This dissertation provides a cultural-cognitive perspective on the relationship between cooperation and competition within organizations. Instead of explicitly defining the relationship between cooperation and competition, I examine lay beliefs about the relationship and the impact of these beliefs on perceptions and behavior. This dissertation consists of two studies. In the first study, I examine the role of peoples’ categorization of competitive behaviors as cooperative or non-cooperative in teams. I assess the influence of dialectical reasoning, a culturally-shaped reasoning style, on the categorization of competitive behaviors and the reaction to competitive behaviors within teams. I test my predictions with a laboratory experiment with participants in the US and China. The analyses from this study reveal cultural differences in perceptual and behavioral reactions to competitive behaviors, with differences partially attributed to reasoning style and categorization. In the second study, I examine the role of people’s categorization of competitive behaviors as cooperative or non-cooperative in working relationships. I assess the influence of culture and categorization on people’s ego-centric network of working relationships. I test my predictions with a survey of working professionals in the US and China. The analyses from this study demonstrate that people who categorize certain competitive behaviors as cooperative are more likely to be more cooperative with people they are more competitive with instead of having exclusively cooperative or competitive relationships. The analyses also reveal national cultural differences in people’s networks of working relationships that are partially attributable to categorization of competitive behaviors. By empirically connecting culture and reasoning style to cooperative and competitive behavior in teams and working relationships, this research enhances our understanding of fundamental aspects of organizations, suggesting a new approach to examining the influence of societal factors in behavior within organizations. / text

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2016-09-05T13:27:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MARCELO DE SOUZA BALIAN.pdf: 989339 bytes, checksum: 0198ece7030895d3304b6ff9e4a69245 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-05T13:27:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARCELO DE SOUZA BALIAN.pdf: 989339 bytes, checksum: 0198ece7030895d3304b6ff9e4a69245 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-13 / The Constitution of 1988 has as a basic principle ensure compliance with the social function of land (art. 5, XXIII), providing the expropriation penalty when the misuse of landed property is find. The art. 186, III of CF/88 establishes that compliance with the legal provisions governing fair labor relations is a key requirement for the verification of the fulfillment of the social function of land ownership. Law nº. 8.629/1993, which provides the regulation of constitutional provisions relating to land reform, is evasive when regulating the section III of article. 186 of CF. The various forms of incorporation of labor relations in a broad sense, however, make it extremely difficult for real verification on compliance with the rules governing labor relations, especially in agrarian activities. The objective of this work is to propose a new regulation of art. 186, III, of CF/88, to give effect to the constitutional provision under discussion. The methodology used was the doctrinal study, analyzing legislation and court decisions on the subject. Study was developed on the principles of labor law; training requirements for employment relations, ways of working in the broad sense that most commonly masked employee relations, suggesting in each case, the possibilities to regulate art. 186, III, of CF/88. It was concluded that, in the way the article 186, III CF/1988 is currently regulated, is not possible to expropriate rural property in breach of the provisions governing labor relations. / A Constituição Federal de 1988 tem por princípio fundamental assegurar o cumprimento da função social da terra (art. 5º, XXIII), prevendo a desapropriação sanção quando for constatado o mau uso da propriedade agrária. O art. 186, III, da CF/88 estabelece que o cumprimento das disposições legais que regulam as justas relações de trabalho é um dos requisitos indispensáveis para a verificação do cumprimento da função social da propriedade agrária. A Lei nº 8.629/1993, que dispõe sobre a regulamentação dos dispositivos constitucionais relativos à reforma agrária, é evasiva ao regulamentar o inciso III do art. 186 da CF. As várias formas de constituição das relações de trabalho em sentido amplo, todavia, tornam extremamente difícil a real constatação sobre o cumprimento das normas que regulam as relações de trabalho, em especial nas atividades agrárias. O objetivo deste trabalho é propor uma nova regulamentação do art. 186, III, da CF/88, para dar efetividade ao dispositivo constitucional em comento. Utilizou-se como metodologia o estudo doutrinário, análise legislativa e jurisprudencial sobre o tema. Foi elaborado estudo sobre os princípios de Direito do Trabalho; os requisitos para formação das relações de emprego; as formas de trabalho em sentido amplo que mais comumente mascaram relações empregatícias, sugerindo-se, em cada caso, possibilidades de regulamentar o art. 186, III, da CF/88. Concluiu-se que, na forma como está atualmente regulamentado o art. 186, III da CF/1988, não é possível desapropriar-se imóvel rural galgando-se no descumprimento das disposições que regulamentam as relações de trabalho.

