på kvarnmästare och kvarnmästarfamiljer. Kvarnarna utgör spår efter en månghundraårig hantverkstradition vars hantverksmässiga uttryck nådde sin kulmen under 1800-talet, det århundrade då de flesta av kvarnarna i undersökningen uppfördes i. Denna omedvetenhet eller okunskap om kvarnverken kan leda till tanken och föreställningen att en kvarns interiör bara är ”en sak och inget annat”, vilket i sin tur kan leda till tanken eller beslutsfattandet, att det räcker med att bevara en utvald liten skara kvarnar för eftervärlden, som ska stå och säga till betraktaren, att ”så här var det”, men om en ny tanke lyckas bli etablerad, att det inte alls är ”en sak och inget annat”, utan ”många olika uttryck, inget kvarnverk är riktigt likt ett annat”, blir bevaringsproblematiken genast mer komplicerad, och det är den nya tanken författaren vill etablera hos läsare av olika slag. Författaren har dokumenterat de nitton kvarvarande hättkvarnarna av trä på Gotland (av vilka tolv bedömdes ha tillräckligt med och tillräckligt bevarat kvarnverk i sig för att vara med i undersökningen) i syfte att ge en översiktlig samt jämförande bild av teknikhistoriska uttryck och värden som finns i dem. De delar av kvarnverken som behandlas är: kronhjul, stjärnhjul, krondrev, stjärndrev, pärsar och mötet mellan kvarnhuset och hättan. Undersökningen visar på en mångfald och en varietet i kvarnarna och kvarnverken, att kvarninteriörerna istället för att bara vara ”en sak och inget annat”, är ”många olika uttryck, inget kvarnverk är riktigt likt ett annat”. Undersökningen visar också på skillnader i tidsuttryck vad gäller material och konstruktion, och en teknisk utveckling har på så vis kunnat spåras, bl.a. i och med gjutjärnets intåg under slutet av 1800-talet. / An inventory in the early 1970’s showed the existence of 255 windmills (100 postmills, 155 cap-mills) on the Swedish island of Gotland, in varying condition. An inventory of small scale industry on the island in 2001 confirmed the number roughly. These inventories focused on the exteriors and overlooked the interiors. Many of these windmills now rot away, some are being altered and many have been turned into summer houses. Neither Länsstyrelsen Gotlands län (the county administrative board) nor Region Gotland (the local authority) have at present any plan for the windmills. The awareness and knowledge of the machinery in these windmills is evidently small, and this unawareness or ignorance may lead to an involuntary disinterest, not least among decision-makers, to the effect that valuable documentation for the posterity is not being accomplished, and naturally also that many machineries are lost – for ever. We and our descendants then lose knowledge of our past, of different historical expressions of technique-history from different periods and regions. Perhaps a smaller amount of examples will remain to speak to us from the past and say: “This is how it was”, but reality was more diversified. Since the research in windmills on Gotland is neglected, we don’t even know who built them, while in other places names of millwrights or millwright families are known. We have here a craftsmanship of centuries-old tradition, even a neglected profession, whose expressions in craftsmanship culminated in the 19th century, the century in which most of the windmills in this survey were built. This unawareness or ignorance of the windmill machinery may lead to the thought or the notion that the interior of a windmill is just “one thing and nothing else”, which in turn leads to the thought or the decision-making, that it will be enough to preserve just a small amount of chosen windmills for the posterity, which will stand there and tell the onlookers: “This is how it was”, but if a new thought manages to be established, that it isn’t just “one thing and nothing else”, but “many different expressions, no windmill machinery resembles another”, then the preservation problems immediately become more complex, and that is the new thought the author would like to establish among different kinds of readers. The author have documented the nineteen remaining wooden cap-mills on Gotland (twelve of which were judged had enough of and sufficiently preserved machinery to take part in the survey) with the aim to provide a lucid and comparative picture of what technique-historical expressions and values there are in the machineries, expressions and values which heretofore have not been given their due attention. The parts of the windmill machineries which are dealt with are: brake wheels, spur wheels, brake wheel wallowers, spur wheel wallowers, brakes and the meeting between the millhouse and the cap. The survey shows an existing variety in the windmills and their machineries, that these mill interiors are not just “one thing and nothing else”, but rather “many different expressions, no windmill machinery resembles another”. The survey also shows different expressions in time when it comes to material and construction, and a technical development has thus been traced, for example with the entry of cast iron at the end of the 19th century.

