My thesis explores the conceptual underpinnings of the acclaimed Mexican conditional cash transfer (CCT) program Oportunidades as a way of engaging broader debates about how anti-poverty policy is evolving in the wake of the World Bank’s mid-1990s legitimacy crisis. I am interested in the behaviours and attitudes—or “subjectivities”—that Oportunidades attempts to cultivate amongst participants. Whereas the majority of CCT studies tend to focus on measuring the extent to which the programs “mold” beneficiaries into the categories of being prescribed by the program, my thesis is concerned with specifying and critically examining these categories. I use a hybrid neo-Gramscian, governmentality and critical feminist theoretical framework to probe how Oportunidades beneficiaries are constructed within World Bank and Mexican government discourse, as well as in external program evaluations. I argue that Oportunidades is underpinned by an agent-centred conception of poverty and that the program promotes a kind of gendered market-conducive subjectivity amongst beneficiaries. I conclude by exploring some of the implications of the CCT model. Ma thèse explore les fondements conceptuels du Oportunidades, un programme de transferts conditionnels de fonds (TMC) Mexicain acclamé. J’utilise les TMC comme une ouverture pour élargir le débat sur la manière dont la politique anti-pauvreté évolue dans le sillage de la crise de légitimité à laquelle la Banque Mondiale a fait face dans le milieu des années 1990. Je m'intéresse aux types de comportements et d'attitudes—ou «subjectivités»—que Oportunidades essaye de cultiver chez les participants. Alors que la majorité des études sur les TMC focalisent sur l’évaluation des succès du programme à modeler les participants afin qu’ils entrent dans les catégories de personnes prescrites par le programme, mon but est la spécification et l'examen critique de ces catégories. J'utilise un cadre théorique hybride qui combine néo-gramsciennes, la gouvernementalité et des théories féministes critiques pour enquêter sur la façon dont les bénéficiaires du programme Oportunidades sont construits à l’intérieur du discours de la Banque Mondiale, du gouvernement mexicain, ainsi que dans les évaluations externes du programme. Je soutiens qu’il y a, dans le programme Oportunidades, une conception sous-entendu de la pauvreté centrée sur les comportements des individus et que le programme promeut une subjectivité sexuée des bénéficiaires qui facilite leur participation au marché. Je conclus en explorant quelques implications du modèle TMC.

This thesis situates the ongoing changes to pension schemes in China within the macro legal and economic conditions in that country, and contextualizes these changes in light of international influences, particularly the influence of the World Bank. Drawing on such contextualization, this thesis explores a number of related factors, including the rule of law, economic development and pension reform strategy in order to understand both the need for and flaws in pension reform in China during the past three decades. This thesis argues that the pension system has mirrored China’s economic reforms. The marketization process that began in the late 1970s impelled China to make fundamental pension reforms. The fact that China has not yet achieved the rule of law further complicates the pension reform process. This thesis concludes that the pension reforms that have been inspired by the World Bank pension model have not been ideal reform choices for China; however, several steps on the way to fundamental reform are suggested as being worth trying in China’s current economic and legal climate.

This thesis aims to critically elaborate the World Bank&rsquo / s Social Risk Mitigation Project (SRMP) in Turkey for poverty alleviation. Within this context, the thesis argues that the content and means of social policy are re-defined on and around the theme of &lsquo / fight against poverty&rsquo / which is to be realized through (social) risk management. In this sense, there exists a paradigmatic shift in conceptualization of social policy from income re-distributive mechanisms to risk management proposed to achieve through safety-nets and market mechanism, specifically, small-scale income generating activities and investment in human capital. Hence, it is the core claim of this thesis that the strategy proposed by the World Bank for the social policy in Turkish context results in operationalisation of social policy as a means of both political crisis management, and establishing market hegemony in the distribution of welfare which means deepening the dependency on market.

As a culturally distinctive region, Asia was chosen as the sample for this study. This empirical study investigated what the major trends of democratisation were in Asia between 1981 and 2005: why some countries became democratic while other countries failed to follow suit during that period. The main research hypothesis was: “That is it was mainly economic development that drove democratisation in Asia between 1981 and 2005”. Although some studies have studied the impact of economic development on democratisation in Asia, their findings have been inconclusive and focuses sometimes different. [To investigate the research hypothesis, 24 Asian countries were selected…measurement tools used etc…] For this research work, statistical and case study methods were applied. The data used in the analyses were collected from established data sources e.g. Freedom House (Freedom in the World, n.d.) and United Nations Statistics Division (UN Stat, n.d.). Repeated Measures in Linear Mixed Modeling (LMM) were used to analyse the quantitative data. Three case studies supplemented the findings of statistical analyses. Historical information and institutional and legal facts were also used in the case studies. This study found that increases in the level of economic development along with its equitable distribution in society and positive roles of political actors increase the level of democratisation in Asia. Some pro-democratic political and social institutions, such as tradition of parliamentarianism, and international organisations, for example Bretton wood institutions, also led to democratisation. A low extent of national political divide was found to result in a considerably high level of democratisation in a country where confrontation between major political forces is the main feature of politics. This study also found that a partial democracy with Asian values, economic legitimacy, a lack of corruption and a “systematic control” over opposition politicians can survive, and is not prone to higher level of democratisation. The Taiwan case revealed that, amongst other factors, the role of political actors and economic equity along with economic development is also vital for democratisation. The Singapore case explained how a “hybrid regime” in a rich country outsmarts democratisation. The study of Bangladesh provides an idea about other elements, e.g. lower level of political confrontation, that push for higher levels of democratisation.