Magister Educationis - MEd / A larger number of schools in Lesotho are owned and controlled by churches whereas the government pays teachers’ salaries and provides school facilities through the national budget. It is through this partnership that the Lesotho government and the churches have a strong link that characterises the Lesotho school management system. However, there have been some major shifts taking place in the education sector of Lesotho that are affecting the way schools are organised, managed and governed. The BCP government considered to revise all the education bills which resulted in the enactment of the LEA of 1995. The LEA of 1995 vested the responsibility of the management of primary schools on democratically elected committees. The study investigated the working relationships between principals and chairpersons of school management committees (SMCs) of selected church primary schools in Lesotho. The focus of the study was to analyse the working relationships between principals and chairpersons of the SMCs towards their roles and responsibilities as set out in the LEA of 1995. The study was approached from the capability approach. The core of the capability approach is to evaluate the achievement of a society by paying attention to what its members are able to be and to do. One of the roles of the SMCs is to allocate resources in schools by recommending for the appointment of teachers. Therefore, the study utilised the capability approach in order to explore the freedoms that principals have towards choosing resources that they want for schools. The study adopted the qualitative research approach. Data was collected through three qualitative research instruments namely, semi-structured interviews, observations and document analysis. The interviews were conducted for 16 participants who comprised the chairpersons of the two SMCs (RCC and LEC), principals’ representatives, teachers’ representatives and principals who were non-members of the SMCs. The purpose of the observations was to observe the physical environments, the behaviours of schools as well as the general availability of resources. Document analysis was done in order to draw on the conclusions of the contents of the SMCs’ records of minutes, schools’ financial reports and progress reports. The researcher used different methods of data collection in order to find answers to the research questions and also to achieve the aims of the study. The researcher used both constant comparative method and content analysis to analyse data. The data was analysed and interpreted against the views of the participants and literature review. The study confirmed that in both of the SMCs, most of the principals generally had satisfactory working relationships with the chairpersons. The findings of this study revealed that even though the SMCs perform their roles and responsibilities as set out in the LEA of 1995, there are some broad challenges that church schools face that emanate from the social conversion factors such as social norms, culture and practices within church schools, and environmental conversion factors like geographical locations. The findings further revealed that lack of adequate resources such as classrooms and teachers hampered the teachers’ capability to deliver instruction in a normal way because they had to teach multi-grades. These were found to be the challenges that affected the principals’ freedoms and capabilities to use and convert resources into achievement. Furthermore, the study exposed fair decision-making regarding resource allocation by the SMCs. Principal were free to use school funds as long as they submit the financial reports to the SMCs at the end of the year. However, the conclusion drawn from document analysis showed that not all the schools under study submitted financial reports. The findings reflect that there are no transparent guarantees in some of the school regarding the control and use of school funds. The findings of this study have some implications and recommendations to the Ministry of Education and training, church schools, teachers and principals who wish to work in church schools. The study recommends that the Ministry of Education and Training should reconsider the representation of one principal for six schools in the SMCs by establishing the school management system that calls for one school management committee per school. The Ministry of Education and Training in partnership with churches should make efforts to delineate the appropriate roles of churches in the provision of education with regard to the local hiring system whereby the SMCs select teachers to be appointed in their schools. Teachers should be transferred to the schools where multi-grade teaching is still practised in order to rationalise distribution of teachers in church schools. Principals and teachers should make informed decisions when choosing the schools that they want to work at, especially if it is a church school. They should make sure that the church schools they choose to be appointed to shall serve their beliefs, not only to focus on salaries.