« Le passé est un pays étranger : ils font les choses différemment là-bas » L.P. Hartly Nous avons souhaité nous pencher sur l’histoire des premiers moulins à vent. Plusieurs raisons à cela : une grande partie de l’histoire du moulin à vent demeure obscure et entre autres ; deux choses sont mal connues : la première concerne la date où le moulin à vent à axe vertical apparu pour la première fois en Iran (Perse antique), et la deuxième son évolution, les différents types de cette invention. Dernière raison justifiant la nécessité de notre recherche : il n’y a pas encore d’hypothèse claire permettant d’établir un lien entre les différents types des moulins a vent a axe vertical et présentant une chronologie datée et documentée de l’évolution des types différents, en particulier le moulin à vent à axe vertical iranien. Les sources d’énergie comme le vent – et le moulin à vent sont considérées comme une technologie médiatrice entre le vent et la société humaine. R. J. Forbes , l’historien de la technologie allemand, défendait l’idée que les « moteurs primaires » étaient la « clé de voûte de la technologie ». En utilisant comme critère ces « moteurs primaires », il distingue cinq périodes dans l’histoire de la technologie de l’humanité : l’ère de l’utilisation du muscle d’humain, l’ère de l’utilisation du muscle animal, l’ère de l’énergie fournie par l’eau, l’ère de l’énergie créée par la vapeur et l’ère de l’énergie atomique. Dans sa classification, Forbes n’a pas inclus l’ère de l’énergie du vent ; nous verrons que cette ère est le chaînon manquant entre l’ère de l’énergie hydraulique et l’ère de l’énergie fournie par la vapeur. Avec l’utilisation de l’énergie éolienne, cette ère devient par ailleurs la plus longue de l’histoire de l’utilisation des énergies. Parmi les technologies connues en matière de production d’énergie dans l’Antiquité figure la technologie du moulin à vent, qui a des liens directs avec les deux ères longues et importantes en matière d’utilisation de l’énergie : l’ère de l’énergie hydraulique et l’ère de l’énergie fournie par la vapeur. Malgré tout ce que l’on sait sur l’histoire du moulin à vent européen, l’origine et la diffusion de cette invention technique ne sont pas claires. Maurice Daumas écrit que : « L’origine et la diffusion du moulin à vent posent encore aux historiens de nombreux problèmes et de non moins nombreuses énigmes ». Il manque une chronologie des divers types de moulins à vent dans les diverses civilisations ; par conséquent, une théorie présentant cette diversité architecturale et technique dans le plateau d’Iran fait défaut encore aujourd’hui. La diffusion du moulin à vent dans le monde antique, y a compris l’Iran, pose également question. Une partie importante de cette thèse sera donc consacrée à répondre à ces questions, particulièrement en Iran, dans le but d’éclaircir autant que possible l’origine et la diffusion de cette invention architecturale et technique / "The past is a foreign country: they do things differently over there"L.P. Hartly We wanted to look at the history of the first windmills. There are several reasons for this: much of the history of the windmill remains obscure and among others; two things are poorly known: the first relates to the date when the vertical axis windmill appeared for the first time in Iran (ancient Persia), and the second its evolution, the different types of this invention. The last reason for the need for our research is that there is as yet no clear hypothesis for linking the different types of vertical wind mills with a dated and documented chronology of the evolution of types in particular the Iranian vertical axis windmill. Energy sources like the wind - and the windmill are seen as a mediating technology between wind and human society. R. J. Forbes, the German historian of technology, argued that "primary engines" were the "keystone of technology". Using as a criterion these "primary engines," he distinguishes five periods in the history of human technology: the age of human muscle utilization, the era of animal muscle utilization, the era of energy provided by water, the era of energy created by the vapor and the era of atomic energy. In his classification, Forbes did not include the era of wind energy; we shall see that this era is the missing link between the era of hydraulic energy and the era of energy supplied by steam. With the use of wind energy, this era is also the longest in the history of energy use

