Ghana’s government implemented the following World Bank programmes: SAP and PRSP. This thesis shows that SAP and PRSP have impacted Ghana in different ways. Sometimes SAP and PRSP worked. Other times both SAP and PRSP had problems and they did not work. SAP created more negative impacts or problems in Ghana than PRSP. The influence of neoliberalism on Ghana’s SAP cannot be ignored. This is because the tenets of neoliberalism include the withdrawal of government subsidies, high productivity, the cutting down of government expenditures or spending and privatization. The withdrawal of government subsidy was seen in the Education and Health sectors of Ghana. In the Education sector under SAP, the government cut down its subsidy to the Ghana Education Service. Then it introduced a programme called “Cost Sharing” in which students and their parents were asked to contribute to the payment of expenditures in providing education in Ghana. Many parents could not afford it, and this led to many school dropouts and a gap in the education of boys and girls. In the health sector, the Ghanaian government cut down its subsidy under SAP. It introduced the “Cash and Carry System,” in which Ghanaians were asked to contribute to the cost of health delivery services. This became a problem for many. Healthcare services became inaccessible for many Ghanaians as well. In the manufacturing sector, under SAP, the rate of productivity fell. Ghana’s products in the world market experienced volatility or fluctuations in prices. In the mining sector the influence of neoliberalism was on privatization. Based on this principle, the government privatized Ghana’s mining sector. It put in place policies that attracted investments into Ghana to do mining. These mining activities contributed significantly to Ghana’s economy. But these mining activities also caused the problem of dislocation of people, loss of farmlands, along with environmental and health problems. SAP had more negative impacts on Ghana. PRSP also impacted Ghana because it attempted to address the problems SAP created in many sectors, including Education, Health, mining, manufacturing sectors. I conclude by saying that although SAP made some contributions to Ghana’s economy especially in the mining sector, it created more problems in the Education, Health, Mining and Manufacturing sectors. PRSP attempted to address them. Thus it cannot be said that both SAP and PRSP impacted Ghana equally in a more positive way. But rather it can said that (1) SAP created more problems in Ghana and PRSP on the other hand attempted to address them.(2)The later developments taking place indicate that the civil society participation in PRSP is having an impact in Ghana.

My thesis explores the conceptual underpinnings of the acclaimed Mexican conditional cash transfer (CCT) program Oportunidades as a way of engaging broader debates about how anti-poverty policy is evolving in the wake of the World Bank’s mid-1990s legitimacy crisis. I am interested in the behaviours and attitudes—or “subjectivities”—that Oportunidades attempts to cultivate amongst participants. Whereas the majority of CCT studies tend to focus on measuring the extent to which the programs “mold” beneficiaries into the categories of being prescribed by the program, my thesis is concerned with specifying and critically examining these categories. I use a hybrid neo-Gramscian, governmentality and critical feminist theoretical framework to probe how Oportunidades beneficiaries are constructed within World Bank and Mexican government discourse, as well as in external program evaluations. I argue that Oportunidades is underpinned by an agent-centred conception of poverty and that the program promotes a kind of gendered market-conducive subjectivity amongst beneficiaries. I conclude by exploring some of the implications of the CCT model. Ma thèse explore les fondements conceptuels du Oportunidades, un programme de transferts conditionnels de fonds (TMC) Mexicain acclamé. J’utilise les TMC comme une ouverture pour élargir le débat sur la manière dont la politique anti-pauvreté évolue dans le sillage de la crise de légitimité à laquelle la Banque Mondiale a fait face dans le milieu des années 1990. Je m'intéresse aux types de comportements et d'attitudes—ou «subjectivités»—que Oportunidades essaye de cultiver chez les participants. Alors que la majorité des études sur les TMC focalisent sur l’évaluation des succès du programme à modeler les participants afin qu’ils entrent dans les catégories de personnes prescrites par le programme, mon but est la spécification et l'examen critique de ces catégories. J'utilise un cadre théorique hybride qui combine néo-gramsciennes, la gouvernementalité et des théories féministes critiques pour enquêter sur la façon dont les bénéficiaires du programme Oportunidades sont construits à l’intérieur du discours de la Banque Mondiale, du gouvernement mexicain, ainsi que dans les évaluations externes du programme. Je soutiens qu’il y a, dans le programme Oportunidades, une conception sous-entendu de la pauvreté centrée sur les comportements des individus et que le programme promeut une subjectivité sexuée des bénéficiaires qui facilite leur participation au marché. Je conclus en explorant quelques implications du modèle TMC.

