The present research expanded upon the work of Breland and Donovan (in press) and examined the role of three-dimensional state goal orientation in an integrative model of goal setting and task performance. In addition, mental focus (Lee, Sheldon, & Turban, 2003) was also incorporated into the model. Results indicated that each of the three-dimensions of state goal orientation uniquely affected one's level of self-efficacy. More specifically, state learning goal orientation and state performance-approach goal orientation both enhanced an individual's level of self-efficacy, while state performance-avoidance goal orientation reduced their level of self-efficacy. In turn state goal orientation indirectly impacted mental focus, goals, and performance through its influence on self-efficacy. Implications of these findings as well as suggestions for future research on the personality construct of state goal orientation are discussed. / Ph. D.

The popular construct of goal orientation has been widely researched by industrial and organizational psychologists in recent years. Unfortunately there are several issues with the goal orientation framework that have not been properly addressed in the literature. The present research introduced the three-dimensional achievement goal framework as a plausible and less problematic alternative to the three-dimensional goal orientation framework. Hypotheses regarding the interactive effects of each of the three achievement goals and task complexity on task enjoyment, mental focus and exerted effort, were derived and tested. The results indicated that the positive effects of mastery goals on the motivational variables are stronger for more complex tasks, the positive effects of performance-approach goals are stronger for simpler tasks, and the negative effects of performance-avoid goals are less severe for simpler tasks. / Ph. D.

The present study sought to extend goal-setting research by examining the nature of individuals' self-regulation with respect to performance goals while pursuing multiple, simultaneous goals. It was proposed that goal revision and effort allocation would be influenced by goal-performance discrepancies (GPD), causal attributions for factors affecting performance, self-efficacy, and rate of progress toward task goals. Results indicated that GPDs predicted goal revision direction and magnitude, and that controllability attributions moderated the GPD – revision relation. GPD size determined prioritization between tasks, as did self-efficacy. Mixed results were found for self-efficacy moderating the relation between GPD size and task prioritization. Rate of progress toward a task goal generally predicted prioritization between tasks and the amount of exerted effort within a single task. Although many results were not in the anticipated form, they still fit with modern theoretical frameworks associated with work motivation. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed. / Master of Science

In contrast to the decline of New Public Management (NPM) in many countries, reports on executive agency policy in Korea point to its success. To explore why it has been successful, this study investigates the relationship between multi-level culture and work motivation (i.e., job satisfaction and organizational commitment). This study develops a multi-level framework and examines direct, moderating, and varying contextual effects in the relationships among organizational cultures (clan, adhocracy, market, and hierarchy), individual perceptions of organizational culture, and work motivation, using survey data from 1,535 public employees in 46 executive agencies in Korea and hierarchical linear modeling (HLM). Key findings include, first, clan, adhocracy, market, and hierarchy organizational cultures all have positive associations with organizational commitment; however, individual perceptions of organizational market and hierarchy cultures are negatively related to organizational commitment and job satisfaction. Second, market and hierarchy cultures have positive varying contextual effects in relationships with organizational commitment. Third, organizational culture has more explanatory power than individual perceptions of organizational culture. Finally, efforts to develop and sustain balanced organizational culture evidently led to the success of the executive agency system in Korea. The findings support the argument that NPM reforms need to be examined through the lens of a multi-level culture and balanced culture perspective. / Ph. D.

