Este trabalho tem por fim construir uma história, fundamentalmente com base em fontes primárias, da formação dos engenheiros militares na primeira metade do século XVIII em Portugal e no Brasil, no que se refere principalmente aos conteúdos estudados, com destaque para a álgebra. O tema escolhido deriva do trabalho de iniciação científica que posteriormente teve continuidade na dissertação de mestrado intitulada: A Obra Lógica Racional, Geométrica e Analítica (1744) de Manoel de Azevedo Fortes (1660-1749): um estudo das possíveis contribuições para o desenvolvimento educacional luso-brasileiro, orientada pelo professor Sérgio Roberto Nobre e defendida em 2003, no Instituto de Geociências e Ciências Exatas, da UNESP, campus de Rio Claro. Para a presente investigação, foi fundamental a busca em arquivos, indícios e pormenores das fontes. Por isso, todo esse estudo tem como fundamento essa proximidade com as fontes, documentos manuscritos da administração pública da coroa portuguesa e textos caracterizados como notas de aula ou teóricos, ou seja, produção de alunos e professores, impressos ou manuscritos. O contato com as fontes permitiu contribuir para perspectivar o campo econômico, político e cultural do reino português, no tempo estabelecido, nomeadamente no reinado de D. João V. Nesse contexto, estudou-se a atividade profissional de engenheiro militar, as condições de acesso à profissão e o seu enquadramento institucional, as aspirações de ascensão social e as relações com os superiores hierárquicos. Pode-se entender melhor as circunstâncias da formação do engenheiro militar, estudando o quadro dos alunos que frequentaram a Academia Militar de Lisboa e dos professores dessa instituição. Assim, foi possível perspectivar como se teriam dado as Aulas de formação dos engenheiros militares nas capitanias brasileiras, identificando-se os professores e alunos da época. Por fim, apresentam-se alguns textos que serviram à formação dos engenheiros militares desse tempo, especialmente à formação matemática, procurando entender como foram produzidos, as circunstâncias dos seus usos e os conteúdos neles veiculados. / This paper studies the historical construction, based on primary sources, of military engineers background in the first half of XVIIIth century in Portugal and in Brazil, according to the studied contents, focusing on algebra. The chosen subject is based on a scientific work that became a dissertation named as: A Obra: Lógica, Racional, Geométrica e Analítica (1744) of Manoel Fortes de Azevedo (1660-1749): a study of possible contributions for the education development between Portugal and Brazil, advised by professor Sergio Roberto Nobre and presented in 2003, at the Geoscience and Exact Sciences Institut, of UNESP, in Rio Claro. The search in files and details of sources were essential for this research. Therefore, this study looked for those sources, manuscripts of the public administration from portuguese crown as well as notes of lesson or theoretical documents, which mean, the students and professors production, printed papers or manuscripts. The contact with the sources allowed predicting the economic, political and cultural fields from the portuguese kingdom, in that period, during D. João V reign. In this context, military engineer professional activity, conditions of access to the profession and their institutional adequation, social ascension aspiration and their relationship with hierarchic superiors were studied. It was possible to better understand the military engineer backgraund, studying the students and professors who made part of Lisbon Military Academy. So, it was possible to predict how they would have taught the Lessons for the military engineer background in the Brazilian captainships, in order to identify the professors as well as the students who attended the classes. Finally, some texts that were used to prepare the military engineers of that time are presented, mainly the mathematical background, looking for understanding how the circumstances of their uses and their contents were produced.

