No transcurso da história, as práticas em saúde tiveram diversas configurações. Todavia, a partir da década de 70, sobretudo nos países ocidentais, a atuação embasada no modelo flexneriano passou a ser questionada por desvelar sua ineficácia, ineficiência e manutenção da desigualdade social. Assim, o Relatório Carnegie (1970) propõe a mudança de paradigma pautado em uma concepção positiva de saúde que contemple os determinantes psicossociais do adoecimento e cuidado. Convergentemente, o Movimento da Reforma Sanitária brasileira conquistou a regulamentação do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), em 1990, e, em 1994, o Ministério da Saúde apresenta o Programa de Saúde da Família como ícone da política nacional de Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) que, a partir de 2006, é concebido como Estratégia e tem como um de seus objetivos superar o modelo hegemônico médico-centrado, a partir, entre outras coisas, da organização dos processos de trabalho. Todavia, um dos obstáculos para operacionalização desta proposta consiste na dificuldade de mudanças das práticas em saúde, que perseveram na abordagem técnica, dificultando a apropriação do trabalho pela equipe. Visando compreender as relações estabelecidas entre prática profissional, apropriação do conhecimento informal e seu processo de incorporação no trabalho na Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF), foram realizadas: entrevistas semiestruturadas (audiogravadas) e três grupos focais (audiogravados) com profissionais da saúde, além de observações participantes em um Núcleo da ESF, vinculado à Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto (USP-RP). Os dados obtidos nas entrevistas, grupos e observações participantes foram analisados à luz de alguns princípios do materialismo histórico. Foi observado que o trabalho na ESF é marcado por contradições, pois sua concepção visa à superação do modelo biomédico mas, é determinado pela racionalidade da organização do trabalho, que é reforçada pela concepção reificada de conhecimento dos profissionais. A Competência Técnica, embora seja fetichizada pela equipe, é percebida como mutável, favorecendo a constante atualização profissional, que propicia a compreensão dos elementos psicossocias do cuidado a partir de uma lógica reificada. A apropriação da prática pelos profissionais oscila entre o estranhamento do trabalho e a atividade subjetivante, que permite a criação de estratégias de cuidado e organização do serviço, sendo o modo pelo qual os profissionais são avaliados gerador de sentimentos de menos-valia e expropriação, além de imobilizar a dinâmica subjetiva da inteligência. A concepção arraigada de conhecimento pelos profissionais propicia no interior da equipe o conflito derivado das relações de poder. Mas, mesmo diante destas dissonâncias, a reflexão conjunta do trabalho e dos conflitos vivenciados é um espaço fértil para a socialização e a integração do conhecimento informal, favorecendo a criação conjunta do conhecimento e práticas. Deste modo, considera-se que as gestões dos serviços devem valorizar e favorecer a criação e sistematização do conhecimento informal pelos profissionais, a autonomia das equipes em seu processo de construção do conhecimento e o auto-gerenciamento. A reflexão conjunta do trabalho, além de propiciar a criação do conhecimento, propicia aos profissionais a compreensão deste a partir da perspectiva processual em consenso com os objetivos que inspiraram a criação da ESF. / Health practices have had several configurations throughout history. However, from the 70\'s onwards, mainly in the western countries, action based on the flexnerian model became questionable due to the unveiling of its inefficacy, inefficiency and maintenance of social differences. Therefore, the Carnegie Report (1970) proposes a change in paradigm based on a positive conception of health which contemplates the psychosocial determinants of falling ill and healthcare. Convergently, the Brazilian Sanitary Reform Movement achieved the regulation of the Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), in 1990 and, in 1994, the Ministry of Health presented the Family Health Program as an icon of the national policy of Primary Health Attention (Atenção Primária à Saúde - APS) which, since 2006, has been conceived as a Strategy and has as one of its objectives the overcoming of the hegemonic doctor-centered model through, among other things, the organization of the work processes. Nevertheless, one of the obstacles for the operationalization of this proposal consists of the difficulties to change health practices, which persevere in the technical approach, posing difficulties to the appropriacy of work by the team. Aiming at understanding the relationships established among professional practice, informal knowledge appropriacy and its process of incorporation to the Family Health Strategy (Estratégia de Saúde da Família - ESF), semi-structured interviews (audio recorded) and three focus groups (audio recorded) with healthcare professionals were carried out, besides participating observations in a ESF Nucleus, linked to the University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto (USP-RP). The data