The debate about affirmative action for ethnic minorities in countries with another majority culture is growing bigger in many parts of the world. However, it is often the debate misses the aborigines within the countries’ borders. The aim of this paper is to investigate the possible conflict in opinions for xenophobic political parties when managing an aborigine population. I will use a qualitative method to study the ethnic minority Sámi in Sweden, Norway and Finland, and afterwards xenophobic parties view on them. To reach a result will I present a scale over Xenophobia – Cosmopolitanism, which is described as a political cleavage. Finally I will, by comparing the empiric facts through that scale, demonstrate that there is a conflict in opinions for the investigated parties.

University of Växjö School of Social Sciences Bachelor Thesis in Political Science Title: “Sverigedemokraternas valframgångar 2006 – En ulv i fårakläder?” Author: Emma Haraldsson and Åsa Neuschütz Tutor: Emil Uddhammar The aim of this study is to explain Sverigedemokraterna’s electoral success in 2006 and the essay assumes that some form of change has occurred. To study this change two hypotheses have been constructed. The first hypothesis concerns the change within Sverigedemokraterna and the second hypothesis concerns the change of the Swedish voters attitudes. Kirchheimers catch-all theory is used to explain the change in Sverigedemokraterna. The catch-all theory states that parties have to change their structure to maximise the number of votes. Lipset and Rokkan’s theory about the party system is also used along with Inglehart’s value studies to explain why parties change. The tests of the hypotheses are carried out through a text analysis and a statistical survey. The essay concludes that Sverigedemokraterna has not changed very much and that it is mainly an esthetical and not an ideological change. Therefore the first hypothesis has to be falsified. The second hypothesis can be neither falsified nor verified, because the material is too diverse. Further studies are necessary to explain the electoral success of Sverigedemokraterna.

The aim of this paper is to investigate whether religion has a positive or negative impact on tolerance towards people with different ethnic backgrounds and people with different sexual orientation, or if this is a product of other phenomena in society like general trust, left-right placement, gender and so on. The main intention is to explore if, and in that case to what extent, religious people in Europe tend to be more or less xenophobic or homophobic than their unreligious, or secularized, counterparts. To live up to this aim, the study is based on regression analyses which utilize data from the European Social Survey. The findings show that religious people generally tend to be more intolerant towards immigrants and homosexuals than nonreligious people, but that this effect also differs between countries. For example, whereas the negative effect can be found in most European contries, the correlation is reversed in countries like Sweden and Czech Republic, meaning that a higher level of religiosity makes people more tolerant towards these particular contexts.

Magister Educationis - MEd / The impact of global migration on local contexts has spawned new issues and a range of social responses. These include the emergence of ‘xenophobia’ in the terrain of discrimination and the subsequent development of popular educational responses to this. As part of popular educational responses, adult education programmes have assumed an important role in changing people’s attitudes. This long research paper presents a critical analysis of how a human rights and counter-xenophobia peer educators’ programme enables young adults to develop a critical consciousness about human rights and ‘xenophobia’. The research focused on learning materials, course content, training methodology and processes of a three-day human rights and counter-xenophobia workshop held by Umoja wa Afrika, a local non-governmental organization, in March/April 2007 at Goedgedacht, just outside Cape Town. The research was based on qualitative methodology which included an exploration of relevant literature, interviews with participants and facilitators, as well as the researcher’s critical reflections.The research was located within a critical theory framework in the field of adult learning, and drew from the work of Paulo Freire (1970) and Stephen Brookfield(2005).The key finding of the study is that the experience of the workshop enabled participants to develop a critical awareness - but not necessarily a critical understanding of human rights and ‘xenophobia’. The participants identified specific factors that contributed to such awareness. These included the diverse composition of participants, the ‘accompanying’ facilitation style, and the interactive training methodology.This study makes a contribution to understanding human rights peer education in the South African context and the extent to which such provision could enable participants to develop a critical understanding of human rights and xenophobia. This study is an attempt to make an original contribution in this area. As such it adds to literature in applied critical methodology.