Este trabalho tem por fim construir uma história, fundamentalmente com base em fontes primárias, da formação dos engenheiros militares na primeira metade do século XVIII em Portugal e no Brasil, no que se refere principalmente aos conteúdos estudados, com destaque para a álgebra. O tema escolhido deriva do trabalho de iniciação científica que posteriormente teve continuidade na dissertação de mestrado intitulada: A Obra Lógica Racional, Geométrica e Analítica (1744) de Manoel de Azevedo Fortes (1660-1749): um estudo das possíveis contribuições para o desenvolvimento educacional luso-brasileiro, orientada pelo professor Sérgio Roberto Nobre e defendida em 2003, no Instituto de Geociências e Ciências Exatas, da UNESP, campus de Rio Claro. Para a presente investigação, foi fundamental a busca em arquivos, indícios e pormenores das fontes. Por isso, todo esse estudo tem como fundamento essa proximidade com as fontes, documentos manuscritos da administração pública da coroa portuguesa e textos caracterizados como notas de aula ou teóricos, ou seja, produção de alunos e professores, impressos ou manuscritos. O contato com as fontes permitiu contribuir para perspectivar o campo econômico, político e cultural do reino português, no tempo estabelecido, nomeadamente no reinado de D. João V. Nesse contexto, estudou-se a atividade profissional de engenheiro militar, as condições de acesso à profissão e o seu enquadramento institucional, as aspirações de ascensão social e as relações com os superiores hierárquicos. Pode-se entender melhor as circunstâncias da formação do engenheiro militar, estudando o quadro dos alunos que frequentaram a Academia Militar de Lisboa e dos professores dessa instituição. Assim, foi possível perspectivar como se teriam dado as Aulas de formação dos engenheiros militares nas capitanias brasileiras, identificando-se os professores e alunos da época. Por fim, apresentam-se alguns textos que serviram à formação dos engenheiros militares desse tempo, especialmente à formação matemática, procurando entender como foram produzidos, as circunstâncias dos seus usos e os conteúdos neles veiculados. / This paper studies the historical construction, based on primary sources, of military engineers background in the first half of XVIIIth century in Portugal and in Brazil, according to the studied contents, focusing on algebra. The chosen subject is based on a scientific work that became a dissertation named as: A Obra: Lógica, Racional, Geométrica e Analítica (1744) of Manoel Fortes de Azevedo (1660-1749): a study of possible contributions for the education development between Portugal and Brazil, advised by professor Sergio Roberto Nobre and presented in 2003, at the Geoscience and Exact Sciences Institut, of UNESP, in Rio Claro. The search in files and details of sources were essential for this research. Therefore, this study looked for those sources, manuscripts of the public administration from portuguese crown as well as notes of lesson or theoretical documents, which mean, the students and professors production, printed papers or manuscripts. The contact with the sources allowed predicting the economic, political and cultural fields from the portuguese kingdom, in that period, during D. João V reign. In this context, military engineer professional activity, conditions of access to the profession and their institutional adequation, social ascension aspiration and their relationship with hierarchic superiors were studied. It was possible to better understand the military engineer backgraund, studying the students and professors who made part of Lisbon Military Academy. So, it was possible to predict how they would have taught the Lessons for the military engineer background in the Brazilian captainships, in order to identify the professors as well as the students who attended the classes. Finally, some texts that were used to prepare the military engineers of that time are presented, mainly the mathematical background, looking for understanding how the circumstances of their uses and their contents were produced.

Cette étude porte sur les procédés narratifs et les dispositifs rhétoriques auxquels certains romanciers du XVIIIe siècle ont recours pour jouer avec les attentes de leurs lecteurs. En effet, ces auteurs ne cessent de revendiquer la véridicité de leurs textes et pourtant, simultanément, utilisent deux stratégies visant à forcer le lecteur à se distancer de ce qui lui est raconté: d’une part ils mettent en scène un arsenal de lieux communs si connus que le lecteur reconnaît ceux-ci comme des signaux de fictionnalité; d’autre part ils multiplient les indices empêchant de croire à la réalité des récits qu’ils relatent. Cette étude en tire un certain nombre de conséquences et propose quelques hypothèses théoriques pour rendre compte de cette poétique paradoxale du jeu. Elle en examine également les effets et les implications – principalement rapportés à la figure du lecteur – et interroge la notion, à première vue contradictoire, de ‘vérité de la fiction’. / This dissertation analyzes the narrative devices and rhetorical techniques used by eighteenth-century novelists in order to play with the expectations of their readers. These authors present their fictional narratives as true accounts. At the same time, however, they use strategies that force the readers to distance themselves from what they read: on the one hand, these authors present a series of literary topoï, which are so familiar to the readers that they can only be taken as a sign of fictionality; and on the other hand, the authors give a series of clues that prevent the readers from believing what is said. This study examines the consequences of these procedures and offers several theoretical hypotheses in order to understand the paradoxical poetics of play. It questions the effects and the implications of this poetics on the reader and proposes the apparently contradictory concept of “fictional truth” as a way to think through the various notions of play in eighteenth-century fiction.