obtained in the interviews, groups and participating observations were analyzed in face of some principles of historic materialism. It was observed that the work at ESF is marked by contradictions, for its conception aims at the overcoming of the biomedical model, but it is determined by the rationality of the work organization, which is reinforced by the reified conception of the professionals\' knowledge. The Technical Competence, although fetishized by the team, is perceived as mutable, favoring the constant professional updating, which fosters the understanding of the psychosocial elements of healthcare from a reified logic. The appropriacy of practice by professionals oscillates between the unfamiliarity of work and subjectivating activity, which allows for the creation of strategies of healthcare and organization of service, and the way through which professionals are evaluated generates feelings of worthlessness and expropriation, besides immobilizing the subjective dynamics of intelligence. The deep-rooted conception of knowledge by professionals propitiates the conflict derived from power relationships within the team. However, even in face of these dissonances, the joint reflection of work and conflicts experienced is a fertile ground for the socialization and integration of informal knowledge, favoring the joint creation of knowledge and practices. Thus, it is considered that the management of services must value and favor the creation and systematization of informal knowledge by the professionals, the autonomy of teams in their process of building knowledge and self-management. The joint reflection of work, besides propitiating the creation of knowledge, propitiates its understanding to the professionals, from the process perspective in consensus with the objectives that inspire the creation of the ESF.

Introdução: O trabalho em saúde diferencia-se dos demais trabalhos pela complexidade de seu objeto (a pessoa e sua família, os grupos sociais ou as coletividades), pela especificidade de seu produto (ações de saúde) e pela participação dos sujeitos no processo de produção do cuidado. No Brasil, o sistema de saúde é orientado pela Atenção Primária à Saúde. Em 1994, o Ministério da Saúde propôs o Programa Saúde da Família, depois denominado Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF), com a finalidade de fortalecer as ações e favorecer o acesso da população aos serviços de saúde. O objeto deste estudo foi a prática diária dos trabalhadores de saúde, tendo como categoria de análise o processo de trabalho em saúde. Objetivo: caracterizar e problematizar os processos de trabalho em saúde de equipes da ESF de Campina Grande- PB. Método: Foi realizada uma pesquisa-ação, que teve início com a apresentação às equipes dos secundários oriundos do Programa de Avaliação da Melhoria da Qualidade da Assistência (PMAQ). Tais dados mostraram a ausência de registros sobre o acompanhamento sistemático das condições de vida e saúde dos grupos prioritários. A avaliação externa do PMAQ, por sua vez, evidenciou a realidade vivida pelos trabalhadores. Essa primeira aproximação forneceu os elementos necessários para problematizar a produção das equipes. Foram realizadas oficinas problematizadoras para identificar e problematizar os nós críticos do trabalho, na perspectiva da Educação Permanente em Saúde (EPS). Participaram da investigação 38 trabalhadores das duas unidades de saúde da família do município de Campina Grande, do estado da Paraíba. Também foram realizadas entrevistas com dois gestores. O material empírico resultante foi submetido à análise de conteúdo. Resultados: foram identificados nós críticos relativos ao processo de trabalho, ao trabalho em equipe, ao acolhimento e ao sistema de informação em saúde. Discussão: A EPS permitiu aos trabalhadores ampliar sua compreensão sobre o cotidiano do trabalho contexto em que atuam e as necessidades dos usuários. Ficou evidente que existe um trabalho preso a normas, cronogramas e protocolos, na lógica do trabalho morto, que obstaculiza o trabalho vivo. Considerações finais: os trabalhadores envolvidos puderam ressignificar suas práticas, de modo a conciliar a normatização instituída e o que precisa ser realizado. No cotidiano do trabalho, já foram iniciados novos modos de agir onde o processo de comunicação vem se abrindo a problematização e negociação, visando à produção do entendimento e o respeito às diferenças. / Introduction: Health work differs from other kinds of work by the complexity of its object (the person and her/his family, the social groups or collectives), the specificity its product (health actions) and those that participate in care production process. In Brazil, the health care system is driven by Primary Health. In 1994, the Health Ministry proposed the Family Health Program, afterwards called Family Health Strategy (FHS), in order to strengthen actions and to promote people\'s access to health services. The object of this study was the health workers daily practice, and the analytic category was the work process in health. Objective: To characterize and discuss the work processes in FHS health teams in Campina Grande-PB. Method: An action research was performed, which began with the presentation of data of Quality of Care Improvement Assessment Program (PMAQ in Portuguese). Such data showed the absence on systematic monitoring of life and health conditions of priority groups. The PMAQ external evaluation highlighted the reality experienced by the workers. This first approach provided the necessary elements to discuss the teams production. Workshops were held to identify and discuss the work critical nodes in the continuing healthcare education (EPS) perspective. 