A distribuição beta é a mais frequentemente utilizada para a modelagem de dados contínuos observados no intervalo unitário, como taxas e proporções. Embora seja flexível, admitindo formas variadas, tais como J, J invertido, U e unimodal, não é adequada em todas as situações práticas. Nesta dissertação fazemos uma revisão sobre distribuições contínuas no intervalo unitário englobando as distribuições beta, Kumaraswamy, simplex, gama unitária e beta retangular. Também abordamos uma ampla classe de distribuições obtida por transformações (Smithson e Merkle, 2013). Em particular, focamos em duas subclasses, uma apresentada e estudada por Lemonte e Bazán (2015), que chamaremos de classe de distribuições logito, e outra que chamaremos de classe de distribuições logito skew. Todas as distribuições consideradas são aplicadas a conjuntos de dados do Banco Mundial. / The beta distribution is the most frequently used for modeling continuous data observed in the unit interval, such as rates and proportions. Although flexible, assuming varied forms, such as J, inverted J, U and unimodal, it is not suitable in all practical situations. In this dissertation we make a review on continuous distributions in the unit interval encompassing the beta, Kumaraswamy, simplex, unit gamma and rectangular beta distributions. We also address a wide class of distributions obtained by transformations (Smithson and Merkle, 2013). In particular, we focus on two subclasses, one presented and studied by Lemonte and Bazán (2015), which we will call the logit class of distributions, and another that we will call the logit class of skew distributions. All distributions considered are applied to World Bank data sets.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo compreender o papel do Banco Mundial como consolidador e articulador de comunidades epistêmicas em dois projetos elaborados conjuntamente com Brasil e Argentina na década de 1990. Considerando abordagens de teoria das relações internacionais sobre incorporações de novos atores na participação de tomada de decisão compartilhada, mais especificamente de comunidades epistêmicas, assim como os documentos oficiais dos projetos, analisamos a terceira fase das reformas na área de C&T no Brasil e a reforma na área de educação superior na Argentina. / This thesis aims to understand the World Bank\'s role as consolidator and articulator of epistemic communities in two projects developed jointly with Brazil and Argentina in the 1990s. Considering approaches to international relations theory on incorporation of new actors in the participation of shared decision making, more specifically of epistemic communities, as well as official documents of the projects, we analyze the third phase of reforms in the area of science and technology in Brazil and reform in the Higher Educations area in Argentina.

A distribuição beta é a mais frequentemente utilizada para a modelagem de dados contínuos observados no intervalo unitário, como taxas e proporções. Embora seja flexível, admitindo formas variadas, tais como J, J invertido, U e unimodal, não é adequada em todas as situações práticas. Nesta dissertação fazemos uma revisão sobre distribuições contínuas no intervalo unitário englobando as distribuições beta, Kumaraswamy, simplex, gama unitária e beta retangular. Também abordamos uma ampla classe de distribuições obtida por transformações (Smithson e Merkle, 2013). Em particular, focamos em duas subclasses, uma apresentada e estudada por Lemonte e Bazán (2015), que chamaremos de classe de distribuições logito, e outra que chamaremos de classe de distribuições logito skew. Todas as distribuições consideradas são aplicadas a conjuntos de dados do Banco Mundial. / The beta distribution is the most frequently used for modeling continuous data observed in the unit interval, such as rates and proportions. Although flexible, assuming varied forms, such as J, inverted J, U and unimodal, it is not suitable in all practical situations. In this dissertation we make a review on continuous distributions in the unit interval encompassing the beta, Kumaraswamy, simplex, unit gamma and rectangular beta distributions. We also address a wide class of distributions obtained by transformations (Smithson and Merkle, 2013). In particular, we focus on two subclasses, one presented and studied by Lemonte and Bazán (2015), which we will call the logit class of distributions, and another that we will call the logit class of skew distributions. All distributions considered are applied to World Bank data sets.

