Designing novel nanostructures which exploit the self-assembly capabilities of biomolecules yields a promising approach to control matter at the nanoscale. Here, the homochiral molecular self-assemblies of the methionine and tyrosine amino acids on the monocrystalline Ag(111) and Cu(111) surfaces are characterized by means of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and spectroscopy (STS), helium atom scattering (HAS), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV). On Ag(111), methionine self-assembles into supramolecular chains following the <110> substrate axis, forming regular nanogratings with tunable periodicity. Within the nanowires, a zwitterionic dimerization scheme is revealed. STS shows that the biomolecular nanostructures act as tunable one-dimensional quantum resonators for the surface state electrons. Zero-dimensional electronic confinement is achieved by positioning single iron atoms in the molecular trenches. This shows a novel approach to control the dimensionality of surface state electrons. The nanogratings were exploited to steer the spontaneous one-dimensional ordering of cobalt and iron atoms. For T > 15 K, the metal species self-align into homogeneously distributed chains in between the biomolecular trenches with ~25 Å interatomic distace. For Co, the dynamics of the self-alignment was monitored, revealing a reduced mobility in comparison with isolated Co atoms on bare Ag(111). On Cu(111), the self-assembly of methionine is influenced by the substrate reactivity and its temperature during molecular deposition. For T < 273 K, the biomolecules assemble in anisotropic extended clusters oriented with a -10° rotation off the <110> substrate orientations, whereas above 283 K a regularly ordered 1D phase arises with a +10° rotation off these high-symmetry axis. XPS reveals a structural transformation triggered by a thermally activated deprotonation of the zwitterionic ammonium group. On Ag(111), tyrosine self-assembles above a critical temperature into linear structures primarily following the substrate crystalline symmetry. A zwitterionic non-covalent molecular dimerization is demonstrated, NEXAFS data providing evidence of a non-flat adsorption of the phenyl ring. This recalls the geometrical pattern of methionine on Ag(111) and supports a universal self-assembling scheme for amino acids on close-packed noble metal surfaces, the different mesoscopic ordering being determined by the side chain reactivity.

The main focus of this thesis is ab initio modeling of core level spectra with a high-level quantum chemical description both of the chemical interactions and of local atomic multiplet effects. In particular, the combination of calculations and synchrotron-based core-level spectroscopy aims at understanding the local structure of the electronic valence in transition metal complexes, and the details of the solvation mechanisms of electrolyte solutions, systems relevant for the dye-sensitized solar cell. Configurational sampling in solution is included through molecular dynamics simulations. Transition metal complexes are studied with x-ray absorption (XA) and resonant inelastic scattering (RIXS) spectroscopy, characterizing excited states with atomic site specificity. The theoretical multiconfigurational method, applying an active-space partitioning of the molecular orbitals (RASSCF), is used to assign the transitions observed in spectra of hydrated Ni2+ explicitly, including charge transfer and multiplet effects. Furthermore, the solvent-induced binding energy properties of the I- and I3- anions in aqueous, ethanol, and acetonitrile solutions are analyzed using photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The study shows that specific ion–solvent interactions are important for the core-level binding energy shifts in solution. The special case with I3- dissolved in water, where hydrogen bonding causes breaking of the molecular symmetry, is treated and proves that the geometry changes influence the photoelectron spectrum of aqueous I3- directly.