Magister Educationis - MEd / The impact of global migration on local contexts has spawned new issues and a range of social responses. These include the emergence of ‘xenophobia’ in the terrain of discrimination and the subsequent development of popular educational responses to this. As part of popular educational responses, adult education programmes have assumed an important role in changing people’s attitudes. This long research paper presents a critical analysis of how a human rights and counter-xenophobia peer educators’ programme enables young adults to develop a critical consciousness about human rights and ‘xenophobia’. The research focused on learning materials, course content, training methodology and processes of a three-day human rights and counter-xenophobia workshop held by Umoja wa Afrika, a local non-governmental organization, in March/April 2007 at Goedgedacht, just outside Cape Town. The research was based on qualitative methodology which included an exploration of relevant literature, interviews with participants and facilitators, as well as the researcher’s critical reflections.The research was located within a critical theory framework in the field of adult learning, and drew from the work of Paulo Freire (1970) and Stephen Brookfield(2005).The key finding of the study is that the experience of the workshop enabled participants to develop a critical awareness - but not necessarily a critical understanding of human rights and ‘xenophobia’. The participants identified specific factors that contributed to such awareness. These included the diverse composition of participants, the ‘accompanying’ facilitation style, and the interactive training methodology. This study makes a contribution to understanding human rights peer education in the South African context and the extent to which such provision could enable participants to develop a critical understanding of human rights and xenophobia. This study is an attempt to make an original contribution in this area. As such it adds to literature in applied critical methodology.

The research has been designed to study the effects of the rapid urbanization in and around the Roodepoort, targeting mainly the sprawling informal settlements across the area and the existing townships of Dobsonville, Doornkop (Snakepark) and Kagiso. The researcher, who is a practising pastor in the area, had been challenged by a number of issues related to the process of urbanization. The CODESA process that culminated with the elections of 1994 and the subsequent change of government had raised very high hopes among the majority of South Africans who lived in poverty and foreigners, in their own land, for decades. The turnover at the elections, inspired by leaders such as Bishop Desmond Tutu, was a clear indication that an ordinary South African was yearning for a better life. This was a new beginning as many people had been restricted by the apartheid laws to work and live where they wanted. The repeal of all the apartheid laws saw the beginning of influx from the rural homelands to the cities. The hope that job opportunities were available near the cities was the main force of attraction. This unplanned process resulted in creation of massive informal settlements as there were no houses to cater for the massive movement. This process is called rapid urbanization. Not very long, the reality of the past indicated that there were no major changes with the new government. The economy still remained in the hands of few individuals, majority of whom still being white, as the new government came through negotiations and not complete take over (Coup D’état.) Few blacks managed to shoot up the economy ladder through processes such as BEE and the GEAR leaving the majority of people in abject poverty. The great trek did not only happen within the borders of the country, millions of people from the African, Asian and East European countries also moved into South Africa to try their luck at the new South African economy. Highly qualified professionals left their struggling countries to seek better life in South Africa. This category came legally through the recruitment processes but the larger contingency came illegally into the country. They took the advantage of lack of internationally recognised immigration instruments to regulate movement in and out of the country. This process saw the country soaring with illegal economic migrants as well as genuine refugees and asylum seekers. The rapid urbanization process brought about the following challenges: <ul><li> Culture shock </li><li> Declining family structures/ life and Social problems </li><li> Drug trafficking </li><li> Education </li><li> Exploitation of foreigners </li><li> Exploitation of informal settlement dwellers and “Shack farming” </li><li> Human trafficking. </li><li> Inadequate housing and homelessness</li><li> Institutional harassment and unfair discrimination </li><li> Lack of Employment </li><li> Poverty in urban areas</li><li> Refugees and economic migrants </li><li> Social benefit exclusion </li><li> Stigmatization on HIV and AIDS, Crime, including serious crimes</li><li> Xenophobia </li> </ul> The challenges, as tabled above, brought about a series conflicts between the South African internal migrants and the foreigners which culminated into a bitter xenophobic outburst of 2008. The main reason for the conflict was that South Africans felt that jobs were being taken away by foreigners and also that the government was neglecting service provision to the local community in favour of foreigners. A number of service delivery protests have become a common sight, particularly in the informal settlements. Lack of basic facilities and the irregular allocations of the RDP Houses, crime and poverty have waned the patience of residences of informal settlements. The resent protests in Zandspruit, Rietfontein and Diepsloot informal settlements north west of Johannesburg are some of the concrete examples. The situation could not be ignored by the Church and this research was an attempt to understand the extent of the problem in order to find a way to improve ministry to the affected communities. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Practical Theology / unrestricted