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2017-11-10T12:25:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 GESSICA FILGUEIRAS MILAGRE.pdf: 1257607 bytes, checksum: 0b2946686eb13d2815d4cf8324344ea1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-10T12:25:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GESSICA FILGUEIRAS MILAGRE.pdf: 1257607 bytes, checksum: 0b2946686eb13d2815d4cf8324344ea1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-25 / The main objective of this dissertation was to analyse some educational purposes of school in documents that define policies and guidelines of national education in connections to doctrinal and strategic orientations of international organizations, especially the World Bank and Unesco, in order to understand its impact on social quality of education. This study consisted of bibliographic research based on documents produced by the World Bank and Unesco, and official documents of Brazilian Ministry of Education. The analyses and conclusions presented in this work were made by several authors, such as Dermeval Saviani, Gaudêncio Frigotto, José Carlos Libâneo, Yves Lenoir, Olinda Evangelista, Eneida Shiroma, Roberto Leher, António Nóvoa and José Gimeno Sacristan. In the course of the research, connections between the guidelines of international organizations, neoliberalism and globalization movement, and their consequences in the formulation of educational policies, especially in emerging countries were found. Thus, the definition of educational purposes is subordinated to the process of internationalization of educational policies in which education is tied exclusively to the interests of the economy and the market.The sense of quality in education is related, thereby, to the criteria of effectiveness of globalized market. From the analysis of the documents and with the support of other researches on the subject on focus, it was possible to verify that one of the role of public policies for education is to enable the insertion of population socially vulnerable to the labor market. To this end, programs for the poverty reduction are instituted, a result-based knowledge and skills curriculum that aims an incorporation of the less favored classes in society. Thus, such educational purposes, once incorporated into educational policies, school education planning, curricula, school functioning, and teachers' work, project a utilitarian sense of quality, restricted to the satisfaction of immediate, distant needs, far from the sense of social and cultural quality, aiming human emancipation. / Esta dissertação teve como objetivo analisar as finalidades educativas escolares em documentos que definem políticas e diretrizes da educação nacional em suas ligações com orientações doutrinárias e estratégicas de organismos internacionais, principalmente o Banco Mundial e a Unesco, visando apreender seu impacto na qualidade social do ensino. O estudo consistiu de pesquisa bibliográfica com base em documentos produzidos pelo Banco Mundial e Unesco, e documentos oficiais do Ministério da Educação. As análises e conclusões foram em diversos autores como Dermeval Saviani, Gaudêncio Frigotto, José Carlos Libâneo, Yves Lenoir, Olinda Evangelista, Eneida Shiroma, Roberto Leher, António Nóvoa, José Gimeno Sacristan. No percurso da pesquisa, foram constatadas conexões entre as orientações dos organismos internacionais, o neoliberalismo e o movimento da globalização, e suas consequências na formulação de políticas educacionais, principalmente de países emergentes. Desse modo, a definição de finalidades educativas subordina-se ao processo de internacionalização de políticas educacionais no qual a educação encontra-se atrelada exclusivamente a interesses da economia e do mercado. O sentido de qualidade da educação prende-se, assim, aos critérios de eficácia do mercado globalizado. A partir da análise dos documentos e com o suporte de outras pesquisas sobre o tema, foi possível constatar que as políticas públicas para a educação têm o papel de possibilitar a inserção de populações socialmente vulneráveis ao mercado de trabalho. Para isso, instituem-se programas de redução da pobreza, um currículo de conhecimentos e habilidades baseado em resultados visando incorporação social das classes menos favorecidas. Desse modo, tais finalidades educativas, uma vez incorporadas nas políticas educacionais, no planejamento da educação escolar, nos currículos, nas formas de funcionamento das escolas e no trabalho dos professores, projetam um sentido utilitário de qualidade, restrito à satisfação de necessidades imediatas, distante do sentido de qualidade social e cultural visando a emancipação humana.

<p>During 2008 we experienced an expansion of large scale investments in foreign farmland. This increasing trend has become a political hot-spot, but there is not much research available within the field. Due to a lack of research it remains a vital task to outline the potential effects of this trend. Drawing on existing ideas from some of the main actors within the field, The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), The World Bank, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and the latest G8 summit on agriculture, four main purposes are set out for this paper. First, to outline some of the underlying mechanisms behind the trend is considered crucial for the understanding of the nature of these investments. Second, this paper reviews how these actors’ deals with this trend in relation to one of the core objects in the field of Political Science, namely national sovereignty. Furthermore, this paper examines how existing ideas may affect the global vision of reaching a sustainable development and the global commitment to reduce poverty. Using key concepts of sovereignty, globalization theory, development theory and the green theory as a basis for comparison, this study reaches some interesting findings. Some of the key findings are;</p><p>- The actors, in the scope of this study, have a common understanding of the trend. Joint commitments and actions can therefore be expected from the international community.</p><p>- National sovereignty is not considerd when discussing the regulation of the trend. Furthermore, sovereignty is not equally distributed between rich and poor countries.</p><p>- Based on current ideas about development we will very unlikely be able to reduce poverty and at the same time reach the vision on a sustainable society. The two concepts are currently not compatible.</p>

<p>The aim of the thesis is to discuss possible effects of an increase in African – Chinese relation above the historically more dominant Western – African dependency. There has recently both been an increase in trading between Africa and China and an increase in Chinese funded development on the African continent. But will Chinese aid over Western actually make that big a difference for Africa? African intellectuals see Chinese involvement as a way to break free from the neo-colonial ties to the West. A fair south-south relationship between Africa and China would indeed have that result but few indicators prove that that would be the case today. The trading interest from China is very similar to that from Western parties, a few valuable goods constitutes the major part of African nations export industry. A rapid growth in trading between China and Africa is not likely to bring African nations from the pattern they are historically used to having against western parties but to form a new trend of dependency towards Chinese interest. (Tull, 2006, s. 471) </p><p>To explain this relation between the African continent and both Western and Chinese interests dependency theory will be used. To fully explain dependency theory one will not only have to look at trading and exploatation of natural resources but also on a transference of social values and foreing involvment in African communities. To achieve this a series of interviews were conducted in Babati during the later parts of February and early March in 2010. This in coagency with an text analys provides a foundation for discussion about the implications  Chinese aid will have on the African dependency towards Western interests. </p><p>What can be extracted from this is that Chinese aid most likely will not lift Africa out of dependency in it’s current form. Trading interests from Chinese parties are to similar to the explotiative west to make a huge difference. African natural resources are traded against low-cost mass produced units and to  small of an profit is made for the African parties to make the exhange fair. But with the rise of China and the fact that China today finances a big part of the United States government a global power shift will occur and the traditional hegemoninc power structure will most likely change into an multi polar world order.  This change is important to study closer to understand what the effects might be for the African continent’s depenency towards foreign interests and specially the relation between China and USA is important though they are the biggests actors today in development work on the African continent.</p>