This thesis looks at the understanding of Chinese and Western cultures within the academic working environment of internationalised higher education, and the influence on their working relationships. This research takes an interpretivist, qualitative approach. It is based on four different organisational contexts of internationalised higher education in Mainland China, Hong Kong and the United Kingdom. The four organisational contexts include a Chinese case, a Collaborative case, a Colonialism case and a British case. Qualitative interview data were collected from seventy Chinese and Western academic staff. The research examines academic staff s interpretation of Western (Hofstede s cultural dimensions) and Chinese cultural values (Guanxi, Mianzi and Harmony). The key findings are Guanxi, Mianzi and Harmony are closely related to Hofstede s cultural dimensions. Particularly, with the support of the Chinese Yin-Yang theory, it demonstrates that Hofstede s bipolar cultural dimensions are not sufficient to explain the Chinese culture. The findings also show that Western expatriate academics have stronger cultural sensitivity than the Chinese indigenous academics. Furthermore, the findings show that the organisational context has a stronger impact than the national one on employees cultural understanding and working relationships. Based on the findings, practical implications are discussed as well as limitations and recommendations for future research.

Syfte: Undersöka hur sjuksköterskor och läkare upplever att samarbetet dem emellan fungerar, hur sjuksköterskor och läkare anser olika faktorer hos den andra yrkesgruppen påverka samarbetet mellan dem och hur faktorerna påverkar arbetet och dess resultat. Metod: Kvantitativ studie med deskriptiv statistik. Enkäter med slutna svarsalternativ. Respondenterna bestod av 24 sjuksköterskor och 17 läkare. Resultat: Läkare tenderar i högre grad än sjuksköterskor att anse att samarbetet dem emellan fungerar bra. Båda yrkesgrupperna ansåg att den viktigaste egenskapen hos motparten för ett fungerande samarbete, är att ha kunskaper inom sin specialitet. Bland sjuksköterskorna var det den egna arbetsinsatsen och resultatet av patientvården som påverkades mest av ett gott samarbete, medan läkarna ansåg trivseln i arbetsgruppen påverkades mest. Slutsats: Fler läkare än sjuksköterskor anser att samarbetet yrkesgrupperna emellan fungerar väl. Kunskap inom sin specialitet är den viktigaste faktorn för ett fungerande samarbete. Ett fungerande samarbete mellan sjuksköterskor och läkare har stor betydelse för trivseln i arbetsgruppen, för den egna arbetsinsatsen och för resultatet av vården för patienten. / Objective: Explore nurses and physicians experience about how collaboration between them works, how nurses and physicians consider various factors among the opposite professional group affect collaboration between them and how the factors can affect their work and its outcome. Method: Quantitative study with descriptive statistics. Questionnaires with close-ended questions. Respondents consisted of 24 nurses and 17 physicians. Results: Physicians are more likely than nurses to consider collaboration between them works well. Both professional groups considered the most important characteristic in the opposite profession for a well-functioning collaboration, is to have knowledge in the current specialty. Among the nurses one’s own work effort and the outcome of the patient care were the factors that got most affected by a good collaboration, while the physicians rated well-being in the working group highest. Conclusion: Physicians are more likely than nurses to consider collaboration between them works well. To have knowledge in one’s own specialty is the most important factor for a well-functioning collaboration. A well-functioning collaboration between nurses and physicians are of great importance for well-being in the working group, for one´s own work effort and for the outcome of the patient care.