Studiens syfte var att undersöka vad som upplevs motiverande i arbetslivet hos unga vuxna inom handel. För att uppnå en djupare förståelse för upplevelsen av arbetsmotivation användes en kvalitativ metod med sju semistrukturerade intervjuer som analyserades genom induktiv tematisk analys. Analysen genererade sex huvudteman och fyra underteman; Utvecklingsmöjligheter med undertemat Involverade chefer, Lön, Den sociala kontakten med underteman Horisontell kontakt och Vertikal kontakt, Att gilla det man gör, Prestera bra med undertemat Bekräftelse samt Eget ansvar. Resultatet gav en inblick i vad som motiverar unga vuxna inom handel och kan bidra med kunskap kring vad arbetsgivare kan behöva arbeta med för att stärka yngre medarbetares arbetsmotivation. / The purpose of the study was to examine what young adults in the retail industry perceived as motivating at work. In order to achieve a deeper understanding of the experience of work motivation, a qualitative method was used with seven semi-structured interviews which were then analyzed through inductive thematic analysis. The analysis generated six main themes and four sub-themes; Development opportunities with the sub-theme Involved managers, Salary, The social contact with the sub-themes Horizontal contact and Vertical contact, Liking what you do, Performing well with the sub-theme Confirmation and one’s Own responsibility. The result gave insight into what motivates young adults in the retail industry and can contribute with knowledge about what employers may need to work with to strengthen younger employees' work motivation.

Forskning har visat att personlighet och arbetsmotivation påverkar hur individer agerar och presterar på arbetet (Judge & Ilies, 2002). Genom att generera en förståelse för hur dessa faktorer samverkar med varandra kan organisationer skapa en arbetsmiljö som främjar både individens och organisationens framgång. Syftet med denna studie var därför att undersöka sambandet mellan personlighetsdragen i The Big Five och självskattad arbetsmotivation, med utgångspunkt i Self-determination theory samt att identifiera variationer i arbetsmotivationen relaterat till kön,ålder och tid i arbetslivet. Den första hypotesen var att det skulle finnas en positiv korrelation mellan yttre motivation och personlighetsdragen neuroticism och extraversion. Den andra hypotesen berörde korrelationen mellan inre motivation och följande personlighetsdrag:öppenhet, samvetsgrannhet, vänlighet, samt extraversion. Metoden som användes var en enkätundersökning, bestående av två validerade mätinstrument. Dessa var Ten Item Personality Inventory för att mäta personlighet, samt Multidimensional Work Motivation Scale för att mäta arbetsmotivation. 167 svar inkom, varav 160 användbara, 118 (73,7 %) var kvinnor och 42 (26,3%) män. Resultatet visade att samtliga regleringstyper för arbetsmotivation korrelerade signifikant med något av de fem personlighetsdragen. Det fanns en korrelation mellan neuroticism och fyra regleringstyper. Samvetsgrannhet korrelerade positivt med identifierad reglering. Öppenhet visade positiva samband med både intern och introjicerad reglering.Slutligen korrelerade extraversion positivt med samtliga regleringstyper utom extern. Analys av arbetsmotivation i förhållande till deltagarnas ålder visade att deltagare i ålderskategorin 41-70 år i högre grad motiveras av intern reglering, jämfört med ålderskategorin 18-30 som motiveras av extern reglering. Resultatet visade även skillnader på antal år i arbetslivet och vilken typ av reglering som styr ens motivation. / Research has shown that personality and work motivation affect how individuals act and perform at work (Judge & Ilies, 2002). By generating an understanding of how these factors interact with each other, organizations can create work environments that promote individual as well as organizational success. The aim of this study was therefore to examine the relationship between personality traits in The Big Five and self-estimated work motivation, based on self-determination theory and if there were any variations in work motivation depending on gender, age and number of years in working life. The first hypothesis was that there would be a positive correlation between extrinsic motivation and the personality traits neuroticism and extraversion. The second hypothesis concerned the correlation between intrinsic motivation and the following personality traits: openness to experience, conscientiousness, agreeableness and extraversion. The method of choice was a survey consisting of two validated measuring instruments. These were the Ten Item Personality Inventory to measure personality, and the Multidimensional Work Motivation Scale to measure work motivation. We received 167 responses, of which 160 were useful. 118 (73,7 %)were women and 42 (26,3 %) were men. Results showed that all regulation types for work motivation correlated significantly with at least one personality trait. There was a correlation between neuroticism and four regulation types. Conscientiousness correlated positively with identified regulation. Openness to experience showed positive correlations with both intrinsic and introjected regulation. Finally, there was positive correlation between extraversion and all regulation types except for external regulation. Analysis of work motivation in relation to the age of the participants showed that participants in the age category 41-70 years were motivated to a greater extent by intrinsic regulation, compared to the age category 18-30 who were motivated by external regulation. Results also showed differences in the number of years in working life and which type of regulation that control one’s motivation.