The new phases Ca3Pt4+xGe13−y (x = 0.1; y = 0.4; space group I213; a = 18.0578(1) Å; RI = 0.063; RP = 0.083) and Yb3Pt4Ge13 (space group P42cm; a = 12.7479(1) Å; c = 9.0009(1) Å; RI = 0.061, RP = 0.117) are obtained by high-pressure, high-temperature synthesis and crystallize in new distortion variants of the Pr3Rh4Sn13 type. Yb3Pt4Ge13 features Yb in a temperature-independent non-magnetic 4f14 (Yb2+) configuration validated by X-ray absorption spectra and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering data. Ca3Pt4+xGe13−y is diamagnetic (χ0 = −5.05 × 10−6 emu mol−1). The Sommerfeld coefficient γ = 4.4 mJ mol−1 K−2 for Ca3Pt4+xGe13−y, indicates metallic properties with a low density of states at the Fermi level in good agreement with electronic structure calculation (N(EF) = 3.3 eV−1/f.u.)); the Debye temperature (θD) is 398 K. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

Designing novel nanostructures which exploit the self-assembly capabilities of biomolecules yields a promising approach to control matter at the nanoscale. Here, the homochiral molecular self-assemblies of the methionine and tyrosine amino acids on the monocrystalline Ag(111) and Cu(111) surfaces are characterized by means of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and spectroscopy (STS), helium atom scattering (HAS), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV). On Ag(111), methionine self-assembles into supramolecular chains following the <110> substrate axis, forming regular nanogratings with tunable periodicity. Within the nanowires, a zwitterionic dimerization scheme is revealed. STS shows that the biomolecular nanostructures act as tunable one-dimensional quantum resonators for the surface state electrons. Zero-dimensional electronic confinement is achieved by positioning single iron atoms in the molecular trenches. This shows a novel approach to control the dimensionality of surface state electrons. The nanogratings were exploited to steer the spontaneous one-dimensional ordering of cobalt and iron atoms. For T > 15 K, the metal species self-align into homogeneously distributed chains in between the biomolecular trenches with ~25 Å interatomic distace. For Co, the dynamics of the self-alignment was monitored, revealing a reduced mobility in comparison with isolated Co atoms on bare Ag(111). On Cu(111), the self-assembly of methionine is influenced by the substrate reactivity and its temperature during molecular deposition. For T < 273 K, the biomolecules assemble in anisotropic extended clusters oriented with a -10° rotation off the <110> substrate orientations, whereas above 283 K a regularly ordered 1D phase arises with a +10° rotation off these high-symmetry axis. XPS reveals a structural transformation triggered by a thermally activated deprotonation of the zwitterionic ammonium group. On Ag(111), tyrosine self-assembles above a critical temperature into linear structures primarily following the substrate crystalline symmetry. A zwitterionic non-covalent molecular dimerization is demonstrated, NEXAFS data providing evidence of a non-flat adsorption of the phenyl ring. This recalls the geometrical pattern of methionine on Ag(111) and supports a universal self-assembling scheme for amino acids on close-packed noble metal surfaces, the different mesoscopic ordering being determined by the side chain reactivity.

Les diverses perovskites de strontium-fer présentent de très fortes corrélations entre la structurecristalline et les phénomènes d’ordre de lacunes d’oxygènes, de charge, de spin et d’orbitales. Danscette thèse, nous avons réalisé une étude systématique des relations entre les ordres de charges etles ordres de spins selon les différents environnements cristallographiques rencontrés pour lescations Fe3+ et Fe4+ dans la phase Sr4Fe4O11, pour le cation Fe3+ dans les phases Sr3Fe2O6 et Sr2Fe2O10et pour le cation Fe2+ dans la phase SrFeO2. Les synthèses des phases polycristallines furent réaliséesvia des voies « solide » ou « sol-gel » en complément de la synthèse de cristaux préparés à l’aide d’unfour à image à fusion de zone verticale pour les phases Sr4Fe4O11 et Sr2Fe2O10. La qualité cristalline etchimique des oxydes fut contrôlée par diffraction de rayons X sur poudre et spectroscopieMössbauer alors que l’étude de la structure électronique de chaque phase a été réalisée à l’aide despectroscopie d’absorption de rayons X. Finalement, les structures magnétiques des phases Sr3Fe2O6et Sr4Fe4O11 sont aussi présentées. / The relationship of the crystallographic, magnetic, and electronic structure have long been of highinterest in research. Strontium iron oxides have structural, charge, spin, and orbital degrees offreedom, and thus give rich information to study for the condensed matter scientists. In this thesis,we have systematically studied the strontium iron oxides based on the freedom of the iron charge:Fe3+ and Fe4+ mixed valence compound SrFeO2,75 , Fe3+ compound Sr3Fe2O6 and SrFeO2,5 with differentcoordination around Fe3+ and Fe2+ compound SrFeO2. The synthesis of the polycrystalline compoundsare through either solid state reaction or sol-gel method. Single crystals of SrFeO2,75 and SrFeO2,5have been prepared by floating zone furnace. The purity of all the compounds is checked by lab x-raydiffraction and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Electronic structures have been studied by x-ray absorptionspectroscopy for all these compounds. Special efforts have been used to investigate the magneticstructure of SrFeO2,75 and Sr3Fe2O6 .

