År 2015 arbetade ca två procent av europeer på distans. Idag arbetar drygt 40% av Sveriges arbetsföra (15-74 år) befolkning hemifrån, varav en stor andel beror på de förändringar av förutsättningar som Covid-19 pandemin medfört. Den massiva omställningen till följd av den pandemiska kontexten av distansarbete har skapat behov av ny forskning inom området. Den här studien undersöker hur förändringarna har påverkat arbetsrelationerna i en organisation som arbetar med finansiering och affärsutveckling. Därtill undersöks hur relationsutveckling och socialt stöd kan främjas i ett digitalt och distansbaserat arbete. Genom en enkätundersökning baserat på LMX-7 tillsammans med tematisk analys, undersöker den här studien relationsutvecklingen mellan organisationens chefer, medarbetare och kunder/företagare sedan distansarbetets införande. Denna undersökning har givit insikt i flera fördelar och nackdelar med distansarbete, men summan av studiens resultat är att de undersökta arbetsrelationerna upplevs vara effektivare till följd av distansarbetet. Samtidigt visar resultatet att graden av informella och spontana sociala interaktioner minskat vilket påverkar det sociala stödet. Resultatet visade även att förändringen lett till en ökad förståelse för andras omständigheter, problem och behov. Insikten som studien ger skapar förutsättningar för ett mer hållbart arbete där gränslöshet och brist av social, personlig kontakt kan fångas upp genom nya och välanpassade arbetsstrukturer som främjandet av kommunikativa medel som ICT och social media. Vidare forskning inom området kan därför undersöka i detalj vilka slags strukturer som digitala organisationer kan utveckla för att sänka trösklarna för socialt initiativ och informella sociala interaktioner. / In 2015 about two percent of all Europeans were working remotely. Today about 40% of Sweden's working citizens (age 15-74) are working from home, of which a large share depends on the changes of circumstance following the Covid-19 pandemic. This conversion creates an entirely new context for remote work which demands new research within the area. This study examines how these changes have affected work relationships within an organization engaged in finance and business development. Furthermore, this study examines how relationship development and social support can be promoted in digital- and remote work. Through a survey based on LMX-7 combined with thematic analysis, this study examines the development of work relationships between the organization’s leaders, members, and customers since shifting to remote work. Several benefits and challenges with remote work have been found. In conclusion the examined work relationships have reportedly become more effective in response to remote work. Simultaneously the degree of informal and spontaneous social interaction has decreased which in turn affects social support. The results also showed that this change has led to an increase in understanding of others' circumstances, problems, and needs. The insights from this study contribute to forming prerequisites for a more sustainable remote work where boundaryless work and lack of social, personal contact can be highlighted and dealt with through new and well-adjusted work structures like ICT and social media. Further research within the area can therefore examine in detail what kind of structures that digital organizations can develop in order to lower the thresholds for social initiative and informal social interactions.

This research tests the application of job enrichment in a maintenance short-interval-task oriented organization. Data were collected from nine work groups involving twenty-nine employees. Results indicate enrichment in this type of organization is possible. Criteria were established to measure the fit of each work group to the five core job dimensions of skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback. A strong correlation between core job dimension scores and productivity levels was indicated. A work control program, compatible with job enrichment, is discussed and used to implement job content changes. Manipulation of the job content for poor performing groups with low core job dimension scores has resulted in significant reductions in nonproductive time.