This thesis examines the evolution of normative intentions of climate change financing in the World Bank Group (WBG) between the years 2000–2021. The study contributes to critical constructivist International Relations theory by expanding on previous research on norm fit by examining the evolutionary process of economic normative fit. The purpose is to make visible, and provide an empirical example, of how hegemonic structures interact with suggested norms and set the conditions for possible action. The thesis asks the questions 1) How have normative intentions regarding climate finance been framed over time in World Bank Group documents in 2000–2021? And 2), How can this development be understood through an application of “norm fit” with the hegemonic economic structure? The thesis has a deductive qualitative approach and applies qualitative content analysis and framing analysis to examine official documents from the WBG consisting of biannual meeting communiqués, climate change action plans, and annual reports. The study finds that economic framings of climate change has varied in four key time periods and that ideas of climate action has gone from being seen as a peripheral issue outside the WBG mandate, to something costly and risky, to a potential opportunity and being framed as a business model of smart economics. Further, the thesis concludes that the case supports the idea of economic normative fit and illustrates, based on the findings of research question 1, how the climate change financing norm goes through a translation process of bad to good economic normative fit in which normative intentions adapt with time to a logic coherent with dominant neoliberal norms and can thus be accepted. With the most convincing result being the identified translation process of normative intentions of adaptation and resilience.

学位プログラム名: 京都大学大学院思修館 / 京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(総合学術) / 甲第21233号 / 総総博第5号 / 新制||総総||1(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院総合生存学館総合生存学専攻 / (主査)特定教授 林 信夫, 教授 濵本 正太郎, 教授 山敷 庸亮 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy / Kyoto University / DGAM

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This study examines variations in the lending strategies of the four main agencies of the World Bank. Countries with similar basic development and demographic attributes often receive very different amounts of financial support from the different agencies of the World Bank. Utilizing regression analysis of panel-data covering the years between 1990 through 2011, the study finds that variation in the allocation of development aid both within and between the different World Bank agencies (IBRD, IDA, IFC, and MIGA) do not generally reflect patterns in objective indicators of economic need or institutional quality among recipients. Rather, statistical analysis shows that World Bank aid is positively correlated with several measures of donor influence. Utilizing a multi-donor model of political influence, the study finds evidence that the Bank’s top donors, countries such as the United States, United Kingdom, and Japan disproportionately influence the Bank to lend in ways that support their foreign policy interests. Countries with close economic, political, and geostrategic ties to powerful donors tend to receive more aid on average than their less well-connected peers. The data show that the Bank often lends in ways that contradict its own lending criteria. Despite the Bank’s explicit emphasis on economic need and institutional quality, the agencies of the World Bank often provide greater amounts of assistance to those with less need and poor quality governance. The study has implications for the study of international organizations, institutional design, and how donor influence at the World Bank is mediated by variations in internal agency structures. / Political Science

A large literature has not reached consensus on foreign aid’s economic effects. Using geolocated aid data and daytime satellite images over nearly 10,000 African neighborhoods, I examine the economic growth impact of World Bank and Chinese aid to 36 Africa countries from 2002-2013, covering 88% of the continent’s population, by sector (e.g. Health, Education, Water Supply and Sanitation, etc.).  I estimate each funder and aid sector’s average treatment effect with an inverse probability weighting approach and adjust for two types of confounders: those I provide in a tabular format and proxies based on satellite images of each neighborhood. The use of image-based confounders may reduce bias due to omitted variables and measurement errors when unobserved or mis-measured variables are visible remotely.  