Les ressources minérales s’épuisent inexorablement, les minerais riches sont de plus en plus difficilement accessibles, et le traitement des minerais implique d’importants impacts environnementaux. En Nouvelle-Calédonie, l’extraction du nickel nécessite la destruction de l’horizon fertile supérieur des sols, et les mines se présentent comme des carrières à ciel ouvert, soumises à l’érosion et menaçant la biodiversité du territoire. Bien que l’exploitation du nickel soit au cœur de l’économie locale, la réhabilitation écologique des sites miniers, et la réintroduction durable d’un couvert végétal sont une nécessité.Le laboratoire ChimEco a démontré qu’il était possible de revégétaliser les sites miniers en réintroduisant des espèces végétales pionnières, résistantes et accumulatrices de manganèse. Ces plantes accumulatrices sont capables d’extraire le manganèse naturellement présent dans le sol et de l’accumuler dans leurs parties aériennes : on parle de phytoextraction. Le laboratoire ChimEco propose en outre une valorisation scientifique et à terme économique des efforts de réhabilitation engagés sur le terrain. En effet, à partir de la biomasse riche en manganèse des plantes accumulatrices, le laboratoire ChimEco a développé un procédé innovant de recyclage des éléments métalliques d’origine végétale en catalyseurs polymétalliques pour la chimie. Il s’agit de l’Ecocatalyse. Ces écocatalyseurs riches en Mn, notés Eco-Mn, ont montré une activité catalytique intéressante dans plusieurs synthèses organiques.Les résultats obtenus en écologie et en chimie par le laboratoire ChimEco prouvent la nécessité d’étudier finement la structure des écocatalyseurs en les considérant comme des matériaux innovants, afin de comprendre et d’améliorer leur activité en synthèse organique, et d’exploiter au mieux les possibilités du procédé. C’est précisément dans ce contexte que s’inscrivent ces travaux de thèse.Plusieurs techniques d’analyse ont été utilisées. Les analyses ICP-MS ont permis de déterminer la composition élémentaire des Eco-Mn. La DRX a permis de mettre en évidence la présence de sels mixtes originaux tels que K3NaMnCl6 sous forme cristalline dans les Eco-Mn. Enfin l’absorption des rayons X a permis de déterminer la nature des espèces présentes dans les catalyseurs, ainsi que le degré d’oxydation du manganèse et du fer. En outre, l’étude du réarrangement d’un acétal cyclique, ainsi que le suivi de la désorption de la pyridine à la surface des Eco-Mn, ont été utilisés pour étudier les propriétés acides des écocatalyseurs. Ces analyses ont permis de répondre à deux objectifs précis : d’une part déterminer la nature des complexes qui composent les Eco-Mn, et d’autre part, mieux comprendre les propriétés physico-chimiques de ces catalyseurs, leur degré d’oxydation et leurs propriétés acides. Ces analyses ont également permis de mieux appréhender les deux étapes du procédé de synthèse des Eco-Mn. Enfin, des catalyseurs synthétiques et témoins ont également été produits et étudiés dans les mêmes conditions d’analyse que les Eco-Mn, dans le but de déterminer si les Eco-Mn ont une spécificité et une empreinte végétale. / Mineral resources are running out, ores are hardly accessible, and ores processing damage the environment. In New-Caledonia, nickel ores mining requires to remove all the upper layers of the ground, leading to open-cast mines subjected to erosion, which threaten the environment and the biodiversity of the archipelago. Although mining ores exploitation is important for the economy of New-Caledonia, the ecological remediation of mining areas through the restoration of a vegetation cover, are necessary.ChimEco laboratory has demonstrated that it is possible to reintroduce pioneering endemic plant species, which are resistant to climate conditions and accumulate manganese, to restore New-Caledonian mining sites. These accumulating plants extract Mn from the ground to their aerial parts: it is called phytoextraction. Besides, ChimEco laboratory puts forward a new scientific and economic valorisation of phytoremediation efforts in New-Caledonia. Indeed, an innovative process has been developed to recycle metallic elements from manganese enriched biomass into innovative and polymetallic catalysts for organic synthesis. This new process is called Ecocatalysis. Ecocatalysts enriched in manganese, Eco-Mn, have demonstrated interesting and promising catalytic activities in several reactions.Regarding the good results achieved by ChimEco in ecology and in chemistry with accumulating plants and resulting Eco-Mn, it is necessary to better and precisely characterise Eco-Mn catalysts, by considering them as innovative materials, in order to understand and foresee their catalytic activity. This PhD work belongs within this context.Several analyses have been performed to characterise Eco-Mn catalysts. First, ICP-MS enables to identify metallic composition of Eco-Mn. Besides, XRD analyses highlight the presence of complex crystallized manganese salts, like