38 workers of two health family units participated in the investigation in the city of Campina Grande, Paraíba. Interviews were also conducted with two health managers. The resulting empirical material was submitted to content analysis. Results: critical problems related to the labor process, teamwork, reception and health information system were identified. Discussion: EPS enables the workers to improve their understanding of the everyday work context in which they operate and the users needs. It was evident that the work process is tied to rules, schedules and protocols, in a dead labor logic, which hinders living labor. Final considerations: the workers involved could reframe their practices in order to reconcile what is established and what is to be done. In daily work, new acting ways were initiated and the communication process is now opened to questioning and negotiation in order to produce the understanding and the respect for differences.

Based on qualitative interviews with social workers is the aim with this study to examine a social worker's perspective concerning their work and development with street children in Bloemfontein, South Africa. The interviews were analyzed thematically focusing on how social workers describe the problems and their work/strategies with street children. The result is divided in two themes; Problems and Solution. Problems refer to how the local context concerning street children in Bloemfontein are described by social workers. Solutions refer to how the social workers describe their work and which solutions that are available in Bloemfontein. According to the participant’s street children are viewed as victims, thief’s and naughty by the society. The social workers stated that the main approach of effort in social work with street children are trustful-relationships, negotiation and support. Therefore, a relationship of trust must be gained before the children can receive help. The participants divided children of the street in to types, the ‘manipulative’ child and the ‘naive’ child. The social worker’s tasks are to work with both types of children in order to create change and to restore trust. The findings from the result are analyzed from one of Helen Fuchs Bach’s theoretical concepts from The Exit Process. This concept is called the Turning Point and refers to that there comes a point where a change is needed which affects the former identity and role for a person. Understanding the results using the Turing Point has helped us understand the importance of creating trusting relationships and making each street child feel special in order to enable change in a street child’s life.

The purpose of this master thesis is to investigate how architects and project managers can improve their work process within an architecture firm, in order to become more competitive and cost efficient. To fulfil the purpose of the thesis, the research has been based on an interview study that draws upon the challenges the construction industry is currently facing, especially within architecture and project management, which means that firms working in the early phases of a project must do some changes in their work processes to meet those challenges. Hence, the research question has been based on the firm’s ability to improve their work processes in different and new types of projects. The investigation has been based on semi-structured interviews and a literature study of scientific articles and academic literature. The interviews have been made with group managers, a design manager, internal project managers and external project managers from the Swedish architecture firm White AB in Stockholm, which has collaborated with the researcher when writing the master thesis. The interviews has shown difficulties in managing projects for both architects and project managers, and in defining roles and dividing of tasks, which has resulted in the lack of collaboration and communication, design problems, time and budget constraints, client dissatisfaction and cultural barriers within the firm. To handle and prevent these difficulties from occurring the researcher has provided the firm’s steering committee with guidance on how to improve the difficulties with two overall objectives. The objectives were based on the current situation analysis, which in turn was based on interviews and literature study that entailed architects’ increased collaboration with project managers and the definition of the project manager’s role. Hence the following guidelines can be achieved: internal and external marketing, education, experience feedback, common objectives and shared leadership. / Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka hur arkitekter och projektledare