To measure economic outcomes, I use a new wealth index generated by a machine learning algorithm trained to associate USAID-funded DHS survey wealth measures with daytime and nighttime satellite imagery from the same years and locations. The availability of the wealth estimate for 3-year periods over thirty years enabled the analysis to use panel data and fixed effects at the second administrative division (e.g. county, district, city) level. The results are heterogenous across sectors but generally show small positive effects of World Bank aid and larger positive effects of Chinese aid.  Substantive results are generally robust to the choice of computer vision image model, except for three funder-sectors where wide confidence intervals make one model but not the other statistically insignificant.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-05-23T12:04:28Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Christine Garrido Marquez - 2016.pdf: 6917394 bytes, checksum: 526d6b5f8053bab6b76ca9985fe07da9 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-05-23T12:04:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Christine Garrido Marquez - 2016.pdf: 6917394 bytes, checksum: 526d6b5f8053bab6b76ca9985fe07da9 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-23T12:04:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Christine Garrido Marquez - 2016.pdf: 6917394 bytes, checksum: 526d6b5f8053bab6b76ca9985fe07da9 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-28 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / This research integrates the project of Public Policy and Education of Children in Goiás: history, concepts, projects and practices developed by the Center of Studies and Research of Childhood and its Education in Different Contexts (NEPIEC) which is inserted in the research line: Education, Teaching Professionalization, Educational Work of the Postgraduate Program in the School of Education of the Federal University of Goiás. Propositions of multisectoral policies and integrated development of Early Childhood of the World Bank for developing countries have been investigated, which involve interconnected actions in education, health, nutrition, social protection (child protection and social assistance) and basic sanitation, in order to understand how this process has been set up in Brazil as of the 1990s. A documentary and literature research was carried out and we propose as reference of analysis historical and dialectical materialism. The starting point being a survey called State of the Art on the studied subject, in order to map out the academic and scientific production in the field, to enable a look at the production, observing the evolution of research, its features, focus and gaps. Presenting the multiple aspects of the organizational structure of the World Bank and its development policy propositions on Early Childhood supported in the six Education Sectoral Documents and the eight publications produced from 1974 to 2014 by the International Organization, which were formulated to instruct the political debate with governments, development partners and civil society in developing countries, including Brazil. The strategic entry points of investment have been analyzed, classified into four themes based on: 1) programs based on Early Childhood Development Centers focusing on school readiness; 2) residential programs based on behavioral change in relation to health, nutrition and child care; 3) communication / media campaigns aimed at families with young children on child health, nutrition and overall development; and, 4) conditional cash transfer for families with small children. It is concluded that the World Bank since its inception in 1944, besides project financing, policy-making, technical assistance to governments, also plays an important role in the meeting, synthesis and dissemination of knowledge about the specific development issues covering its extensive practice area, including the development of Early Childhood, services in the area and around the world. Since the seventies, the World Bank references the relevance of the adoption of multisectoral and integrated programs designed for Early Childhood, with the theoretical support based on the political theory of human capital, which seeks the reproduction and accumulation of capital, as opposed to a project that aims to guarantee full rights the children in Brazil. / Esta pesquisa integra o projeto Políticas Públicas e Educação da Infância em Goiás: história, concepções, projetos e práticas, desenvolvido pelo Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas da Infância e sua Educação em Diferentes Contextos (NEPIEC) e está inserida na Linha de Pesquisa: Formação, Profissionalização Docente, Traballho Educativo do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação da Faculdade de Educação da Universidade Federal de Goiás. Investigamos as proposições de políticas multissetoriais e integradas de Desenvolvimento da Primeira Infância do Banco Mundial para os países em desenvolvimento, os quais envolvem ações interligadas no campo da educação, saúde, nutrição, proteção social (proteção à criança e assistência social) e de saneamento