Im Whitepaper werden die Notwendigkeit und die Grundlagen einer systematischen Verknüpfung von Arbeitswissenschaften und Dienstleistungswissenschaften im Sinne der Gestaltung nachhaltig humaner Arbeit in Zeiten der Digitalisierung dargestellt. Ein neuer Ansatz für die Gestaltung von Interaktionsarbeit wird vorgestellt: Das Social Service Engineering. Es integriert arbeitswissenschaftliche Gestaltungslösungen mit dem effizienzorientierten Ansatz des Service Engineering. Die Prinzipien des wissenschaftlich fundierten, praktisch erprobten und übertragbaren Social Service Engineering bilden die Grundlage für eine menschengerechte und wirtschaftliche Gestaltung von Interaktionsarbeit.:Inhalt Über dieses Whitepaper Motivation - Herausforderungen bei der Gestaltung von Interaktionsarbeit - Arbeits- und dienstleistungswissenschaftliche Sicht auf Interaktionsarbeit - Gute Dienstleistungen bei guter Arbeit Stand der Forschung von Arbeits- und Dienstleistungswissenschaft - Selbstverständnis von Arbeitswissenschaft und Dienstleistungswissenschaft - Interaktionsarbeit als Aspekt von Dienstleistungen - Besonderheiten der Dienstleistungen Pflege und Kinderbetreuung - Technik und Digitalisierung bei der Gestaltung von Dienstleistungen Förderlandschaft Dienstleistungsgestaltung Methoden zur Gestaltung von Interaktionsarbeit - Expert:innenworkshop „Systematisch Human – Die Zukunft der Gestaltung von Interaktionsarbeit“ - Methodenzusammenstellung für Interaktionsarbeit Prinzipien des Social Service Engineering Ausblick für die Gestaltung von Interaktionsarbeit Impressum Literaturverzeichnis

by Law Tak Yan. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 44-46). / TABLE OF CONTENTS / APPROVAL --- p.ii / ABSTRACT --- p.iii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iv / LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS --- p.vi / LIST OF TABLES --- p.vii / Chapter / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter II. --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.3 / Definitions of Organisational Commitment --- p.3 / Antecedents of Organisational Commitment --- p.4 / Job Characteristics Model --- p.6 / Core Job Characteristic Dimensions --- p.7 / Skill Variety --- p.8 / Task Identity --- p.8 / Task Significance --- p.8 / Autonomy --- p.8 / Feedback --- p.9 / Critical Psychological States --- p.10 / Personal and Work Outcomes --- p.10 / Growth Need Strength --- p.11 / Relationship between Organisational Commitment and Job Characteristics --- p.11 / Chapter III. --- METHODOLOGY --- p.13 / Organisation of the Labour Department --- p.13 / Sample Characteristics --- p.17 / Measurement of Organisational Commitment --- p.18 / The Job Diagnostic Survey --- p.20 / Interview --- p.22 / Chapter IV. --- RESULTS AND ANALYSIS --- p.23 / Level of Organisational Commitment --- p.25 / Comparison of Job Characteristics --- p.27 / Skill Variety --- p.27 / Task Identity --- p.28 / Task Significance --- p.28 / Autonomy --- p.29 / Feedback --- p.30 / Antecedents of Organisational Commitment for Assistant Labour Officers --- p.31 / Chapter V. --- DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION --- p.32 / Enrichment of Job Characteristics by Job Redesign --- p.32 / Combining Tasks --- p.33 / Establishing Client Relationship --- p.33 / Opening Feedback Channels --- p.34 / Antecedents of Organisational Commitment --- p.34 / APPENDIX --- p.36 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.44