Då den nuvarande kunskapen om vilka träslag det är i de olika delarna av kvarnverken i gotländska väderkvarnar baserar sig på bristfälliga muntliga uppgifter, har författaren tagit totalt 59 träprov från sju väderkvarnar i Eksta socken, Gotland, och genom mikroskopanalys försökt identifiera träslagen. Resultaten gav fyra olika träslag (furu, ek, oxel och björk) till totalt nio olika delar. Författaren diskuterar sannolika skäl till varför just de träslagen har valts till just de delarna. Resultaten kan anses vara (mer eller mindre) representativa för hela ön. Resultaten har vidare jämförts med uppgifter från Gotland, Öland och Dagö (Estland). En intressant diskrepans uppmärksammades: de delar (kuggar och drevpinnar) som på Öland och Gotland är av oxel (med undantaget björk), är på Dagö av ask eller äppelträd. Övriga delar överensstämmer (mer eller mindre). Författaren sätter detta i samband med en tes som estländaren Dan Lukas har, som går ut på att den estländska kvarntypen tog sig dit söderifrån genom väg över Gotland. Om denna tes skulle stämma, finns det anledning att förvänta sig stora likheter öarna emellan när det gäller träslagsvalen. Anledningen till att kuggarna och drevpinnarna på Dagö, till skillnad från på Öland och Gotland, där de är tillverkade av oxel (och i enstaka fall av björk), tillverkades av ask eller äppelträd, kan bero på att endast enstaka fynd av oxel (eng. Swedish whitebeam) har påträffats där eller att oxel inte alls växte där på den tid då kvarnarna byggdes, medan oxel är allmänt förekommande på Gotland och mindre allmänt förekommande på Öland. Författarens förhoppning är att undersökningens resultat ska kunna fylla ett praktiskt syfte för lokala antikvarier och väderkvarnsägare på ön vid restaurering, ifall en önskan finns om att ersätta eller återskapa skadade delar på ett ”antikvariskt korrekt” sätt, vad gäller materialvalet. / The current knowledge of what types of woods there are in the different parts of the Gotland windmill machinery are based on unsatisfactory verbal information. The author has therefore himself taken in total 59 wood samples from seven windmills in the parish of Eksta, Gotland, and through microscope analysis tried to identify the types of woods. The results gave four different types of woods (pine, oak, Swedish whitebeam and birch) for in total nine parts. The author discusses probable reasons to why just those types of woods were chosen to just those parts. The results can be considered (more or less) representative for the whole island. The results have furthermore been compared with information from Gotland, Öland and Dagö (Estonia). One interesting discrepancy was observed: those parts (the cogs and the wallower’s staves) which on Öland and on Gotland are made from Swedish whitebeam (with the exception birch), are on Dagö made from ash or apple tree. Other parts accord (more or less). The author relates this with a theory of the Estonian Dan Lukas, and the drift of that theory is that the Estonian type of windmill came there from the south by way over Gotland. If this theory would be true, there is reason to expect great similarities between the islands when it comes to selection of types of woods. The reason why the cogs and the wallower’s staves on Dagö are made from ash or apple tree, unlike on Öland and on Gotland where they are made from Swedish whitebeam (and in a few cases from birch), can be that only isolated finds of Swedish whitebeam have been found there or that Swedish whitebeam didn’t grow there at all during the time when the windmills were built, while Swedish whitebeam is common on Gotland and less common on Öland. The author’s hope is that the results of the investigation will be able to serve a practical purpose for local antiquarians and windmill owners on the island during restauration work, in case a wish would be existent to replace or recreate damaged parts in an “antiquarian correct” way, with regards to the choice of the material.