Cette recherche vise d’abord à éclairer l’esthétique du théâtre de Marivaux de façon inédite en se centrant surle concept d’action. Elle cherche également de façon concrète, à travers les pièces de ce dramaturge, à réfléchirsur ce concept polysémique, polyvalent et complexe. On constitue ainsi une ‘Anatomie de l’action’. Elles’inscrit dans le fil de la réflexion globale sur l’action qui remonte à Aristote et dans laquelle théoricienscomme créateurs/penseurs ont croisé leur regard s’affrontant sur la définition du terme, son essence éventuelleet les inflexions esthétiques nouvelles qu’on pouvait lui donner.L’analyse se concentre sur trois pièces, ‘expériences’ et modèles qui révèlent de manière emblématique lavariété de ce théâtre et qui ouvrent sur ses autres créations dramatiques. Un modèle Italien merveilleux,Arlequin poli par l’amour (1720) conduit à explorer les fondamentaux marivaudiens : l’inconstance commeaction, l’action redevable à une hybridité générique élevée et la crise du protagoniste à l’origine d’uneinstabilité du centre de l’action. Un anti-modèle tragique fructueux, Annibal (1719) permet de trouver unestructure profonde pour trois chefs-d’oeuvre, comédies « à éclats tragiques » (La Fausse Suivante, Le PrinceTravesti, Le Triomphe de l’Amour) en utilisant les outils classiques de la tragédie (‘noeuds de gloire’, sublime,reconnaissance, choix du protagoniste). Et un modèle utopique, L’Île des Esclaves (1725) oeuvre de pensée,permet de remonter par ce biais à l’action et de comprendre comment Marivaux parvient à construire celle-cien usant de systèmes de compensation avec les aspects ludiques et romanesques. / This research targets to bring new lights on the aesthetic of the theatre of Marivaux by focusing on the conceptof action. Also, through the plays of Marivaux, it looks concretely for a new thinking about this polyvalent andcomplex notion. It constitutes an ‘Anatomy of action’. It takes place in the global reflection on this term, whichgoes back to Aristotle and in which philosophers and creators/theoreticians confronted their conceptions on thedefinition, its essence and the new aesthetic inflexions which could be reached then.The analysis is mostly based on three plays, both ‘experiments’ and patterns which reveal in an emblematicway the diversity of this theatre and open on the other dramatic creations of Marivaux. A fairy Italian pattern,Arlequin polished by love (1720) leads to the exploration of the basics : the inconstancy as action, the actionresulting from a highly hybrid mixed genres theatre and the crisis of the protagonist and its consequences onthe centre of action. A tragic fruitful anti-pattern, Annibal (1719) gives a deep structure for three masterpieces,comedies with “tragic basement” (The False Servant, The Travestied Prince, The Triumph of Love) by usingthe traditional tools of the tragedy (knot of glory, sublime, recognition, choice of the protagonist). And autopian pattern, The Island of slaves (1725) creation of thought leads to the concept of action and gives key forunderstanding how Marivaux builds up this action by mixing and balancing it with cheerful and eventfulaspects.