Schools worldwide are experiencing challenges in terms of ensuring quality education and good retention of its teaching staff. The highly stressful nature of the teaching profession as well as the high demands placed on teachers with the constant changes in curriculum, not enough resources and insufficient support from supervisors, cause secondary school teachers to show high turnover intention rates and high attrition rates which are extremely costly and detrimental to the success of the school. The well-being of the teacher is mostly overlooked within a highly stressful environment where the focus is on results. Demands on schools and teachers are becoming increasingly complex. Teacher issues are discussed on policy agendas as a result of concerns raised by teachers themselves about the future of their profession and whether they are sufficiently rewarded and supported in their work. The morale and motivation of teachers are important for future teacher retention. Teachers are now expected to have much broader roles, taking into account the development of the learner, the handling of teaching processes in the classroom, the focus of the entire school as a “community-in-action” and the relations with the larger community and the world of teaching in general. Thus expectations are higher and demands are more – but the well-being of the teacher does not seem to be a priority within the larger school environment and global teaching picture. Efforts to improve the psychological well-being and optimal functioning of secondary school teachers will affect individual and organizational outcomes. A teacher who functions well is more likely to stay in the profession and will be more motivated than one who is not engaged and demotivated. Investments in the well-being of teachers will lay the basis for positive school outcomes such better retention, better performance and job satisfaction. The aim of this study was to investigate the psychological well-being of a sample of secondary school teachers in North West Province and to determine the antecedents and outcomes thereof. A cross-sectional survey design was used to gather data regarding the well-being of secondary school teachers and its outcomes. A stratified sample (N = 513) was taken of secondary school teachers in North West Province in South Africa. The measuring instruments used were the Supervisor Behaviour Scale, Work-Related Basic Need Satisfaction Scale, Balanced Measure of Psychological Needs, Work Engagement Scale, Turnover Intention Scale, Work-Life Questionnaire, Revised Job Diagnostic Survey, Co-Worker Relations Scale, Work and Meaning Inventory, Personal Resources Scale, Self-Rated Performance Scale, and Positive Practices Questionnaire. The results of study 1 showed that supervisor support (for autonomy, competence, and relatedness) was positively related to employees’ psychological need satisfaction and engagement and negatively related to intention to leave. Supervisor support affected engagement positively and intention to leave negatively via employees’ autonomy satisfaction. The findings suggest that supervisor support and psychological need satisfaction play a significant role in the engagement and retention of employees. The results of study 2 showed that a calling orientation, job design, and co-worker relations explained a large percentage of the variance in experiences of meaningful work. A low calling orientation and poor co-worker relations predicted a moderate percentage of the variance in burnout. A calling orientation, a well-designed job, good co-worker relations, and meaningful work predicted work engagement. Job design was moderately associated with self-ratings of performance. The absence of a calling orientation predicted teachers’ intentions to leave the organisation. The results of study 3 showed that teachers with the highest levels of psychological functioning derived the most meaning from their work. These teachers are renewed by the work they are doing. Positive organizational practices predicted positive outcomes such as meaning, engagement and self-determined behaviour. Psychologically-well and healthy teachers are more likely to focus on the meaningfulness of the work they are doing. It seems that the most important positive practices in the pathway to better psychological well-being at work are those of meaningful work and inspiration.