In chapter 1, I ponder the role of authorship and whether or not an original text can truly exist. Specifically, the claim that Borges has that a copy can be superior to an original. From this, brings me to chapter 2 with the movie Man of la Mancha. In this movie, I highlight some of the pros and cons of a copy. The windmill scene is a negative emanation of the Quixote, while the interaction between people and the presence of women is something the movie truly displays well. In the third chapter, I look at Lost in la Mancha because it demonstrates a failed attempt to translate the Quixote. In essence, anything that tries to represent this truly great text will fail; however, it's failure can paradoxically be thought of as a success because it's an homage to the Quixote. As far as the Ezra Pound material, I thought it extremely pertinent to look at his experience on a metro because he attempts to describe a vision that he had through poetry. He notes that it is very difficult to encapsulate his entire experience because the primary form of art (his vision) is being described through a secondary form (words). Thus, when you translate a form of art through a medium it loses some of its value. This is what happens with the Quixote; its primary form (words) is being displayed through a secondary form (film), and it inevitably loses something in the translation. The final chapter/conclusion is a more in-depth investigation of this investigation primary form of art (writing). This uses the character of Gines as a concrete example of a formal and stylistic quality that is unique to literature. Namely, the physical ranging of words on a page in both a spatial and literary sense. When you extract those lines from a novel you implicitly remove some of the dialectic between Cervantes' work and the genres he's invoking, just by taking it out of the form of literature. The surroundings of text establish the meaning of the novel. The conclusion is my final chance to argue why the Quixote is so special and untranslatable. I touch on the qualities that keep it forever live and present in us today. Through the Quixote's proclivity for renaming the real world (established societal beliefs/values, etc.) in his own vein, Cervantes allows for the Quixote to reappropriate the world around him, making it uniquely his. In so doing, Cervantes creates a character who is able, not only to write his own self-history, but to control the way that said self-history will be written by others. By blurring the lines between narrator and narration and history and fiction, Cervantes creates a work that is endlessly present, where words becoming living page, and actions occur as they are said.

This report focuses on the impacts of traffic generated as a result of the windmill on pavement structures. The wind energy industry is a fast growing sector of the U.S. economy. Lately concerns have been raised over the transportation of heavy windmill components on the pavement infrastructure. This report analyzes the impacts of windmill traffic on two pavement structures in Texas: 1) rural interstate facility, and 2) rural collector roadway facility. Windmill traffic was disaggregated by windmill component and categorized into eight vehicle classes. Two traffic scenarios were developed and a damage ratio for pavement rutting was developed. Based on the rutting damage ratio, results showed that windmill traffic has a significant impact on rural collector facilities when compared against normal truck traffic activity. Meanwhile, impacts on rural interstate facilities were determined to be insignificant when compared to normal truck traffic activity. / text

L’étude de cas de l’« éolienne » est abordée au travers de quatre scènes techniques : moulins à huile à Lille à la fin du XVIIIe siècle, moulins électriques au Danemark au tournant du XXe siècle, aérogénérateurs en France dans les années 1950, éoliennes modernes à la fin du XXe siècle en Allemagne du Nord. Chacune de ces scènes techniques fait l’objet d’une analyse technique articulée autour de la connaissance du vent, de l’aérodynamique et de la mécanique des structures et d’une analyse socio-économique centrée sur le secteur d’activité dans lequel elles sont intégrées, pour comprendre ce que les gens font avec cet objet technique. Cette recherche montre que toutes les éoliennes ayant connu une large diffusion sont fondées sur une même architecture globale et sur un même principe physique permettant de définir des indicateurs de performance et de régularité sur une longue période. Envisagée comme machine de production et non comme convertisseur d’énergie, chaque éolienne est optimale dans le contexte technique et socio-économique de son époque. L’histoire des techniques proposée s’articule autour de la notion de fonction en relation d’une part avec le fonctionnement opératoire d’une combinaison de structures matérielles, d’autre part, l’intention de concepteurs et d’utilisateurs