K3NaMnCl6. Finally, X-ray absorption spectroscopy enables us to study the nature of manganese species which compose Eco-Mn catalysts, and to understand the oxidation states of Mn and Fe. Moreover, acid properties of Eco-Mn were demonstrated thanks to the study of a cyclic acetal rearrangement and infra-red spectroscopy of adsorbed pyridine. All these analyses were performed in order to determine first the composition of Eco-Mn catalysts, and secondly to highlight their physico-chemical properties, their oxidation state and their acid properties. Furthermore, this study also enable us to better understand the different steps of the ecocatalysts production process. Finally, synthetic catalysts were also produced and analysed in the same conditions as Eco-Mn, in order to bring out the specificities of Eco-Mn.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 curcio_al_me_rcla.pdf: 1672370 bytes, checksum: fd59b862449a04ac385f3661da6430f3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Nanocristais tem sido extensivamente investigados nos últimos anos devido à sua ampla gama de aplicações em vários dispositivos tais como sensores, células solares, lasers, fotocatalisadores, fotodetectores, detectores de infravermelhos, diodos emissores de luz, materiais eletroluminescentes e outros materiais emissores de luz. Semicondutores nanocristalinos apresentam propriedades eletrônicas intermediárias entre aqueles de estrutura molecular e sólidos macrocristalinos, proporcionando uma ampla gama de aplicações. Entre estes materiais, o sulfeto de zinco (ZnS) puro ou dopado tem recebido notável atenção por causa de suas propriedades estruturais ópticas, versatilidade e potencial para várias aplicações tecnológicas. O ZnS é um típico semicondutor II-VI, com um gap direto de 3,6 eV à temperatura ambiente e aproximadamente 40 meV de energia de gap, sendo um bom material luminescente utilizado em telas, sensores e lasers. Como material de gap largo, o ZnS pode facilmente hospedar diferentes metais de transição como centros luminescentes. Entre estes íons de metais de transição para estruturas dopadas, os íons Cu2+e Mn2+ são atraentes pelas emissões de luz características e por apresentarem propriedades eficientes para aplicações como luminóforos. A inserção desses íons na estrutura do ZnS proporcionam defeitos que resultam em emissão no verde para os íons Cu2+e emissão no laranja para os íons Mn2+. Neste estudo, as amostras de ZnS pura e dopadas com Cu2+ e Mn2+ foram preparados pelo método solvotermal, que demonstra ser um processo eficaz para preparar nanopartículas. Uma vez preparadas, as estruturas das amostras nanoestruturadas foram caracterizadas e correlacionada s com propriedades fotoluminescentes. Os resultados de difração de raios X mostram que as amostras de ZnS foram cristalizadas completamente sem a presença de fases secundárias e os difratogramas correspondem à estrutura blenda cúbica de zinco com grupo espacial F-43m. Os espectros de XANES (X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure) teóricos e experimentais na borda K do Zn indicam que a incorporação de átomos de Mn na matriz ZnS causam a formação de vacâncias de Zn e S, a qual é confirmada por ajustes de espectros EXAFS (Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure). Estas vacâncias estão relacionadas com um desvio para o vermelho observado no pico do espectro de fotoluminescência devido a adição de Mn na estrutura do ZnS. Para o ZnS puro, o pico é centrado em ~ 504 nm, relativo as vacâncias de S na amostra nanoestruturada. À medida que se aumenta a porcentagem de Mn na matriz ZnS, uma emissão no amarelo-laranja centrada em ~ 590 nm pode ser observada, associada com a transição 4T1-6A1 no interior de níveis 3d de Mn2+. A adição de íons Cu2+ ao ZnS resulta em um alargamento no pico do espectro de fotoluminescência decorrente de emissão no azul-verde, que está relacionada a recombinação de elétrons de níveis de defeitos mais profundos dos estados t2 do Cu próximos da banda de valência. / Nanocrystals has been extensively investigated in recent years due to its wide range of applications in various devices light emitting materials such as sensors, solar cells, lasers, photocatalysts, photodetectors, IR detectors, light emitting diodes and others. Nanocrystalline Semiconductors have electronic properties between those intermediate molecular macrocristalinos and solid structure, providing a wide range of applications. Among these materials, zinc sulfide (ZnS) pure or doped has received considerable attention because of its optical structural properties, versatility and potential for several technological applications. The ZnS is a typical II-VI semiconductor with a direct band gap of 3.6 eV at room temperature and about 40 meV in energy gap, and a good luminescent material for constrution of displays, lasers and sensors. As wide band gap material, ZnS can easily host different transition metals as luminescent centers. Among these ions of transition metal doped structures, Cu2+ and