Thesis (M.A.) - Carleton University, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 156-164). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph.D.) - Carleton University, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 344-364). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

This thesis sets out to explore the reasons why individuals and communities affected by development operations are generally unable to influence and control the content of development interventions, and also how this disadvantaged position could potentially be ameliorated. The aim is to identify systematic and conceptual shortcomings at the governance level – that is, the issues that are valid on their own account and do not rely on the ideological stance about sustainable development. Accordingly, the thesis suggests four principles of accountability that, if implemented, would ensure a more balanced governance of development projects. It then explores whether and how decision-making in the context of World Bank financing currently adheres to these principles, both in terms of substantive standards of accountability and the procedural mechanisms that are put in place to uphold these standards. The analysis goes beyond the classic emphasis on the World Bank’s founding treaties, or enforcement of operational policies through the Inspection Panel. Instead, the thesis introduces the distinction between general (public international and domestic law), specialized (operational policies) and project-specific (agreements) rules, which, it is argued, are all directly relevant in the context of individual interventions. The notion of ‘project law’ is suggested as a helpful theoretical construct that enables such an analysis across traditional categories of sources. On the whole, ‘project law’ emphasizes the problematic link between different rules at the project level and points towards some fundamental difficulties of ensuring accountability for development transactions. The key argument of the thesis is that affected persons should be explicitly recognised under ‘project law’ and that such status could be useful in devising a system of accountability at the project level. It is also suggested that the governance of development interventions would benefit from better defined and more stringent public law rules and procedures, since these would clarify the limits of contractual freedom within ‘project law’. As a result of such greater certainty, it would be easier to hold decision-makers to account. Under the current system of World Bank financing, such improvements would be contingent primarily on the will of those who hold decision-making power, and their consent to be subjected to a more stringent accountability regime. In other words, whilst the legal tools may exist, there is also a need for the political will to use them.