básico, a fim de compreender como este processo tem se configurado no Brasil, a partir dos anos de 1990. Foi realizada uma pesquisa documental e bibliográfica e propomos como referencial de análise o materialismo histórico e dialético. A metodologia de pesquisa abrange a constituição do Estado da Arte acerca da temática em estudo, com o propósito de mapearmos as produções acadêmicas e científicas na área, possibilitando um olhar sobre a produção, observando a evolução das pesquisas, suas características, foco e as lacunas existentes. Apresentamos os múltiplos aspectos da estrutura organizacional do Banco Mundial e as suas proposições políticas de Desenvolvimento da Primeira Infância apoiadas nos seis Documentos Setoriais de Educação e nas oito publicações produzidas no período de 1974 a 2014 pela referida Organização Internacional sobre a temática, as quais foram formuladas para instruir o debate político com governos, parceiros de desenvolvimento e a sociedade civil dos países em desenvolvimento, inclusive com o Brasil. Analisamos os pontos de entrada estratégicos de investimento, classificados em quatro eixos temáticos baseados em: 1) programas baseados em Centros de Desenvolvimento da Primeira Infância com foco na prontidão escolar; 2) programas domiciliares baseados na mudança de comportamento em relação à saúde, à nutrição e aos cuidados parentais; 3) campanhas de comunicação/mídia destinadas a família com crianças pequenas sobre saúde infantil, nutrição e desenvolvimento global; e, 4) transferência condicionada de renda para famílias com crianças pequenas. Com base na pesquisa realizada, conclui-se que o Banco Mundial desde sua criação, em 1944, além do financiamento de projetos, formulação de políticas, da assistência técnica a governos, desempenha um papel relevante na reunião, síntese e disseminação do conhecimento sobre os temas específicos de desenvolvimento que abrangem sua extensa área de atuação, inclusive sobre o desenvolvimento da primeira infância e serviços na área em todo o mundo. Desde os anos setenta, o Banco Mundial referencia a relevância da adoção de programas multissetoriais e integrados dirigidos à primeira infância, tendo como base de sustentação teórica das políticas a teoria do capital humano, que busca a reprodução e a acumulação do capital, em contraposição a um projeto que objetive a garantia dos direitos plenos da criança no Brasil.

O objetivo geral deste trabalho é compreender as razões da autonomia burocrática das organizações financeiras internacionais. O objetivo específico é entender porque o Banco Mundial alcançou um grau maior de autonomia do que o Fundo Monetário Internacional a despeito de possuírem estruturas de governança parecidas e terem sido criados no mesmo contexto histórico. Acreditamos que as razões desta diferença residem na burocracia com expertise mais diversificada do Banco Mundial em contraste a burocracia com expertise mais rígida do FMI. Uma burocracia mais diversificada aumenta as possibilidades de formação de coalizões com ONGs em torno de policies de interesse da burocracia. Estas coalizões aumentam os custos de intervenção dos Estados para alterar ou barrar as policies defendidas pelo corpo burocrático. Assim, nossa hipótese é a seguinte: quanto maior a diversidade de expertise da burocracia internacional maior será a possibilidade de formação de coalizões com ONGs em torno de policies de seu interesse e, conseqüentemente, maior será sua autonomia burocrática. Do ponto de vista teórico utilizamos a teoria agente-principal para discutir burocracias internacionais. Do ponto de vista metodológico utilizamos o método comparativo com base em instrumentos qualitativos de análise e estatística descritiva. / The main goal of this dissertation is to understand the building of bureaucratic autonomy among international financial organizations. The specific goal is to understand why the World Bank has reached more bureaucratic autonomy than the International Monetary Fund regardless the fact that both have similar institutional structures. We believe that the reason for such difference is a more diverse expertise of the World Bank compared to the IMF. We claim that a more diverse bureaucracy increases the likelihood of coalition formation with NGOs. Such coalitions aim to support policies that are important for both the bureaucracy and the NGOs. Consequently, they increase the costs for both State intervention and State control over the organization. The higher costs of intervention and control allow bureaucrats to act more freely according to their interests. Hence, our hypothesis is the following: the more diverse the bureaucratic expertise, the more likely is the formation of coalitions between bureaucracy and NGOs, and the greater the costs for State control and intervention. Higher intervention and control costs, in turn, increase bureaucratic autonomy. We use mainly qualitative research methods with some descriptive statistics.