A eficácia dos direitos fundamentais entre as partes contratantes das relações de trabalho, enquanto relação jurídico-privada, apresenta-se como relevante tema a ser analisado em função da dinâmica atual das relações subordinativas entre empregadores e empregados. Tal cenário revela-se bastante propício a sérias violações aos direitos fundamentais das partes envolvidas, sobretudo dos trabalhadores por serem a parte mais vulnerável de tais relações. Em busca da efetividade máxima que demandam, os direitos fundamentais dos empregadores e dos trabalhadores ocasionam conflitos ou colisões, assumindo função precípua a verificação da incidência dos direitos fundamentais em tais relações. A evolução hermenêutica fundamentada na força normativa da Constituição e a conseqüente constitucionalização do Direito Privado, inclusive do Direito do Trabalho, produziram significativas repercussões no campo dos direitos sociais trabalhistas. A partir da análise doutrinária e jurisprudencial, exploram-se questões como a delimitação conceitual e a fundamentalidade formal e material dos direitos fundamentais, adotando-se uma classificação para esses direitos. Estudam-se, ainda, os necessários limites aos direitos fundamentais, uma vez que não sendo direitos absolutos estão sujeitos a limitações ou restrições em benefício de outros bens ou direitos igualmente protegidos por normas constitucionais. Abordando-se o sistema de direitos fundamentais instituído pelo catálogo da Constituição Federal de 1988, estuda-se a aplicabilidade e eficácia dos direitos fundamentais no âmbito das relações jurídico-privadas, notadamente das relações de emprego. Após breves considerações a respeito da denominada eficácia vertical, compreendida como a vinculação dos poderes públicos em respeitar, proteger e promover os direitos fundamentais, procede-se à análise da eficácia horizontal dos referidos direitos, termo utilizado para designar a incidência desses direitos no seio das relações interprivadas. Assim como em quaisquer relações interprivadas, os direitos e liberdades públicas asseguradas aos cidadãos são integralmente mantidos nas relações de trabalho porventura celebradas. Embora existam correntes doutrinárias que negam aplicação aos direitos fundamentais nas relações mantidas entre sujeitos privados, ou, mesmo, correntes que a admitindo, somente a reconhecem de modo indireto ou mediato, nas relações privadas trabalhistas apenas a aceitação da eficácia direta ou imediata como regra geral possibilitará uma proteção efetiva aos direitos fundamentais dos trabalhadores. Consequentemente, referidos direitos poderão entrar em conflitos ou colisões com outros direitos, bens e valores também tutelados constitucionalmente, restando ao Poder Judiciário, solucioná-los. Para o desenvolvimento de tal função, assume importância a utilização de determinados instrumentos harmonizadores dos pontos de tensão existentes no ordenamento jurídico, como o princípio da proporcionalidade ou razoabilidade e a técnica da ponderação ou sopesamento na colisão de direitos fundamentais nas relações trabalhistas. / The effectiveness of fundamental rights between the contracting parties of labor relations, while the legal and private, is presented as a relevant issue to be considered in the light of the current dynamics of subordinating relations between employers and employees. Such a scenario seems highly conducive to serious violations of fundamental rights of the parties involved, especially the workers because they are the most vulnerable part of such relationships. In search of maximum effectiveness they demand, the fundamental rights of employers and workers cause conflicts or collisions, assuming primary function of the review of the effects of fundamental rights in such relationships. The evolution hermeneutics grounded in normative force of the Constitution and the subsequent constitutionalization of private law, including the Labor Law, produced significant effects in the field of social labor. From the analysis of doctrine and jurisprudence, explores issues such as the conceptual delimitation and the fundamental procedural and substantive fundamental rights, adopting a classification for these duties. Study it was also necessary limits to fundamental rights, since no absolute rights and are subject to limitations or restrictions for the benefit of other property or rights equally protected by constitutional norms. Addressing to the system of fundamental rights established by the catalog of the Constitution of 1988, we study the applicability and effectiveness of fundamental rights within the legal and private relations, especially relations of employment. After some brief remarks about the so-called vertical efficiency, understood as the commitment of governments to respect, protect and promote fundamental rights, proceeds to the horizontal analysis of the effectiveness of such duties, a term used to describe the incidence of these rights within the interprivadas relations. As in any relationship interprivadas, the rights and liberties guaranteed to citizens are fully maintained in working relationships perhaps celebrated. Although there are doctrinal trends which deny fundamental rights application in the relationships between private persons, or even admitting that the current, only an indirect way to recognize or mediate in private labor relations only accepting direct or immediate effectiveness as a general rule enable effective protection of fundamental rights of workers. Consequently, these rights may come into conflict or collision with other rights, property values and also constitutionally protected, leaving the Judiciary to fix them. To develop such a function, the more important the use of certain instruments arrangers of the tension points in the existing law, the principle of proportionality or reasonableness and technical or weighing up the balance in the collision of fundamental rights in labor relations.