O Banco Mundial é uma organização de desenvolvimento que, ao longo do final da década de 1980 e ao longo da década de 1990, teve um papel ativo na modificação das políticas públicas de gestão de água na América do Sul. Ao longo desse período, no entanto, mostrou-se que o modelo de construção de um mercado de água na região, estratégia preconizada pelo Banco, não obteve os resultados planejados. Para realização dessa análise, foram estudados Argentina, Bolívia, Brasil e Chile. Desses países, somente o Chile encontrou resultados positivos e duradouros na construção de um mercado nacional de água. Entretanto, apesar da iniciativa original do Banco Mundial de projeto de gestão de recursos hídricos não ter sido bem sucedida, o Banco é parte de uma nova forma de olhar sobre o recurso: a gestão integrada. Essa forma de gestão abrange todas as utilizações do recurso em escala internacional, determinando que deve ser uma obrigação de países que dividem um mesmo recurso o seu aproveitamento conjunto. O primeiro grande projeto de gestão integrada realizado no mundo é o Projeto Aqüífero Guarani, sendo ele somente possível por terem os dois maiores países do aqüífero, objetos de modificação nas suas políticas de gestão de água (Argentina e Brasil). Sendo o Banco Mundial o gestor do Projeto Guarani, identifica-se que, apesar da malfada tentativa de estruturação de um mercado de água na América do Sul, as estruturas desse mercado – as modificações das políticas nacionais de gestão – foram o caminho para novas intenções do Banco, que são expostas na forma de projetos de gestão integrada dos recursos hídricos da região – um dos maiores potenciais mundiais nesse recurso. / The base concept f this paper is the relation between water management and development. The first part is led to stand the importance of this subject to international relations. It is explained the concepts of States and international relations concerning water management. Due this explanation, it is stated the prevalence of international organizations on this field nowadays, especially concerning projects in developing and less developed countries. Among other organizations, the World Bank sustains a greater influence in this subject. In the second part of the paper it is exposed the project of the World Bank to create a water market based in South America experience in the 19801’s e 1990’s. The conclusion is that this project was not successful, considering that, among all four countries analyzed (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil and Chile), only one, Chile, achieved success in create a water market. Although the World Bank did not achieve its goal, it is part of a new initiative, the Guarani Aquifer Project. Due to this action, the Bank increases its force not only in the water sector of South America, but all over the world, creating a new model of water management.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T16:16:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Patricia da Veiga .pdf: 1327210 bytes, checksum: 8de2d728ece5ec208d8dc218623aa9e5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-09-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aims to conduct a study about the influence of the World Bank in the Brazilian educational area, from six doctoral thesis (A,B,C, D, E and F) of University of Campinas, defined during this work, which deal with issues of the World Bank in different aspects and forms. Exactly four thesis (A, B, C, and D) are comming from education area and two (E and F) in the Social Sciences and Economics area. This study begin with the objectives of each one of these thesis, which can be summarized as follows: Thesis A - "The globalization of education, the neoliberal project of Society and Education in Brazil and Venezuela" (MELO, 2003) - Doctoral dissertation in Education - Under the guidance of Nilson Joseph Demange, PhD - Presented on February 07, 2003- investigate the process of globalization of education as part of a new phase of globalization and accumulation capitalist, led by the hegemonic collective political actors who adopt neo-liberal project of social interaction, especially the International Monetary Fund and World Bank, which try to be the drivers of structural reforms for Latin America and the Caribbean; Thesis B - "The Finance Capital and Education in Brazil" (DEITOS, 2005) - Doctoral Thesis in Education - Under the guidance of Mary Elizabeth Prado Sampaio Xavier, PhD - Presented on February 28, 2005 - are set about the consequences of the consolidation project for the redefinition of educational policies in Latin America and the Caribbean; Thesis C "Globalization and Decentralization: The process of Deconstructing the Brazilian educational system by means of municipalization" ROSAR (1995) - Doctoral dissertation in Education - Under the guidance of Demerval Savian,PhD - Presented on November 24, 1995- examines educational reforms undertaken in Brazil during the period 1995-2002, particularly the national education policy for secondary education and training, with external financing from the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), Thesis D "Policies for Educational Development and Work of Teachers" (SOUZA, 1999) - Doctoral Thesis in Education - Under the guidance of Liliana Rolísen Petrilli Segnini, PhD - Presented on August 12, 1999 that dealing with the educational policy for teaching 1st grade, beginning in the view of its author in the context of federal projects, with the aim of inducing the decentralization of education, by transferring charge to the municipality don´t do the satisfactory investments for that instance. Thesis E "Economy, power, and external influences: The World Bank Group and the Structural Adjustment Policies in Latin America in the eighties and nineties decades" (COELHO, 2002) - PhD Thesis in Social Sciences - Under the guidance of Sebastião Carlos Velasco and Cruz, PhD - Defended on December 13, 2002 - the relationship between education project implemented by the São Paulo state government between 1995 and 1998 and their conceptions of educational policies; Thesis F "The Social Question and the Limits of the Liberal Project in Brazil" (GIMENES, 2007) Doctoral Dissertation showed to Institute of Economics Under the guidance of Carlos Alonso Barbosa de Oliveir, PhD Presented on March 08, 2007 analyze the relationship between economics, political power focusing on external influences and the World Bank Group and the structural adjustment programs in Latin America beyond the general conclusion of all theses. Finally, this study mingling brazilian thesis that cames from education and economy area, that focused World Bank influence in Brazil and offers one view of the logic conexions between them and their impacts in our society. / Este estudo visa analisar as interferencias do Banco Mundial na Educacao Brasileira a partir do estudo de seis teses (aqui identificadas pelas iniciais A,B,C, D, E e F) de doutorado relativas ao tema, defendidas na Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), sendo quatro delas (A, B, C, e D) voltadas a area de educacao e duas (E e F) a area de Ciencias Sociais e Economia. O estudo das teses parte dos objetivos de cada uma, que podem ser resumidos da seguinte forma: a Tese A - ¡ªA Mundializacao da Educacao: o Projeto Neoliberal de Sociedade e de Educacao no Brasil e na Venezuela. (MELO, 2003) -, sob a orientacao do Prof. Dr. Nilson Joseph Demange, teve como objetivo investigar o processo de mundializacao da educacao como elemento de uma nova fase de internacionalizacao e acumulacao capitalista, conduzida hegemonicamente pelos sujeitos politicos coletivos que assumem o projeto neoliberal de sociabilidade, especialmente o Fundo Monetario Internacional e o Banco Mundial, que buscam ser condutores das reformas estruturais para a America Latina e Caribe; a Tese B . ¡ªO Capital Financeiro e a Educacao no Brasil. (DEITOS, 2005) -, sob a orientacao da Profa. Dra. Maria Elizabete Sampaio Prado Xavier, teve como objetivo definir quais as consequencias da consolidacao do projeto, para a redefinicao das politicas educacionais na America Latina e Caribe; a Tese C . ¡ªGlobalizacao e Descentralizacao: o Processo de Desconstrucao do Sistema Educacional Brasileiro pela Via da Municipalizacao. (ROSAR, 1995) -, sob a orientacao do Prof. Dr. Demerval Saviani, teve como objetivo analisar as reformas educacionais empreendidas no Brasil, no periodo de 1995-2002, particularmente a politica educacional nacional para o ensino medio e profissional, com financiamento externo do Banco Internacional para Reforma e Desenvolvimento (BIRD); a Tese D . ¡ªAs Politicas Educacionais para o Desenvolvimento e o Trabalho Docente. (SOUZA, 1999) ., sob a orientacao da Profa. Dra. Liliana Rolisen Petrilli Segnini, trata da politica educacional para o ensino de 1¨¬ grau, tracada segundo a visao de seu autor no ambito de projetos federais, com o objetivo de induzir a municipalizacao do ensino, transferindo encargos para o municipio, sem a realizacao de investimentos financeiros satisfatorios nessa instancia; a Tese E . ¡ªEconomia, poder e influencias externa: O Grupo Banco Mundial e as Politicas de Ajustes Estruturais na America Latina, nas Decadas de Oitenta e Noventa. (COELHO, 2002) ., sob a orientacao do Prof. Dr. Sebastiao Carlos Velasco e Cruz, teve como objetivo analisar as relacoes entre o projeto educacional implementado pelo governo estadual, no periodo entre 1995 e 1998 e suas concepcoes de politicas educacionais; a Tese F - ¡ªA Questao Social e os Limites do Projeto Liberal no Brasil. (GIMENES, 2007) ., sob a orientacao do Prof. Dr. Carlos Alonso Barbosa de Oliveira, teve como objetivo analisar a relacao entre a economia, o poder politico e a influencia externa, focalizando o Grupo Banco Mundial e os programas de ajustamento estrutural na America Latina. Por fim este estudo mescla teses brasileiras advindas da area da Educacao e da Economia; foca o banco mundial e sua influencia no Brasil, oferecendo uma visao das conexoes logicas existentes entre elas. Como conclusao deste trabalho, apresentaremos as consideracoes finais de cada uma das teses, bem como as limitacoes e sugestoes para