Mn2+ ions are attractive for light emission characteristics and for having effective properties for applications such as phosphors. The addition of these ions in ZnS structure provide defects that result in emission in the green for the Cu2+ ions and emission in orange for the Mn2+ ions. In this study, samples of pure ZnS and doped with Cu2+ and Mn2+ ions were prepared by solvotermal method, which demonstrate to be an effective process for preparing nanoparticles. Once prepared, the structures of the nanostructured samples were characterized and correlated with photoluminescent properties. The results of X-ray diffraction showed that the ZnS samples were completely crystallized without the presence of secondary phases and XRD patterns correspond to the structure of zinc blende to cubic space group F-43m. spectra XANES (X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure) theoretical and experimental in the Zn K edge indicates that the inclusion of Mn atoms in the ZnS matrix cause the formation of Zn and S vacancies, which is confirmed by spectral adjustments EXAFS (Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure). These vacancies are associated with a red shift observed in the photoluminescence spectrum peak due to the addition of Mn in ZnS structure. For pure ZnS, the peak is centered at ~ 504 nm concerning the vacancies in the S nanostructured sample. As it increases the percentage of Mn in the ZnS matrix, in yellow-orange emission centered at ~ 590 nm can be observed, associated with the transition 4 T1- 6A1 inside 3d levels of Mn2+. Adding Cu2+ to the ZnS results in a broadening of the peak of the photoluminescence spectrum due to emission in blue-green, which is related to recombination deeper defect levels of electrons of t2 Cu states near the valence band.

Ce travail de thèse porte sur l'analyse de nanofils de ZnO dopés au cobalt par implantation ionique, en utilisant la fluorescence des rayons X, la spectroscopie d'absorption des rayons X et les techniques de diffraction des rayons X à l'échelle nanométrique sur la ligne de lumière ID22 de l'Installation Européenne de Rayonnement Synchrotron. Les nanofils sont obtenus par croissance catalysée sur des substrats de p-Si (100). Les nanofils de ZnO synthétisés ont été dopés avec du cobalt par d'implantation ionique. Pour la première fois, l'utilisation combinée des techniques de caractérisation par rayons X citées ci-dessus nous permet d'étudier l'homogénéité de la distribution des dopants, la composition, ainsi que l'ordre structurel à courte et grande distance de nanofils individuels. Les résultats de la nano-fluorescence des rayons X indiquent que le dopage au cobalt par implantation ionique dans les nanofils de ZnO est homogène, avec les concentrations désirées. La spectroscopie d'absorption de rayons X et l'analyse des données de diffraction de rayons X fournissent de nouvelles informations sur la distorsion du réseau cristallin produite par l'introduction de défauts structuraux par le processus d'implantation ionique. Ces résultats soulignent l'importance du recuit thermique après l'implantation pour récupérer la structure des nanofils de ZnO à l'échelle du nanomètre. Les mesures complémentaires de micro-photoluminescence et cathodo-luminescence corroborent ces résultats. En conclusion, les méthodes utilisées dans cette thèse ouvrent de nouvelles voies pour l'application de mesures multi-techniques basées sur le rayonnement synchrotron pour l'étude détaillée des nanofils semi-conducteurs à l'échelle nanométrique. / The PhD dissertation focuses on the investigation of single Co-implanted ZnO nanowires using X-ray fluorescence, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction techniques with nanometer resolution at the beamline ID22 of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. The ZnO nanowires were grown on p-Si (100) substrates using vapor-liquid-solid mechanism. The synthesized ZnO nanowires were doped with Co via an ion implantation process. For the first time, the combined use of these techniques allows us to study the dopant homogeneity, composition, short- and large-range structural order of individual nanowires. The nano-X-ray fluorescence results indicate the successful and homogeneous Co doping with the desired concentrations in the ZnO nanowires by an ion implantation process. The nano-X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction data analyses provide new insights into the lattice distortions produced by the structural defect formation generated by the ion implantation process. These findings highlight the importance of the post-implantation thermal annealing to recover the structure of single ZnO nanowires at the nanometer length scale. Complementary microphotoluminescence and cathodoluminescence measurements corroborrate these results. In general, the methodologies used in this work open new avenues for the application of synchrotron based multi-techniques for detailed study of single semiconductor nanowires at the nanoscale.

