<p>This research aims to assess the role of Social Funds&rsquo / organizational and institutional characteristics for community participation processes in development projects. The research is based on a case study of the Peruvian Social Fund, FONCODES, and utilizes a qualitative data collection approach. It mainly relies on semi-structured interviews with FONCODES&rsquo / staff and community members, unstructured interviews with experts, and analysis of operational documents. The research concludes that several organizational and institutional characteristics affect community participation in FONCODES projects but the direction of this influence depends on how specific areas of the organization&rsquo / s context are structured as well as on political variables in the institutional environment.</p>

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Institutions are crucial in reflecting the economic and political conditions of their time. This thesis analyses the features of establishment process of the Industrial Development Bank of Turkey (TSKB) in close relation with the World Bank and the activities of the TSKB in its first four years between 1950 and 1953. The arguments of Development economics and the dependency theory are utilized in the discussion. The main objective of the study is to bring out the link between the establishment of a privately owned development bank in Turkey, aiming to promote private industry, and the economic environment at the time, including the Cold War atmosphere affecting internal and external politics of Turkey. Moreover, it is put forward that the sectors chosen for credit allocation are compatible with the international division of labor of the time. That is, the TSKB has channeled international funds in a way aiming at Turkey&rsquo / s integration to the world markets as a supplier of agro-industrial goods.

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The majority of the rural population in developing countries sustains their livelihoods through small-scale family farming on subsistence level. However, agricultural productivity is far from its potential and food insecurity and high absolute poverty rates are widespread challenges in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA), including Mozambique. Global actors, such as the World Bank (WB), frequently publish policy guidelines, strategy papers and reports, all aiming at tackling the focal problem of low agricultural productivity and claiming to be dedicated to the overall goal of economic, social, inclusive and sustainable development. But as agricultural productivity rates in many developing countries remain low, and food insecurity rates have been high for several decades, the adequacy of global policy guidelines for local structures, conditions and needs is questionable. The aim of this study is therefore to analyze the suitability of and identify possible discrepancies between global strategies – that claim to raise agricultural productivity and food security – and the local level. A strong emphasis is placed on a people-centered, local grassroots perspective. To gather data, a five-week field study in Lago District, Mozambique, was carried out, following an abductive approach and using semi-structured interviews on household level, and with a variety of other stakeholders from the public and private sector. The Logical Framework Approach was applied to structure the findings from the WB report and from the field work, with the aim to create a basis for the analysis and comparison of that data, which provides an answer to the research problem of the suitability of global policies on local level. Additional analytical guidance is provided by the concept of human security and a gender perspective. Conclusions from the study demonstrate that the neoliberal point of departure and the different understandings of small-scale farming underlying the problem and objective of (low) agricultural productivity rates identified by the WB, are not coherent in comparison to the local situation identified in Lago District. The development interventions suggested by the WB rather tend to be an obstacle for sustainable rural and agricultural development, as well as local food security/sovereignty, poverty alleviation and inclusive economic growth in the context of Lago District.

<p>This research aims to assess the role of Social Funds&rsquo / organizational and institutional characteristics for community participation processes in development projects. The research is based on a case study of the Peruvian Social Fund, FONCODES, and utilizes a qualitative data collection approach. It mainly relies on semi-structured interviews with FONCODES&rsquo / staff and community members, unstructured interviews with experts, and analysis of operational documents. The research concludes that several organizational and institutional characteristics affect community participation in FONCODES projects but the direction of this influence depends on how specific areas of the organization&rsquo / s context are structured as well as on political variables in the institutional environment.</p>

No description available.