Schools worldwide are experiencing challenges in terms of ensuring quality education and good retention of its teaching staff. The highly stressful nature of the teaching profession as well as the high demands placed on teachers with the constant changes in curriculum, not enough resources and insufficient support from supervisors, cause secondary school teachers to show high turnover intention rates and high attrition rates which are extremely costly and detrimental to the success of the school. The well-being of the teacher is mostly overlooked within a highly stressful environment where the focus is on results. Demands on schools and teachers are becoming increasingly complex. Teacher issues are discussed on policy agendas as a result of concerns raised by teachers themselves about the future of their profession and whether they are sufficiently rewarded and supported in their work. The morale and motivation of teachers are important for future teacher retention. Teachers are now expected to have much broader roles, taking into account the development of the learner, the handling of teaching processes in the classroom, the focus of the entire school as a “community-in-action” and the relations with the larger community and the world of teaching in general. Thus expectations are higher and demands are more – but the well-being of the teacher does not seem to be a priority within the larger school environment and global teaching picture. Efforts to improve the psychological well-being and optimal functioning of secondary school teachers will affect individual and organizational outcomes. A teacher who functions well is more likely to stay in the profession and will be more motivated than one who is not engaged and demotivated. Investments in the well-being of teachers will lay the basis for positive school outcomes such better retention, better performance and job satisfaction. The aim of this study was to investigate the psychological well-being of a sample of secondary school teachers in North West Province and to determine the antecedents and outcomes thereof. A cross-sectional survey design was used to gather data regarding the well-being of secondary school teachers and its outcomes. A stratified sample (N = 513) was taken of secondary school teachers in North West Province in South Africa. The measuring instruments used were the Supervisor Behaviour Scale, Work-Related Basic Need Satisfaction Scale, Balanced Measure of Psychological Needs, Work Engagement Scale, Turnover Intention Scale, Work-Life Questionnaire, Revised Job Diagnostic Survey, Co-Worker Relations Scale, Work and Meaning Inventory, Personal Resources Scale, Self-Rated Performance Scale, and Positive Practices Questionnaire. The results of study 1 showed that supervisor support (for autonomy, competence, and relatedness) was positively related to employees’ psychological need satisfaction and engagement and negatively related to intention to leave. Supervisor support affected engagement positively and intention to leave negatively via employees’ autonomy satisfaction. The findings suggest that supervisor support and psychological need satisfaction play a significant role in the engagement and retention of employees. The results of study 2 showed that a calling orientation, job design, and co-worker relations explained a large percentage of the variance in experiences of meaningful work. A low calling orientation and poor co-worker relations predicted a moderate percentage of the variance in burnout. A calling orientation, a well-designed job, good co-worker relations, and meaningful work predicted work engagement. Job design was moderately associated with self-ratings of performance. The absence of a calling orientation predicted teachers’ intentions to leave the organisation. The results of study 3 showed that teachers with the highest levels of psychological functioning derived the most meaning from their work. These teachers are renewed by the work they are doing. Positive organizational practices predicted positive outcomes such as meaning, engagement and self-determined behaviour. Psychologically-well and healthy teachers are more likely to focus on the meaningfulness of the work they are doing. It seems that the most important positive practices in the pathway to better psychological well-being at work are those of meaningful work and inspiration.

La présente recherche a pour objectif d’étudier les effets que peuvent exercer la conception du travail sur le type de conflit qui émerge en milieu de travail. La notion de conception du travail se divise en trois dimensions, soit les caractéristiques reliées à la tâche, les caractéristiques reliées aux connaissances et les caractéristiques sociales. Ces dimensions sont mises en relation avec les deux types de conflit en milieu de travail, soit le conflit relié à la tâche et le conflit relié à la relation. Cette recherche vise également à vérifier l’effet modérateur des traits de personnalités sur les relations entre les dimensions de la conception du travail et celles du conflit en milieu de travail. Cette recherche est basée sur 473 participants qui occupent un emploi rémunéré et qui ont vécu une situation de conflit en milieu de travail allant jusqu’à 6 mois avant la période de sondage, allant du 14 au 18 janvier 2012. Les résultats indiquent qu’il n’y a pas de relations particulières entre la conception du travail et le type de conflit en milieu de travail. En ce qui a trait aux effets des traits de personnalité, les résultats indiquent que ces variables n’ont aucuns effets modérateurs sur la relation entre la conception du travail et le type de conflit en milieu de travail. Globalement, les résultats ne démontrent aucune relation entre la conception du travail et les types de conflit en milieu de travail, ou les effets modérateurs que les traits de personnalités peuvent avoir sur ces relations. / The goal of this research is to study the effect of work design on the type of conflict that emerges in the workplace. The concept of work design is divided in two three dimensions, namely task, knowledge and social characteristics. These dimensions are linked to the two dimensions of workplace conflict, that is, task conflict and relationship conflict. This research is also intended to verify the moderating effect of personality traits on the association between work design and workplace conflict. This study is based on 473 employed participants who have experienced workplace conflict up to 6 months prior to the canvass period, which was from January 14th to the 18th 2012. The results indicate that there is no particular association between work design and conflict in the workplace. With regards to the moderating effect of personality traits, results indicate that these variables do not moderating the association between the dimensions of work design and the type of workplace conflict. Overall, results do not show a relation between work design and types of workplace conflict, or the moderating effect that personality traits can have on these relations.