Verandering vind voortdurend op alle gebiede van mense se lewens plaas. Ten einde met 'n veranderende wereld te kan tred hou en aan die behoeftes van die land en sy mense te voldoen, vind daar ook op onderwysgebied in Suid-Afrika, groot veranderinge plaas. Inrigtings betrokke by onderwysersopleiding het oo k die afgelope paar j aar ingrypende herstrukturering ondergaan. Volgens wetgewing moet aile tersiere onderwysinrigtings by die Hoeronderwys-sektor inskakel, wat inkorporering by 'n universiteit oftechnikon beteken. Hierdie studie fokus daarop om vas te stel hoe die dosente verbonde aan 'n tersiere onderwysinrigting die veranderingsproses beleef. Die navorser maak van die k:walitatiewe navorsingsmetode gebruik deur individuele onderhoude met 'n aantal dosente te voer. Hierdie inligting is met behulp van 'n oudio-bandopnemer opgeneem en verbatim transkripsies is daarvan gemaak. Na die ontleding van die transkripsies is faktore geidentifiseer wat emstige stres by die deelnemers veroorsaak tydens die veranderingsproses. Ten slotte is aanbevelings in hierdie verband gemaak. / Change is a constant in all sphere of people's lives. To keep abreast of the changing world and to meet the needs of its people, vast changes are also being implemented in education in South Mrica. Institutions involved in teacher training have also undergone far-reaching restructuring over the past few years. Legislation requires that tertiary education institutions be incorporated into the Higher education sector, which means incorporation into a university or technikon. This study focuses on establishing how the lecturers employed at a tertiary education institution " experience this process of change. The researcher has used the qualitative research method by conducting individual interviews with a number oflecturers. This information was taped and verbatim transcriptions were made of the interviews. Analysis of these transcriptions made it possible to identify factors that have caused serious stress in participants during the process of change. In the end recommendations were made concerning these factors. / Educational Leadership and Management / M. Ed. (Onderwysbestuur)

Studiens syfte var att undersöka hur anställda upplevde företag som arbetsgivarvarumärke och arbetsplats samt vilka faktorer som kan ha en påverkan på detta. Det genomfördes åtta intervjuer med anställda på ett företag inom mediabranschen. Det framkom att det fanns olika faktorer som påverkade hur medarbetarna såg på sin arbetsgivare. Dels skulle företaget erbjuda utvecklingsmöjligheter, flexibilitet i arbetsuppgifterna samt arbetsförmåner. På så sätt skapas en tillit och lojalitet gentemot varandra. Denna tillit skapar också en trygghet i sin anställning och mot sin chef. Relationen till sin chef visade sig vara viktig men även att de anställda själva fick styra över sina arbetsuppgifter. Även att arbeta på ett välkänt företag ansågs höja arbetsgivarens attraktivitet. Slutligen framkom det att de sociala faktorer påverkade hur de anställda såg på sin arbetsgivare och de menade på att det fanns en del brister gällande samarbetet mellan avdelningarna inom företaget. / The purpose of the study was to analyze employees’ perceptions of the company’s Employer Branding, the workplace, and the factors that may have an impact on this. Eight interviews were held with employees from a company in the media industry. It appeared that there were various factors that influence how employees perceive their employer. In order to be considered an attractive organization the company needs to offer opportunities to develop, flexibility in the daily tasks and employee benefits, and have a good reputation. This creates trust and loyalty between the employer and employee. It is important for the employees to have a good relationship with their manager, and at the same time it is important to have control over their own work tasks. Finally, social factors affected how the employees viewed their employer. According to some employees, there were some flaws with the cooperation between the departments within the company.