Nous nous proposons d'étudier l'interaction au niveau de l'interface entre un matériau antiferromagnétique et un ferromagnétique par un ensemble de techniques expérimentales qui utilisent le rayonnement synchrotron. Nous sommes particulièrement intéressés par l'effet de couplage d'échange dans les couches minces magnétiques avec anisotropie hors du plan. Les systèmes que nous avons étudiés sont les couches ordonnées chimiquement, FePt et MnPt sur Pt(001), et Fe/Ag(001), éventuellement couplée à CoO. Notre approche consiste à trouver de surfaces adaptées et d'étudier, pour chaque bicouche, la croissance individuelle de chaque élément, alliage ou oxyde. A travers le contrôle d'un certain nombre des paramètres, comme la structure de la surface, la propreté, le taux et la température de déposition, nous avons obtenus une bonne connaissance du processus de croissance. Les systèmes obtenus ont été étudiés in situ par la diffraction de surfaces et ex situ par l'effet Kerr magnéto-optique, le dichroïsme circulaire magnétique de rayons X et la spectroscopie d'absorption de rayons X. La relation entre le couplage d'échange, qui se manifeste par l'augmentation de la coercivité et par un champ de décalage, et la structure des couches est discutée pour les interfaces MnPt/FePt and CoO/Fe. / Our aim is to study the interaction of antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic materials with well-defined interface by combining structural, electronic and magnetic techniques using synchrotron light. Our interest is guided by the exchange bias effect in thin ferromagnetic films with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. The main systems studied in this work were ultra-thin layers of chemically-ordered alloys of FePt and MnPt on Pt(001) and of Fe/Ag(001), eventually coupled to CoO. Our strategy was to find an appropriate surface and, for each coupled bilayer, study the individual growth of each element, alloy or oxide. By controlling a variety of parameters, such as surface structure, cleanliness, deposition rate and temperature, we have got a good understanding of the growth process. The coupled systems obtained were studied in situ by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction and ex situ by magneto-optic Kerr effect, X-ray magnetic circular dichroism and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The relation between the exchange coupling, which manifests itself by an increase in coercivity and a bias field, and the structural characteristics was discussed for the MnPt/FePt and CoO/Fe interfaces.Keywords: exchange bias, chemically ordered alloy, MnPt, FePt, Fe/Ag(001), surface X-ray diffraction, X-ray absorption, MOKE, synchrotron.

Filmes finos magnéticos têm grande apelo em mídias de gravação com alta densidade de dados. As propriedades magnéticas desses filmes, que dependem da estrutura atômica do material, podem ser modificadas ou induzidas pela presença de interfaces internas. Para o entendimento e melhoramento dessas propriedades, torna-se necessário o uso de técnicas capazes de fornecer informações seletivamente em profundidade. Neste trabalho, acoplamos a espectroscopia de absorção de raios X (XAS) à uma geometria de incidência rasante, e assim usamos a variação da penetração dos raios X dentro do material em torno do ângulo crítico de reflexão total para obter informações resolvidas em profundidade sobre a ordem estrutural e magnética local. Desenvolvemos uma metodologia de medidas e de análise desta informação. Esta metodologia foi aplicada em filmes de FePt e CoPt que produzimos pela técnica de deposição catódica. Em filmes de FePt, uma análise quantitativa completa nos permitiu caracterizar a camada de oxidação da superfície. Em filmes de CoPt, observamos que a ordem química, responsável pela anisotropia perpendicular é parcialmente perdida em grandes profundidades além da superfície para filmes de espessura superior a 50 nm. A presença desta camada desordenada, confirmada por espalhamento ressonante de raios X, explica a incomum dependência em espessura das propriedades magnéticas do sistema estudado. / Magnetic thin films have great appeal in recording media with high data density. The magnetic properties of these films, depending on the material atomic structure, may be modified or induced by the presence of intern interfaces. For the understanding and improving of these properties, becomes necessary the use of techniques able to provide in depth selective information. In this work, we put together the X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) to a grazing incidence setup, and then we use the variation of X-ray penetration inside the material around the critical angle to get depth resolved information about the structural and magnetic local order. We developed a measurements and analysis methodology of this information. This methodology were applied in FePt and CoPt films which we produced by the magnetron sputtering technique In FePt films, a complete quantitative analysis allowed us characterize a surface oxidized layer. In CoPt films, we observed the chemical order, responsible for the perpendicular anisotropy, is partially lost in high depths away from the surface for films thicker than 50 nm. The presence of this disordered layer, confirmed by resonant magnetic X-ray scattering, explains the unconventional in depth dependence of the studied system magnetic properties.