Employee engagement is the ability of employees to express themselves ‘physically, cognitively and emotionally during role performance’. Nurse employees comprise the largest workforce in healthcare. They spend a significant time caring for patients, they have a strong impact on patient experiences. Thus, in order to improve patient care experiences, nurse employees require positive work environments with the necessary factors that drive employee engagement. This study aimed to investigate current nurse engagement practices and the work-related aspects that impact engagement among nursing employees. The ultimate goal was to enable nursing management to identify the areas for continued sustainability and to improve gaps identified through appropriate implementation initiatives. The hospital is in the central part of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and consists of a multicultural population and the local Saudi nurses. The study population is nursing employees, employed for one year and longer within the organisation, and includes both genders between the ages of 18 to 60 years old. Simple random sampling was adopted using a sampling frame. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from the sample of nurses from the hospital. Descriptive and inferential statistical tests were performed to analyse data using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24 for Windows, while Ordered Probit regression was conducted using the Stata statistical program version 14 for Windows. This study showed the extent of nurses’ engagement using the selected constructs. Areas of strengths and weaknesses were identified. This study found that nurses were generally positive and passionate in their contribution to the organisation and connected in their work roles. This was established statistically and literature was also used to interpret the results. Respondents placed high importance on items that assessed the extent of nurses’ engagement and work-related factors. All the loadings in the eight dimensions measured were above 0.5, which shows significant correlation. In terms of organizational factors that impact nurse engagement, the estimates from the Ordered Probit regression showed that “feelings about the job” by employees had a statistically significant and positive influence on the employees’ or nurses’ “satisfaction about job aspects”. Results suggest the need to strengthen the identified areas in order to improve the nurses’ level of engagement. / Health Studies / M.A. (Nursing Science)

La présente recherche a pour objectif d’étudier les effets que peuvent exercer la conception du travail sur le type de conflit qui émerge en milieu de travail. La notion de conception du travail se divise en trois dimensions, soit les caractéristiques reliées à la tâche, les caractéristiques reliées aux connaissances et les caractéristiques sociales. Ces dimensions sont mises en relation avec les deux types de conflit en milieu de travail, soit le conflit relié à la tâche et le conflit relié à la relation. Cette recherche vise également à vérifier l’effet modérateur des traits de personnalités sur les relations entre les dimensions de la conception du travail et celles du conflit en milieu de travail. Cette recherche est basée sur 473 participants qui occupent un emploi rémunéré et qui ont vécu une situation de conflit en milieu de travail allant jusqu’à 6 mois avant la période de sondage, allant du 14 au 18 janvier 2012. Les résultats indiquent qu’il n’y a pas de relations particulières entre la conception du travail et le type de conflit en milieu de travail. En ce qui a trait aux effets des traits de personnalité, les résultats indiquent que ces variables n’ont aucuns effets modérateurs sur la relation entre la conception du travail et le type de conflit en milieu de travail. Globalement, les résultats ne démontrent aucune relation entre la conception du travail et les types de conflit en milieu de travail, ou les effets modérateurs que les traits de personnalités peuvent avoir sur ces relations. / The goal of this research is to study the effect of work design on the type of conflict that emerges in the workplace. The concept of work design is divided in two three dimensions, namely task, knowledge and social characteristics. These dimensions are linked to the two dimensions of workplace conflict, that is, task conflict and relationship conflict. This research is also intended to verify the moderating effect of personality traits on the association between work design and workplace conflict. This study is based on 473 employed participants who have experienced workplace conflict up to 6 months prior to the canvass period, which was from January 14th to the 18th 2012. The results indicate that there is no particular association between work design and conflict in the workplace. With regards to the moderating effect of personality traits, results indicate that these variables do not moderating the association between the dimensions of work design and the type of workplace conflict. Overall, results do not show a relation between work design and types of workplace conflict, or the moderating effect that personality traits can have on these relations.

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