RÉSUMÉ « De nos jours, notent Samoff et Carrol, la Banque mondiale doit être considérée à la fois comme une banque, une agence de développement et un institut de recherche » (2004, p9). L’institution de Bretton Woods est en effet devenue notamment dans le cadre du développement des PED, à la fois une banque de prêt et une institution de savoir ; « le laboratoire d’idées sur le développement le plus important au monde », précisent Wilks et Lefrançois (2002). Cependant, si elle reste un partenaire idéologique et financier pour le développement de ces pays, la Banque mondiale est aussi en même temps dans le paysage des relations économiques internationales contemporaines une véritable superpuissance, une figure importante de la dominance mondiale d’aujourd’hui. Les programmes de développement qu’elle professe et met en œuvre dans les PED y sont de ce fait également les discours et pratiques de développement dominants. Mais le discours de développement de la Banque mondiale dans les PED, outre qu’il y soit le savoir dominant du développement, se veut aussi par ailleurs un discours d’érudition : un corps de connaissances savant de développement, qui dans sa formulation comme dans son contenu revendique l’appartenance à une certaine rationalité, vise à une certaine « scientificité ». Partant, la question autour de laquelle s’organise la présente thèse et qui est au cœur de sa problématique est la suivante : le programme de développement que la Banque mondiale destine aux PED dans sa dimension discursive en particulier, est-il pour autant rationnel et raisonnable ? En d’autres termes : de quel crédit scientifique et moral peut jouir ce programme; de quelle cohérence, de quel réalisme, et de quelle adéquation sociale, peut se prévaloir un tel système de pensées et d’actions de développement ? Mais interroger les bien-fondés épistémologiques de son programme de développement dans les PED revient aussi au plans politique et social à questionner cette position de dominance qu’occupe la Banque mondiale dans ces pays. Aussi notre questionnement général s’enchaîne-t-il comme suit: ce pouvoir d’autorité de la Banque mondiale dans les PED, tire t-il sa légitimité d’un fondement rationnel convaincant, capable de résister à la critique, ou plutôt, s’enracine t-il dans une confusion idéologique sciemment instaurée et entretenue ou comme dit Rist, dans le « pouvoir de celui qui parvient à l’imposer» ? / ABSTRACT « Our days, Samoff and Carrol note, the World Bank must be considered at the same time as a bank, an agency of development and an institute of research” (2004, p9). The institution of Bretton Woods indeed became in particular within the framework of the development of the Developing Countries, at the same time “ a bank of loan” and a “bank of knowing”. « The laboratory of ideas on the most significant development in the world”, Wilks and Lefrançois (2002) specify. Ideological and financial partner for the development of the Developing Countries, the World Bank is in addition also, an important figure of world predominance today; in the landscape of the contemporary international economic relations, a true super power. And so the programs of development which it professes and implements in the Developing Countries, are there also the speeches and practical development dominant. But this speech of development of the World Bank in the Developing Countries, in addition to it is the dominant ideology of the development there, wants to be an erudite speech also: a body of knowledge of development of scholarship, which in its formulation as in its contents, asserts the membership of a certain rationality, aims at a certain “scientificity”. Therefore, the question which organizes the present thesis is as follows: is the program of development which the World Bank intends for the Developing Countries, for as much rational and reasonable? In other words: which scientific and moral credit this program can enjoy; of which coherence, of which realism, and which social adequacy, can be prevailed such a system of thoughts and actions of development? But to question the epistemological cogency of the PDBM in the Developing Countries, also amounts questioning this position of predominance which the World Bank in these countries occupies. Also we also wonder: this capacity of authority of the World Bank in the Developing Countries, does it draw its legitimacy from a rational base? Can it in this direction resist a critical examination who wants to be rational? The feeling which animates us here and which is also the general assumption that this work of thesis tries to validate, is that with good of regards the PDBM enracine rather in a knowingly founded and maintained ideological confusion, that in a rational step convincing, able to resist criticism. Here as in other similar registers, it could be well that indeed, like Gilbert Rist writes it, “the truth or orthodoxy hardly depends on the contents of the speech but rather of the capacity of that which manages to impose it.” (2003)

I argue that existing views in the political equality debate are inadequate. I propose an alternative approach to equality and argue its superiority to the competing approaches. I apply the approach to some issues in global justice relating to global poverty and to the inability of some countries to develop as they would like. In this connection I discuss institutions of international trade, sovereign debt and global reserves and I focus particularly on the WTO, IMF and World Bank.

More than a decade after the World Bank was forced out of the dam-building industry due to the social and environmental consequences of the projects they helped to finance, World Bank support for the development of the Nam Theun 2 (NT2) Hydroelectric Project, located atop the bio-diverse Nakai Plateau in central Laos, signals the re-emergence of the Bank’s involvement in large-scale dam construction initiatives. The NT2 project is the Bank’s response to its international critics. The project is a ‘test case’ for a new model of hydropower development that seeks to counteract any negative consequences to the surrounding environment and populations through the enactment of a new set of environmental and social safeguards that the Bank had spent over a decade developing. As the optimal consequence, if NT2 achieves the goal of safeguarding the bio-diverse environment of the Nakai region through the creation and implementation of long-term ‘socially and environmentally sustainable’ livelihood activities capable of raising the living standards and income levels of Nakai villagers beyond the national poverty line, then the NT2 model of development will be validated and its use in other World Bank supported hydroelectric initiatives all but assured. The alternative result is that the new safeguard mechanisms fail to achieve these goals, significantly contributing to the destabilization of one of the of the most environmentally and culturally unique regions in the world. This thesis analyzes the effectiveness of NT2 social and environmental safeguards in order to determine to what extent this new model of development is achieving the objectives it set prior to construction. Using a range of data, it analyzes outcomes produced from the core safeguards program of the project: the resettlement livelihoods’ programmes. Analysis of villagers’ livelihoods after resettlement clearly indicates that the NT2 model was never able to overcome challenges posed by reduced access to forest and agricultural lands for re-establishing villagers’ core land-based livelihood activities. As a result, many villagers have abandoned the livelihoods programmes at resettlement villages across the Plateau. In the short term, these villagers have, nevertheless, significantly increased their incomes through intensified commercial fishing and export-oriented rare timber and endangered wildlife extraction activities. The problem for NT2 developers such as the World Bank is that this form of economic activity is neither socially nor environmentally sustainable, placing the regional environment, local populations and the NT2 project in jeopardy. / Graduate