Orientador: Aparecida Neri de Souza / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T03:22:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mello_MiriamMorelliLimade_D.pdf: 2079004 bytes, checksum: 1f4cf5f8f76a1775e8d813dde7cea280 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar as representações que os professores constroem sobre as dimensões políticas de seu trabalho em escolas públicas de ensino fundamental na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, no contexto dasreformas educacionaisdas décadas de 1990 e 2000. Visto sob as relações econômicas e sociais de uma sociedade capitalista fundada sobre a divisão fundamental de classes, o trabalho docente é compreendido como um trabalho intelectual. Teórica e metodologicamente, a discussão sobre o trabalho docente apoiou-se nas concepções de intelectual orgânico e de hegemonia de Antonio Gramsci (1974; 1978a; 1978b; 1999; 2006; 2007). A pesquisa empírica foi realizada em duas escolas públicas municipais e em duas unidades de uma escola pública federal; mediante análise documental, questionários, observação e entrevistas semiestruturadas com 30 professores que trabalham no ensino fundamental.Os resultados obtidos indicam que, em geral, os professores pesquisados constroem representações sobre as dimensões políticas de seu trabalho a partir de um ideário liberal baseado nos princípios do individualismo, daigualdade e da democracia. As trajetórias de formação e profissionaisafetam as concepções políticas imprimindo diferentes nuances em relação à radicalidade ou à crítica deste ideário. As concepções sobre o trabalho docente apontam contradições quanto à dimensão política do lugar da escola na formação dos estudantes. Finalmente, a pesquisa evidencia que o trabalho docente ainda é marcado por relações de trabalho taylorizadas. / Abstract: The research aims to analyze the representations that teachers build on the political dimensions of their work in public elementary schools in the city of Rio de Janeiro in the context of the educational reforms performed in the 1990s and 2000s. Regarded in the light of the economic and social relations in a capitalist society based on the fundamental division into classes, the teaching work is understood as an intellectual work. Theoretically and methodologically, the discussion about the teaching work relied on the concepts of 'organic intellectual' and 'hegemony' developed by Antonio Gramsci (2007; 2006; 1999; 1978b; 1978a; 1974). The empirical research was conducted in two municipal public schools and in two units of a federal public school through documentary analysis, questionnaires, observation and semi-structured interviews with 30 teachers who work in the elementary school level. The results obtained indicate that, in general, the teachers surveyed build representations on the political dimensions of their work from a liberal body of ideas based on the principles of individualism, equality and democracy. In this scenario, the educational and professional paths affect the political conceptions and produce different nuances concerning the radicalism or criticism on this ideology. The conceptions on the teaching work point out contradictions with regard to the political dimension of the school's place in the education of students. Finally, the research shows that teaching is still marked by taylorized working relationships. / Doutorado / Ciencias Sociais na Educação / Doutor em Educação

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:18:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 chafic_krauss_damer.pdf: 908257 bytes, checksum: 9854c19efc35aa0616042d431f26f944 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-13 / The effectiveness of fundamental rights between the contracting parties of labor relations, while the legal and private, is presented as a relevant issue to be considered in the light of the current dynamics of subordinating relations between employers and employees. Such a scenario seems highly conducive to serious violations of fundamental rights of the parties involved, especially the workers because they are the most vulnerable part of such relationships. In search of maximum effectiveness they demand, the fundamental rights of employers and workers cause conflicts or collisions, assuming primary function of the review of the effects of fundamental rights in such relationships. The evolution hermeneutics grounded in normative force of the Constitution and the subsequent constitutionalization of private law, including the Labor Law, produced significant effects in the field of social labor. From the analysis of doctrine and jurisprudence, explores issues such as the conceptual delimitation and the fundamental procedural and substantive fundamental rights, adopting a classification for these duties. Study it