agissant suivant des normes sous-tendues par des valeurs morales, esthétiques et culturelles. / The case study of the "wind turbine" is analyzed through four technical scenes: oil mills in Lille at the end of the 18th century, electric mills in Denmark at the turn of the 20th century, aerogenerators in France in the 1950s, modern wind turbines in the late twentieth century in northern Germany. Each of these technical scenes is the subject of a technical analysis based on the knowledge of wind, aerodynamics and structural mechanics and a socio-economic analysis centered on the sector of activity in which they are integrated, to understand what people are doing with this technical object.This research shows that all wind turbines that have been widely distributed are based on the same global architecture and on the same physical principle allowing the definition of indicators of performance and regularity over a long period. Considered as a production machine and not as an energy converter, each wind turbine is optimal in the technical and socio-economic context of its time.The proposed history of the techniques revolves around the notion of function in relation, on the one hand, to the operation of a combination of material structures and on the other to the intention of designers and users acting according to standards underpinned by moral, aesthetic and cultural values.

Ce projet étudie la réalisation d’un marché d’énergie éolienne en France. Les marchés d'énergie éolienne sont souvent désignés comme des «marchés politiques» : D'une part, l'énergie éolienne réduit les émissions de CO2 et retarde les effets de la production d'électricité sur le changement climatique. D'autre part, comme bien économique, l'énergie éolienne se dit souffrir «d’handicaps» technico-économiques (les coûts élevés, la production fluctuante et imprévisible, etc.). Par conséquent, en raison de sa performance comme bien économique, il est argumenté que la survie de l'énergie éolienne dans le marché est fondée sur différents instruments, dont certains que je qualifierai de «prothèses». Cette thèse s’interroge sur deux de ces prothèses : Le tarif d’achat et les Zones de Développement Eolien (ZDE) comme ils sont négociés et mis en pratique en France, ainsi que la manière dont ils affectent la réalisation des marchés de l'énergie. / This project studies the making of a market for wind power in France. Markets for wind power are often referred to as ‘political markets: On the one hand, wind power has the potential to reduce CO2-emissions and thus stall the effects of electricity generation on climate change; and on the other hand, as an economic good, wind power is said to suffer from (techno-economic) ‘disabilities', such as high costs, fluctuating and unpredictable generation, etc. Therefore, because of its performance as a good, it is argued that the survival of wind power in the market is premised on different instruments, some of which I will refer to as ‘prosthetic devices'. This thesis inquires into two such prosthetic devices: The feed-in tariff and the wind power development zones (ZDE) as they are negotiated and practiced in France, and also the ways in which they affect the making of markets for wind power. Theoretically, this dissertation mobilizes a constructivist approach according to which markets are seen as socio-technical assemblages, stressing the heterogeneous and distributed character of their constituent elements. Furthermore, the approach allows questioning the deadlocked delineation between politics and economics, a delineation that appears to underlie the idea of the political market. Based on fieldwork in France, the core of this thesis is made up of two analyses; firstly, the definition of a feed-in tariff is empirically followed as a process of valuation in which value is seen as the outcome of irregular and costly activities, rather than the identification of an inherent value.To study how value, here in the form of a price, comes about in the case of wind power, five different empirical traces are followed with each one representing a distinct approach to valuation. These valuation proposals involve qualifying and disqualifying wind power, e.g., from CO2-reducing to CO2-emitting, and they span a range of controversies. The second analysis addresses the ZDE-device. It follows the device along two phases; namely, its conception and its emerging practice in a specific case, the territory of Pays de la Serre. The first phase is discussed as a politicization of wind power, a distinct framing of location in which the possibility for local opposition is enforced. The second phase, i.e. the practice of the device in Pays de la Serre, is better described as an economization of the landscape, a process of translating the territory according to one-dimensional layers. In their final presentation, these layers are accumulated and black-boxed, and the criteria for their construction disappear.