«Au commencement, Dieu créa le Ciel et la Terre». À l’ouverture du récit de la Genèse, le plus célèbre des incipit condense ce qui a constitué durant des siècles à la fois l’imagerie et le modèle théorique de la Création du monde en Occident. Or, dès le XVIIe siècle, la conception de la Création s’enrichit de considérations savantes qui bousculent l’univoque de la version biblique. Le récit canonique est alors instruit par les notions profanes d’évolution ou de loi mécanique qui bouleversent l’image biblique d’un Dieu-Créateur du monde en six jours dont la tradition avait longtemps fixé le canon. Pensées au pluriel, les représentations de la Création du monde se diversifient au sein d’une iconographie variée et créative, fruit de la conciliation entre le sacré et le profane qui autorise des représentations inédites où Dieu viendrait souffle rles tourbillons imaginés par Descartes ou encore dynamiser un mécanisme terrestre résolument voltairien. À l’heure de sa complexification théorique, il sera plus particulièrement question d'appréhender la relecture du mythe biblique de la Création du monde dans les arts de la période concernée. À partir d’un corpus d’images tirées de divers horizons – bibliques, scientifiques,alchimiques ou physico-théologiques – l’objet de cette thèse est justement d’appréhender la résilience de l’iconographie biblique dans un monde en pleine sécularisation. Nous verrons notamment comment, autorité latente ou référent stéréotypé, telle une ombre, la figure du Créateur condense toute la complexité des rapports entre l’homme et ses mythes. / “In the beginning God created Heaven and Earth”. Opening of the first chapter of the Genesis,the most well-known incipit of all time sums up both the imagery and the main idea of the Creation of the World that has existed in the west for thousands of years. However, this biblical conception of Creation starts to weaken in the beginning of the XVIIth century and to expand to embrace scientific views when secular ideas of evolution or the laws of mechanics shook the biblical tradition of the six-Day Creation narrative. The once unique idea of a World Creation becomes a more complex concept at the crossroads between sacred and profaneand authorized innovative pictures representing, for example, God blowing the Cartesian cosmogenic whirlpools or giving thrust to the terrestrial mechanism inspired by Voltaire. When the groundbreaking theories on the Creation were published, it was necessary to focus on the artistic reinterpretations of the myth. Based on a great diversity of images – biblical, scientific,alchemical – we’ll try to analyze how biblical iconography stands still at the time of the global secularization of the world in which, as a paradoxical authority or an unconscious standard, the image of the Creator holds up the complex relationship between Man and his Mythology.

SILVA, Rafael Ricarte da. Formação da elite colonial dos Sertões de Mombaça: terra, família e poder (Século XVII). 2010. 188f. Dissertação (Mestrado em História) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de História, Programa de Pós-Graduação em História Social, Fortaleza-CE, 2010. / Submitted by Raul Oliveira (raulcmo@hotmail.com) on 2012-06-28T14:51:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_Dis_RRSilva.pdf: 2039189 bytes, checksum: 34a6aa5d7d8992313b5c28b9aff8f9d0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2012-07-20T14:34:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_Dis_RRSilva.pdf: 2039189 bytes, checksum: 34a6aa5d7d8992313b5c28b9aff8f9d0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-07-20T14:34:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_Dis_RRSilva.pdf: 2039189 bytes, checksum: 34a6aa5d7d8992313b5c28b9aff8f9d0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / This research intends to analyze the colonial elite process of formation in the Hinterlands of Mombaça, situated in the Captaincy of Siará Grande, along the XVIIIth century. For this purpose, I have looked at the means that enabled the establishment of these colonial elite, such as, the grant allotments procedures, the justifications provided by its applicants, the individual or collective nature of the requests, and the social background of those who received allotments. Those aspects herein examined served to identify the patterns which were presented by the recipients to justify such endowment. Specifically about the Hinterlands of Mombaça, located on the banks of the river Banabuiú in the Hinterlands Central Ceará, the applications were mostly justified for the military services rendered in the so-called fair-wars (Guerras Justas) against the indigenous nations and also as economic justification for the inlands occupations through the opening up cattle ranches. Then, I seek to analyze the configuration and the historical development of those cattle ranches, the family agreements and the economical joints that favored the formation of these local colonial elite whose economic strength was based on the ownership of lands, cattle and slaves. / Este trabalho procura compreender a formação da elite colonial nos Sertões de Mombaça, capitania do Siará grande, no século XVIII. Para tanto, busca-se analisar quais os meios que permitiram a constituição desta elite colonial, como a forma das concessões de sesmarias, as justificativas apresentadas pelos requerentes, a natureza individual ou coletiva dos pedidos, a origem social dos sesmeiros, visando identificar quais os padrões por eles apresentados que justificavam a referida mercê. Especificamente sobre os Sertões de Mombaça, ribeira do Banabuiú, hoje Sertão Central do Ceará, os pedidos eram justificados em sua maioria pelos serviços prestados nas guerras justas contra os gentios e como justificativa econômica da ocupação nas fazendas de criar. Em seguida procuro analisar a constituição e desenvolvimento histórico das fazendas de criar e as articulações familiares e econômicas que propiciaram a formação desta elite proprietária de terras, gados e escravos.