O Banco Mundial é uma organização de desenvolvimento que, ao longo do final da década de 1980 e ao longo da década de 1990, teve um papel ativo na modificação das políticas públicas de gestão de água na América do Sul. Ao longo desse período, no entanto, mostrou-se que o modelo de construção de um mercado de água na região, estratégia preconizada pelo Banco, não obteve os resultados planejados. Para realização dessa análise, foram estudados Argentina, Bolívia, Brasil e Chile. Desses países, somente o Chile encontrou resultados positivos e duradouros na construção de um mercado nacional de água. Entretanto, apesar da iniciativa original do Banco Mundial de projeto de gestão de recursos hídricos não ter sido bem sucedida, o Banco é parte de uma nova forma de olhar sobre o recurso: a gestão integrada. Essa forma de gestão abrange todas as utilizações do recurso em escala internacional, determinando que deve ser uma obrigação de países que dividem um mesmo recurso o seu aproveitamento conjunto. O primeiro grande projeto de gestão integrada realizado no mundo é o Projeto Aqüífero Guarani, sendo ele somente possível por terem os dois maiores países do aqüífero, objetos de modificação nas suas políticas de gestão de água (Argentina e Brasil). Sendo o Banco Mundial o gestor do Projeto Guarani, identifica-se que, apesar da malfada tentativa de estruturação de um mercado de água na América do Sul, as estruturas desse mercado – as modificações das políticas nacionais de gestão – foram o caminho para novas intenções do Banco, que são expostas na forma de projetos de gestão integrada dos recursos hídricos da região – um dos maiores potenciais mundiais nesse recurso. / The base concept f this paper is the relation between water management and development. The first part is led to stand the importance of this subject to international relations. It is explained the concepts of States and international relations concerning water management. Due this explanation, it is stated the prevalence of international organizations on this field nowadays, especially concerning projects in developing and less developed countries. Among other organizations, the World Bank sustains a greater influence in this subject. In the second part of the paper it is exposed the project of the World Bank to create a water market based in South America experience in the 19801’s e 1990’s. The conclusion is that this project was not successful, considering that, among all four countries analyzed (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil and Chile), only one, Chile, achieved success in create a water market. Although the World Bank did not achieve its goal, it is part of a new initiative, the Guarani Aquifer Project. Due to this action, the Bank increases its force not only in the water sector of South America, but all over the world, creating a new model of water management.