I den föreliggande kvantitativa studien var syftet att undersöka om det fanns någon skillnad gällande den inre arbetsmotivationen för vård- och omsorgspersonal i en mellanstor kommun i Sverige beroende på vilken verksamhet (sjukhus eller äldreboende) och yrkesutbildning (undersköterska eller sjuksköterska) personen hade. Enkäten bestod av sex bakgrundsfrågor och 21 påståenden om inre arbetsmotivation utifrån Self-determination theory (SDT). Den inre arbetsmotivationen mättes utifrån tre beroendemått: autonomi, samhörighet och kompetens. Resultatet visade på en signifikant huvudeffekt av verksamhet oavsett yrkesutbildning. Personalen verksamma på sjukhus skattade högre på påståendena gällande kompetens än personalen verksamma på äldreboenden. Resultatet kan bero på att personal på sjukhuset har ett mer varierande arbete än personal inom äldreboende, vilket stimulerar deras upplevda kompetens. / The purpose of the present quantitative study was to investigate whether there was any difference regarding the internal work motivation of health care staff working in a medium-sized municipality in Sweden, depending on the operation (hospitals or nursing homes) and the professional education (assistant nurse or nurse) of the employee. A questionnaire that consisted of six background questions and 21 statements about internal motivation (based on the sub-categories autonomy, relatedness and competence) was administered to health care staff at both hospitals and nursing homes. The results showed a significant main effect of the operation regardless of professional title. People working at the hospital estimated higher on the claims regarding competence compered to people that worked in nursing homes. This result may be due to that working at a hospital offers more diverse work assignments compared to working at a nursing home.

Denna studies syfte är att ta reda på om det finns skillnader mellan mäns och kvinnors ledarskap inom företaget vid namn bemanningsföretaget, och om detta har en påverkan på arbetsmotivationen hos ledarnas assistenter. Forskningsdesignen som denna studie har tillämpat är av en kvalitativ karaktär och har genomförts i form av en fallstudie varav åtta individer har agerat som respondenter. Bland dessa var fyra stycken ledare, och fyra var ledarnas assistenter, vars arbetsuppgift är att arbeta tillsammans med ledarna. Teorier som har tillämpats i uppsatsen har utgått från teorier som berör manligt respektive kvinnligt ledarskap och arbetsmotivation. Studien har kommit fram till att det finns både likheter och skillnader mellan manligt och kvinnligt ledarskap hos respondenterna. De största skillnaderna gällande ledarskapsstilar fanns hos männen. Kvinnorna adopterade ett relationsorienterat ledarskap och skiljde sig i en liten mån från varandra. Dessa likheter som observerades bland de kvinnliga ledarna fanns även hos en av de manliga ledarna. Arbetsmotivationen hos ledarnas respektive assistenter påverkades inte av ledarnas kön. De faktorer som tillsynes hade störst effekt och påverkan på arbetsmotivation var istället personlighetsdrag hos ledarna. / The purpose of this paper is to determine if there are differences between male- and female leadership within a company named bemanningsföretaget, and if these differences may have an effect on the leaders assistants work motivation or not. The research design that this paper has applied is based on a qualitative research design and has been carried out through a case study. 8 respondents has been interviewed in semi structured interviews, where 4 of these respondents are leaders, and the following 4 was their dedicated assistants. The theories applied in this paper are based on leadership theories, male- and female leadership theories, as well as one theory regarding work motivation. The outcome of this paper has determined that there are both similarities and differences between male and female leadership styles. The female leaders adopted a relational leadership style and did not differ very much from each other. The similarities observed regarding the female leaders could also be observed in one of the male leaders’ leadership style. The work motivation of the assistants was not affected by their leaders’ gender, but rather of factors regarding the leaders’ personalities.