was also necessary limits to fundamental rights, since no absolute rights and are subject to limitations or restrictions for the benefit of other property or rights equally protected by constitutional norms. Addressing to the system of fundamental rights established by the catalog of the Constitution of 1988, we study the applicability and effectiveness of fundamental rights within the legal and private relations, especially relations of employment. After some brief remarks about the so-called vertical efficiency, understood as the commitment of governments to respect, protect and promote fundamental rights, proceeds to the horizontal analysis of the effectiveness of such duties, a term used to describe the incidence of these rights within the interprivadas relations. As in any relationship interprivadas, the rights and liberties guaranteed to citizens are fully maintained in working relationships perhaps celebrated. Although there are doctrinal trends which deny fundamental rights application in the relationships between private persons, or even admitting that the current, only an indirect way to recognize or mediate in private labor relations only accepting direct or immediate effectiveness as a general rule enable effective protection of fundamental rights of workers. Consequently, these rights may come into conflict or collision with other rights, property values and also constitutionally protected, leaving the Judiciary to fix them. To develop such a function, the more important the use of certain instruments arrangers of the tension points in the existing law, the principle of proportionality or reasonableness and technical or weighing up the balance in the collision of fundamental rights in labor relations. / A eficácia dos direitos fundamentais entre as partes contratantes das relações de trabalho, enquanto relação jurídico-privada, apresenta-se como relevante tema a ser analisado em função da dinâmica atual das relações subordinativas entre empregadores e empregados. Tal cenário revela-se bastante propício a sérias violações aos direitos fundamentais das partes envolvidas, sobretudo dos trabalhadores por serem a parte mais vulnerável de tais relações. Em busca da efetividade máxima que demandam, os direitos fundamentais dos empregadores e dos trabalhadores ocasionam conflitos ou colisões, assumindo função precípua a verificação da incidência dos direitos fundamentais em tais relações. A evolução hermenêutica fundamentada na força normativa da Constituição e a conseqüente constitucionalização do Direito Privado, inclusive do Direito do Trabalho, produziram significativas repercussões no campo dos direitos sociais trabalhistas. A partir da análise doutrinária e jurisprudencial, exploram-se questões como a delimitação conceitual e a fundamentalidade formal e material dos direitos fundamentais, adotando-se uma classificação para esses direitos. Estudam-se, ainda, os necessários limites aos direitos fundamentais, uma vez que não sendo direitos absolutos estão sujeitos a limitações ou restrições em benefício de outros bens ou direitos igualmente protegidos por normas constitucionais. Abordando-se o sistema de direitos fundamentais instituído pelo catálogo da Constituição Federal de 1988, estuda-se a aplicabilidade e eficácia dos direitos fundamentais no âmbito das relações jurídico-privadas, notadamente das relações de emprego. Após breves considerações a respeito da denominada eficácia vertical, compreendida como a vinculação dos poderes públicos em respeitar, proteger e promover os direitos fundamentais, procede-se à análise da eficácia horizontal dos referidos direitos, termo utilizado para designar a incidência desses direitos no seio das relações interprivadas. Assim como em quaisquer relações interprivadas, os direitos e liberdades públicas asseguradas aos cidadãos são integralmente mantidos nas relações de trabalho porventura celebradas. Embora existam correntes doutrinárias que negam aplicação aos direitos fundamentais nas relações mantidas entre sujeitos privados, ou, mesmo, correntes que a admitindo, somente a reconhecem de modo indireto ou mediato, nas relações privadas trabalhistas apenas a aceitação da eficácia direta ou imediata como regra geral possibilitará uma proteção efetiva aos direitos fundamentais dos trabalhadores. Consequentemente, referidos direitos poderão entrar em conflitos ou colisões com outros direitos, bens e valores também tutelados constitucionalmente, restando ao Poder Judiciário, solucioná-los. Para o desenvolvimento de tal função, assume importância a utilização de determinados instrumentos harmonizadores dos pontos de tensão existentes no ordenamento jurídico, como o princípio da proporcionalidade ou razoabilidade e a técnica da ponderação ou sopesamento na colisão de direitos fundamentais nas relações trabalhistas.