kan förbättra sina arbetsprocesser, i en arkitektfirma, för att bli mer konkurrenskraftiga och kostnadseffektiva. För att uppfylla syftet av examensarbetet, har forskningen varit baserad på en intervjustudie som bygger på de utmaningar som byggbranschen för närvarande står inför, särskilt inom arkitektur och projektledning, vilket innebär att företag som arbetar i de tidiga faserna av ett projekt måste göra vissa förändringar i sina arbetsprocesser för att möta dessa utmaningar. Därför har forskningsfrågan varit baserad på företagets förmåga att förbättra sina arbetsprocesser i olika och nya typer av projekt. Undersökningen har baserats på semistrukturerade intervjuer och en litteraturstudie av vetenskapliga artiklar och akademisk litteratur. Intervjuerna har gjorts med gruppchefer, en projekteringsledare, interna och externa projektledare från den svenska arkitektfirman White AB i Stockholm, som har samarbetat med forskaren vid skrivning av examensarbetet. Intervjuerna har visat på svårigheter i att hantera projekt för både arkitekter och projektledare och I att definiera roller och uppdelning av arbetsuppgifter, vilket har resulterat i samarbets- och kommunikationsbrister, utformningsproblem, tid- och budgetbegränsningar, klientmissnöje och kulturella barriärer inom företaget. Att hantera och förebygga dessa svårigheter från att uppstå så har forskaren tillhandahållit företagets styrgrupp med vägledning om hur svårigheterna kan förbättras utifrån två övergripande mål. Målen baserades på nulägesanalysen, vilket i sin tur grundade sig på intervjuer och litteraturstudier som innebar ett ökat samarbete mellan arkitekter och projektledare och att definiera projektledarens roll. Därmed kan följande riktlinjer uppnås: intern och extern marknadsföring, utbildning, erfarenhetsåterföring, gemensamma mål och delat ledarskap.

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Scania verkar på en global marknad med tillverkning på flera orter och en förutsättning för att kunna garantera kvalité på de produkter som levereras, oavsett vart de produceras, är ett konsekvent tillämpat standardiserat arbetssätt vid tillverkning och montering. Monteringsbeskrivningar - eller elementblad som de benämns på Scania är en viktig del i att kommunicera detta "standardiserade arbetssätt" över hela företaget och alla desstillverkningsenheter. Det s.k. standardiserade arbetssättet är relativt väl utvecklat mellan de verkstäder som monterar samma typ av huvudkomponenter, men i ett vidare perspektiv så förekommer det mellan olika enheter såväl skillnader i presentation av data i elementblad som arbetsmetoder för att ta fram dem. Det finns därför ett uttalat behov av att standardisera såväl framtagning som presentation av data i elementblad. Syftet med detta examensarbete har varit att utveckla och testa en effektiv arbetsprocess för att tidsätta och ta fram lättförståeliga elementblad med stöd av digitala underlag. Därmed har en koppling mellan processerna för digital provmontering och framtagning av elementblad skapats. Ett förslag till arbetsmodell för framtagning av elementblad för chassimonteringen presenteras. I denna används de digitala underlagen både vid tidssättning med hjälp av standardtidssystem och för framtagning av bilder för beskrivning av monteringsoperationerna. Arbetsmodellen är anpassad till de applikationer som Scania använder idag. Resultatet av den enkät där arbetsprocessens effektivitet utvärderats visar att den har potential att leverera elementblad av högre kvalité än dagens process. / Scania operates in a global market and has manufacturing at multiple sites worldwide. Independently of where they are made, a consistently applied standardized work is a fundamental necessity to ensure the quality of their products. Assembly instructions – or element sheets as they are called at Scania, play an important role in communicating this standardized work across the entire company. The so called standardized work is relatively well established amongst production units which assembles the same type of key component, but in a wider perspective there are differences in presentation of the data in element sheets as well as the work methods used to create them. This evokes the need to standardize the creation process as well as how the data of the element sheets are presented. The purpose of this study has been to develop and test an efficient work process where digital models are used for creating element sheets with a high level of comprehensibility, and in addition for conducing predetermined motion time study (PMTS) of the activities included in them. Thus, a link between digital test assembly (DTA) and the process for creating element sheets has been established. A proposal for a work process for the creation of element sheets for the chassis assembly is presented. In this, the use of digital models while conducting PMTS as well as when extracting illustrations for describing assembly operations are fundamental. The work process is adapted to fit Scania’s existing software portfolio. The result of the survey where the work process efficiency was evaluated showed that it has the potential to deliver element sheets with a higher quality than the process of today.