Cette étude vise à aborder la culture des clercs séculiers en Savoie du XVIIIe siècle à 1860, date du rattachement de la Savoie à la France. Une première partie s’intéresse à la circulation des livres des ecclésiastiques. Elle décrit l’utilisation des manuels lors des études au collège chappuisien d’Annecy, puis dans les séminaires et les différentes universités, mais encore lors des conférences et des retraites ecclésiastiques. Par ailleurs, les livres sont achetés, prêtés à des collègues ou à des laïques, comme l’attestent de trop rares livres de raison retrouvés. Ce sont les testaments qui montrent que les bibliothèques, longuement constituées par héritages, achats tout au long d’une vie, sont ensuite le plus souvent transmises à des membres de la famille également hommes d’Eglise ou dispersées au profit de l’évêque, d’un vicaire ou de différentes institutions, ce qui prouve l’existence de réseaux intellectuels. Les livres relient donc le monde des morts au monde des vivants. La deuxième partie montre qu’ils sont aussi au cœur des débats intellectuels, ce qui explique que leur diffusion soit contrôlée par les autorités religieuses. Les livres sont ainsi au centre des réflexions concernant le protestantisme, le jansénisme, le mouvement des Lumières, l’épisode révolutionnaire de 1792, puis des enjeux de la modernité du XIXe siècle. La Savoie, frontière de catholicité, apparaît alors comme un relais original dans les processus de maturation et de diffusion des idées entre le royaume d’Italie, la France et l’Europe. La troisième partie propose à partir d’un corpus de bibliothèques, essentiellement du XVIIIe siècle, complété par des legs faits au XIXe siècle au grand séminaire de Chambéry, une classification des lecteurs comprenant différents types de desservants, des chanoines et des évêques. En croisant les différents centres d’intérêts en rapport avec la théologie et les sciences profanes, des identités cléricales se dessinent, des facteurs de cohésion, des signes de curiosité intellectuelle apparaissent et montrent que le clergé séculier savoyard est à la fois dépositaire et diffuseur auprès des fidèles d’une culture élargie et qu’il n’est pas à l’écart des évolutions de son époque. / The aim of the following study is to tackle the notion of knowledge and culture among Savoie’s secular clergy, from the 18th century to 1860, when Savoie was annexed by France. The first part focuses on the circulation of clergymen’s books. It depicts the way books are used by scholars at the Collège Chappuisien of Annecy, then in seminaries and different universities, as well as for lectures or ecclesiastical retreats. Besides, books are bought, passed on to colleagues and laymen, as one can learn from the very few commonplace books left. One can read in wills how libraries, whose volumes have been inherited or purchased over the years, are , most of the time, subsequently transmitted to relatives that are men of the cloth too, or scattered to the benefit of bishops, vicars or different institutions, which tends to prove the existence of intellectual networks. Books can thus be said to connect the world of the dead to that of the living. The second part shows that they are also at the very heart of intellectual debates, which explains why their circulation was controlled by religious authorities. Books are thus central points of reflection over Protestantism, Jansenism, the Enlightenment, the 1792 revolutionary episode and eventually what is at stake in 19th century modernity. Savoie, as a catholic boarder, appears as some original basis in the maturing process of ideas as well as their circulation between the kingdom of Italy, France and Europe. The third part, based on a corpus of 18th century libraries mostly and 19th century legacies to Chambéry’s Grand Séminaire, offers a classification of readers, among whom various types of parish priests, canons and bishops. By confronting the different centers of interest related to theology and profane science, some clerical identities are taking shape, factors of cohesion and signs of intellectual curiosity appear, showing that to the believers, Savoie’s secular clergy both keeps and spreads a broader culture and that its members are in no way cut off from the evolutions of their time.