This project is a combination of mechanical engineering and sustainable development in developing countries. The goal has been to build a windmill driven water pump and to design a small-scale irrigation system for SCC-Vi Agroforestry’s demonstration farm in Musoma, Mara region, Tanzania. The purpose was to enable SCC-Vi Agroforestry to demonstrate and spread knowledge about these techniques to farmers in the region. In 2007, two students from Halmstad University conducted a field study in the Mara region and found that many farmers lack clean and running water. Back in Sweden they constructed a prototype of a windmill that employs wind energy to pump water using a semi-rotary pump. The intention is that local farmers should be able to build their own windmill, and thus have running water in their household. However, the windmill has never been built in Tanzania. The windmill construction in this report is based on the prototype, but the original drawings were changed to fit the specific situation in Tanzania better. Important throughout the project has been to minimise cost and to only use material that local farmers can get hold of. Building and assembling of the windmill were then performed by the authors in co-operation with local workers. The windmill drives a pump that pumps water from a well to a tank for further use in irrigation. Calculations have been made on the energy available in the wind and an energy analysis was then performed to see what wind speed is required for the system to work. If wind speed is low, the windmill can be adjusted by placing the connecting rod closer to the rotation centre where it requires less work to function. As a result of that, the volume of water per stroke will decrease and it will take longer time to fill the tank. This project was carried out during the rainy season when there is less wind; therefore the windmill has not been tested during optimal wind speed conditions. The tests that have been performed during the circumstances at the time showed that the performance of the windmill is consistent with the theoretical calculations. A proposed design for a simple drip irrigation system has been developed based on the conditions at the project area. It is constructed of plastic pipes with holes that emit water. Covers are in place to prevent soil from clogging the holes. Building the irrigation system was not part of this project.

<p>This project is a combination of mechanical engineering and sustainable development in developing countries. The goal has been to build a windmill driven water pump and to design a small-scale irrigation system for SCC-Vi Agroforestry’s demonstration farm in Musoma, Mara region, Tanzania. The purpose was to enable SCC-Vi Agroforestry to demonstrate and spread knowledge about these techniques to farmers in the region.</p><p>In 2007, two students from Halmstad University conducted a field study in the Mara region and found that many farmers lack clean and running water. Back in Sweden they constructed a prototype of a windmill that employs wind energy to pump water using a semi-rotary pump. The intention is that local farmers should be able to build their own windmill, and thus have running water in their household. However, the windmill has never been built in Tanzania.</p><p>The windmill construction in this report is based on the prototype, but the original drawings were changed to fit the specific situation in Tanzania better. Important throughout the project has been to minimise cost and to only use material that local farmers can get hold of. Building and assembling of the windmill were then performed by the authors in co-operation with local workers. The windmill drives a pump that pumps water from a well to a tank for further use in irrigation.</p><p>Calculations have been made on the energy available in the wind and an energy analysis was then performed to see what wind speed is required for the system to work. If wind speed is low, the windmill can be adjusted by placing the connecting rod closer to the rotation centre where it requires less work to function. As a result of that, the volume of water per stroke will decrease and it will take longer time to fill the tank. This project was carried out during the rainy season when there is less wind; therefore the windmill has not been tested during optimal wind speed conditions. The tests that have been performed during the circumstances at the time showed that the performance of the windmill is consistent with the theoretical calculations.</p><p>A proposed design for a simple drip irrigation system has been developed based on the conditions at the project area. It is constructed of plastic pipes with holes that emit water. Covers are in place to prevent soil from clogging the holes. Building the irrigation system was not part of this project.</p>