During 2008 we experienced an expansion of large scale investments in foreign farmland. This increasing trend has become a political hot-spot, but there is not much research available within the field. Due to a lack of research it remains a vital task to outline the potential effects of this trend. Drawing on existing ideas from some of the main actors within the field, The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), The World Bank, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and the latest G8 summit on agriculture, four main purposes are set out for this paper. First, to outline some of the underlying mechanisms behind the trend is considered crucial for the understanding of the nature of these investments. Second, this paper reviews how these actors’ deals with this trend in relation to one of the core objects in the field of Political Science, namely national sovereignty. Furthermore, this paper examines how existing ideas may affect the global vision of reaching a sustainable development and the global commitment to reduce poverty. Using key concepts of sovereignty, globalization theory, development theory and the green theory as a basis for comparison, this study reaches some interesting findings. Some of the key findings are; - The actors, in the scope of this study, have a common understanding of the trend. Joint commitments and actions can therefore be expected from the international community. - National sovereignty is not considerd when discussing the regulation of the trend. Furthermore, sovereignty is not equally distributed between rich and poor countries. - Based on current ideas about development we will very unlikely be able to reduce poverty and at the same time reach the vision on a sustainable society. The two concepts are currently not compatible.

This dissertation examines in depth one of the potential causes of the low performance of foreign aid; in particular, the role incentive structures within international donor agencies could play in leading to “a push” to disburse money. This pressure to disburse money is termed as the “Money-Moving Syndrome”. In this dissertation, the “Money Moving Syndrome” exists when the quantity of foreign aid committed or disbursed becomes, in itself, an important objective side by side or above the effectiveness of aid. The theoretical analysis relies on the principal-agent theory to explore how donor agencies’ institutional incentive systems may affect the characteristics of an optimal and efficient incentive contract and thus give rise to the “Money-Moving Syndrome”. We adapted the basic framework developed in Baker (1992) to fit the organizational settings of international development agencies. The model concludes that the extent to which a performance measure based the amount of aid allocated within a specific period of time would lead to the “Money-Moving Syndrome” and affect aid effectiveness depends on the level of institutional imperatives for survival and growth, the degree of aid agency’s accountability for effectiveness, the level of corruption in recipient countries and the degree of difficulty to evaluate development activities. Due to data unavailability regarding other bilateral and multilateral aid agencies, the empirical framework tests several predictions of the theoretical model by examining whether money moving incentives affect World Bank’s decisions regarding project loan size in developing countries. Overall, the empirical results suggest that there seems to be some degree of “Money-Moving Syndrome” in effect within the World Bank.

University of Macau / Faculty of Law

The aim of the thesis is to discuss possible effects of an increase in African – Chinese relation above the historically more dominant Western – African dependency. There has recently both been an increase in trading between Africa and China and an increase in Chinese funded development on the African continent. But will Chinese aid over Western actually make that big a difference for Africa? African intellectuals see Chinese involvement as a way to break free from the neo-colonial ties to the West. A fair south-south relationship between Africa and China would indeed have that result but few indicators prove that that would be the case today. The trading interest from China is very similar to that from Western parties, a few valuable goods constitutes the major part of African nations export industry. A rapid growth in trading between China and Africa is not likely to bring African nations from the pattern they are historically used to having against western parties but to form a new trend of dependency towards Chinese interest. (Tull, 2006, s. 471)  To explain this relation between the African continent and both Western and Chinese interests dependency theory will be used. To fully explain dependency theory one will not only have to look at trading and exploatation of natural resources but also on a transference of social values and foreing involvment in African communities. To achieve this a series of interviews were conducted in Babati during the later parts of February and early March in 2010. This in coagency with an text analys provides a foundation for discussion about the implications  Chinese aid will have on the African dependency towards Western interests.  What can be extracted from this is that Chinese aid most likely will not lift Africa out of dependency in it’s current form. Trading interests from Chinese parties are to similar to the explotiative west to make a huge difference. African natural resources are traded against low-cost mass produced units and to  small of an profit is made for the African parties to make the exhange fair. But with the rise of China and the fact that China today finances a big part of the United States government a global power shift will occur and the traditional hegemoninc power structure will most likely change into an multi polar world order.  This change is important to study closer to understand what the effects might be for the African continent’s depenency towards foreign interests and specially the relation between China and USA is important though they are the biggests actors today in development work on the African continent.