Since the beginning of 2020 covid-19 has been declared as a public health crisis. Whatfollowed when restrictions were introduced in the world, were that many people wereforced to work from home. Our study will investigate the work of auditors at the largeraudit firms in Sweden. The purpose of this study is to find out how auditors work has beenaffected by the industry's increasing digitization during covid-19. A qualitative methodhas been used to answer the following research questions;In what way has digitization changed the way auditors work during covid-19?Could some of these changes remain after covid-19 has ended?Five auditors have been interviewed from KPMG, PwC, and Grant Thornton. By using thestudys collection of theories the responses from the interviews were analyzed. The chapterwith empirical findings is where the data collection is gathered. Here it shows that covid-19 has affected the auditors work in both a positive and negative manner. The mainpositive side of covid-19 is that work became even more flexible than before. Thenegative side is that the social interactions were missing. Digital tools and equipment haveoverall been of great value during covid-19, though perhaps not to a larger extent thanbefore covid-19. Further, now that the restrictions had been lifted, our respondents saw afuture of working from home more continuously and being able to dictate their ownworking hours with the help of digital tools and equipment.

This essay is a description of my artistic work process. The essay gives examples of how the work occurs in the boundary between places such as the studio and the wood workshop. In the essay you can follow four different passages that are followed by strophes that have arisen during the work. With the help of Hannah Arendt's 'The human condition: vita activa', I describe the conditions and prerequisites of creation in my work. Through the artists Daniel Buren, Constantin Brâncuși, Gordon Matta-Clark, I discuss how the separation and transformation of materials creates form with a loss. The essay describes a working process that consists of finding form for the absent in the present.

Åtta semi-strukturerade djupintervjuer genomfördes i syfte att kartlägga svenska formgivares och förlagsanställdas strategiska och kreativa arbetsprocess samt olika attityder vid arbetet med praktverk och coffee table-böcker. Dessa böckers termer och definitioner diskuterades även, samt boktypens förut-sättningar och utmaningar på marknaden. I denna rapport presenteras funna teman rörande dessa tankemönster och attity-der, samt en generell beskrivning av arbetsprocessen. Produktionen av coffee table-böcker och praktverk fanns vara komplex på grund av att den involverade många personer, tog lång tid i anspråk, var kost-sam och hade relativt små vinstmarginaler vilket därmed kunde förenas med vissa risker. Respondenterna upplevde generellt arbetet som spännande, roligt och givande.Studien belyser även förekomsten av en viss diskrepans vad gäller associationerna till termerna ”coffee table-bok” och ”praktverk”. Coffee table-böcker ansågs främst av de förlagsanställda ha ett innehåll av lägre kvalitet jämfört med det hos ett praktverk. / Semi-structured, in-depth interviews with eight Swedish graphic designers and employees at publishing houses were carried out with the purpose of mapping the strategic and creative work process of producing Coffee table books and Luxury works (Swedish praktverk), as well as respondents attitudes towards these processes.The three main steps identified in the process are presented and compared to results in previous studies. The production of these books was found to be complex due to the number of people involved, the time required, the costs involved and the relatively small profit margins.  All of which increase the exposure to certain risks.  The re-spondents however found the work to be exciting, enjoyable and fulfilling.In addition to this the study discovered the inconsistency between the definition of “Coffee table book” and “Luxury work” and what was found to be the com-monly accepted understanding of these.  This applied particularly to the term “Coffee table book,” where some respondents associated the term to a lower standard of literature. The terms and definitions of these books will be dis-cussed as well as the market condition described by the respondents.