Bakgrund och problem I tidigare forskning inom organisering av ledning antas ofta ett perspektiv utifrån ledaren. Då det är medarbetarna som utgör större delen av organisationen kan ett sådant perspektiv utelämna betydande delar av området, vilka kan inkluderas i begreppet medarbetarskap. Medarbetarskap avser hur medarbetare hanterar relationen till sin arbetsgivare och det egna arbetet samt relationen till kollegor. Forskning visar att det är av vikt att förstå begreppet medarbetarskap i sitt kontextuella sammanhang. Medarbetarskapets beroende av det kontextuella sammanhanget är nära förenat med förändringar och följaktligen förändras också medarbetarskapet kontinuerligt. Dialog och möjligheten att träffas fysiskt ses som förutsättningar som påverkar medarbetarskapet, dessa förutsättningar ser vid distansarbete annorlunda ut. Förändringar i arbetssätt som uppkommit i samband med COVID-19 pandemin gör det således intressant att studera hur medarbetarskap kan bevaras vid rekommenderat distansarbete. Syfte och metod Studiens syfte har varit att öka förståelsen för förutsättningar som är viktiga för att bevara medarbetarskap vid distansarbete. En kvalitativ forskningsansats valdes för att skapa en ökad förståelse för begreppet. Det empiriska materialet samlades in genom elva semistrukturerade intervjuer och genomfördes på en kommunal HR-enhet. Val av metod möjliggjorde en ökad förståelse för viktiga förutsättningar som bevarar ett väl utvecklat medarbetarskap. Resultat och slutsats Studiens resultat visar utifrån det empiriska materialet och teorin att studieobjektet har ett väl utvecklat medarbetarskap. Det framkommer också att medarbetarskapet hos studieobjektet har skapat goda förutsättningar vid övergången till digitala arbetssätt vid rekommenderat distansarbete. Studiens slutsats redogör för förutsättningar som förändrats vid rekommenderat distansarbete. En medvetenhet kring dessa förändrade förutsättningar kan leda till värdefulla insikter för att bevara medarbetarskap även vid distansarbete grundat i andra orsaker. / Background and problem In previous research on the organization of management, a perspective is often assumed based on the leader. Since the employees make up the majority of the organization, such a perspective can omit significant parts of the area, which can be included in the concept of co-workership. Co-workership refers to how employees handle the relationship with their employer and their own work as well as the relationship with colleagues. Research shows that it is important to understand the concept of co-workership in its full context. The dependency of the co-workership on the conceptual context is closely linked to changes and consequently, co-workership are also continuously changing. Dialogue and the opportunity to meet physically, are considered as prerequisites that affect co-workership, these conditions change during teleworking. Changes in working conditions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, therefore makes it interesting to study how co-workership can be maintained during recommended teleworking. Purpose and method The purpose of this study was to increase the understanding of conditions that are important for maintaining co-workership in teleworking. A qualitative research approach was chosen to create an increased understanding of the concept. The empirical material was collected through eleven semi-structured interviews and conducted at a municipal HR unit. The choice of method enabled an increased understanding of important conditions that maintain a well-developed co-workership. Results and conclusion The results of our study, based on the empirical material and theory, show that the study object has a well-developed co-workership. It is also clear that the co-workership of the study object has created good conditions for the transition to digital working methods for recommended teleworking. The conclusions of the study describe the conditions that have changed during recommended telework. An awareness of these changed conditions can lead to valuable insights to preserve co-workership also in telework based on other causes.

In an era when school shootings make front page headlines, school security is of major importance to community members, school superintendents, police chiefs, parents, and students. School district leaders and local law enforcement officials generally work together to ensure the safety of their community’s children. The nature of the relationships that form over time vary depending upon a range of factors related to the collaborators and their circumstances. The questions that remain to be answered are: What is actually happening behind closed doors to ensure the safety of students in New Jersey schools? What relationships exist between school superintendents and local police chiefs? How do these relationships lead to security practices that can further protect children in school? This study employs mixed methods to examine the relationships between school district leaders and local police officials. The researcher conducted a quantitative survey of superintendents and police chiefs in New Jersey, along with qualitative interviews of superintendents to gather in-depth information on the relationships that currently exist. The information that has been gathered can be used to increase opportunities for improving school security. While the audience for the study is primarily practitioners in the fields of education and law enforcement, it is relevant for anyone who cares about the safety of schoolchildren in their community. The findings of this study show that collaboration can lead to strong working relationships between superintendents and police chiefs and is an essential element in their mutual quest to provide enhanced school security for students in New Jersey schools. / Educational Leadership