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-25T12:19:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SandroMangueiraBezerra.pdf: 2947638 bytes, checksum: 3b1e876b4d353807d4e15146f8ea2f51 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-11-28 / (Introduction) The aim of this work is to analize the influences of the ambiental conditions (noise, temperature and ilumination) and the organization of work about the health of the drivers of urban micro-bus of a collective transport company in the city of Campina Grande PB. (Theoretical Reference) The knowledge in Ergonomics and Anthropometry were deepened as well as its relation with the work place, the office of the bus driver and the micro-bus driver, the sitting position and its consequences for the health and the influences of the thermophisics conditions and of the work organization in the activities of the micro-bus drivers. (Methodological Procedures) Twelve micro-bus drivers of this company were evaluated. Comments general and systematic of the activity had been effected, had been applied questionnaires with closed and opened questions, beyond measurements: of the ambient, antropométrics factors of the individuals and the ranks of work. (Results and Discussion) At the end of this study the results indicated that 75% of the interviewees did not used to make physical exercises, 58% were over the average weight, of which 16% presented fatness type I and 83,4% presented complaints of aches after the work, in which 50% of these aches were located in the vertebral spine. The levels of noise found were less than 85 dB, however, it could be noticed the occurrence of peaks of noise, with an average duration of 1 second, the order of 95 dB, when the vehicle was stopped and the public was passing through the ratchet-brace of passangers control, these peaks affect the concentration of the driver and can unchain problems of psychic nature, of the type: irritation, reduction of the dexterity, among others. About the work organization, the main complaints of the drivers were about the daily division of the work timetable (called) and the pression to accomplish the timetables. (Conclusions) The work conditions of the micro-bus drivers researched in the city of Campina Grande, Paraíba state, affect the health of these workers, with emphasis on the stress levels, that increases because of the accomplishment of the time limit of route timetable, of the traffic problems . / (Introdução) Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar as influências das condições termofísicas (ruído, temperatura e iluminação) e da organização do trabalho sobre a saúde dos motoristas de micro-ônibus urbanos de uma empresa de transporte coletivo na cidade de Campina Grande-PB. (Referencial Teórico) O embasamento teórico para o desenvolvimento do trabalho envolveu os temas Ergonomia, Antropometria e sua relação com o posto de trabalho, a profissão de motorista de ônibus e micro-ônibus, a posição sentada e suas conseqüências para a saúde e as influências das condições termofísicas e da organização do trabalho nas atividades dos motoristas de microônibus. (Procedimentos Metodológicos) Foram avaliados 12 motoristas de micro-ônibus desta empresa. Realizaram-se observações geral e sistemática da atividade, foram aplicados questionários com questões fechadas e abertas, além de medições: dos fatores ambientais, antropométricas dos indivíduos e dos postos de trabalho. (Resultados e Discussão) Os principais resultados indicaram que 75% dos entrevistados não praticavam atividade física, 58% estavam acima do peso normal, dos quais 16% apresentavam obesidade tipo I e 83,4% apresentavam queixas de dores após o trabalho, sendo 50 % dessas dores localizadas na coluna vertebral. Os níveis de ruídos encontrados foram inferiores a 85 dB, no entanto, percebeu-se a ocorrência de picos de ruídos, de duração média de 1 segundo, da ordem de 95 dB, quando o veículo estava parado e o público passava pela catraca de controle de passageiros, estes picos afetam a concentração do motorista e podem desencadear problemas de natureza psíquica, do tipo: irritação, redução da destreza, entre outros. Quanto à organização do trabalho, as principais queixas dos motoristas foram com relação à divisão diária do horário de trabalho (chamada de pegada ) e à pressão por cumprimento de horários. (Conclusões) Pode-se concluir que as condições e organização do trabalho dos motoristas de micro-ônibus, pesquisados na cidade de Campina Grande, estado da Paraíba, agravam em parte a saúde destes trabalhadores, com destaque para a questão do nível de estresse, o qual se acentua em função da exigência no cumprimento dos prazos de horário de percurso e dos problemas do trânsito.