L'Espagne, dont on a abondamment salué la Transition est loin d'avoir réglé tous ses comptes avec le passé. Les premiers temps de la démocratie furent à la prudence sur le terrain politique et social. Les années 90 déferlèrent ensuite, inondant le pays de leur libéralisme triomphant. L'Espagne postmoderne connut, en même temps que la croissance effrénée et la «spectacularisation» servie par une télévision dotée d'ubiquité, l'inversion des flux migratoires. L'ancienne métropole attira principalement des Latino-américains et, alors que rien n'avait préparé la société espagnole à l'interculturalité et que les écrans, voués au divertissement, rendaient les étrangers invisibles, les préjugés racistes et xénophobes sentant encore l'ethnocentrisme colonialiste, ressurgirent. 2008 marqua le début de la crise économique en Espagne et de la dégradation des conditions de vie de ses habitants qui donne naissance à une nouvelle classe sociale, le «précariat». Locaux et étrangers se retrouvent dans la contestation et dans l'exigence d'un autre modèle de société pour l'ère méta-postmoderne. Internet est le lieu de rencontre de ceux qui s'indignent et qui accusent les media traditionnels de complicité avec le système qu'ils rejettent. / Spain's transition towards democracy has widely been acclaimed. Yet it is far from settling all its scores with the past. During the early days of democracy prudence prevailed in the political and social field. Then the 90s swept in and the country was overwhelmed by economic liberalism. In post-modern Spain growth rocketed and was served by an all pervading television which turned everything into a show. Meanwhile the migratory flow was reversed. The old mother country chiefly attracted South Americans. Foreigners were made invisible by a television dedicated to entertainment. Hence Spanish people were not ready to face cultural diversity and old racist prejudice reeking of colonial ethnocentricity reappeared. The economic crisis hit Spain in 2008 and living conditions deteriorated giving birth to a new social class «the precariat». Natives and foreigners protest together demanding a new model of society for the meta post-modern era. Internet is the meeting point for those who feel outraged (indignants, indignados) and accuse the traditional media of complicity with a system they reject.

En este trabajo se aborda cómo los videojuegos narran historias basadas en temas de problemas sociales, se analiza el juego Detroit: Become a Human (2018). Analizando desde la construcción del personaje desde su personalidad, creencias y vestimenta. También, cómo son los arcos narrativos y las acciones de los personajes aplicados en los videojuegos para contar estos temas de índole social. Y como última variable es analizar el contexto narrativo. Estos criterios serán basados en basado en la narrativa de Field y Mckee. En este trabajo, la metodología tiene un enfoque cualitativo, el cual se seleccionarán momentos específicos de las historias de los personajes Markus y Connor. Se analizarán en base al instrumento de investigación y los datos recolectados serán procesados en base al instrumento mencionado. / The research in this paper is about how videogames tells stories based on themes of social issues, the videogame analysed is Detroit: Become a Human (2018). Analyzing from the construction of the character his personality, beliefs and clothing. Also, how are narratives arcs and the actions made by the characters applied in videogames to tell these social issues. And as the last variable is analyze the narrative context. These criteria will be based on the narrative of Field and McKee. In this work, the methodology has a qualitative approach, which will select specific moments from the stories of the characters Markus and Connor. They will be analyzed based on the research instrument and the data collected will be processed based on the mentioned instrument. / Trabajo de investigación

El tratamiento informativo de los medios noticiosos en el Perú expresa cambios a raíz del fenómeno migratorio venezolano en el 2018. Por tal motivo, varias páginas destacaban que la xenofobia podría ser parte de esa alteración. Sobre ello, se pretende analizar los elementos de la xenofobia que estuvieron presentes en el discurso periodístico digital de los diarios Trome y Correo luego del incremento de la migración venezolana en los meses de enero a marzo y de junio a agosto de 2018. Al respecto, la xenofobia se relaciona con los elementos de la otredad, la identidad nacional, el nacionalismo y el etnocentrismo, que se manifiestan a través de estigmas. El objetivo es identificar los elementos que estuvieron presentes en los medios y por eso se escogieron notas que revelen estigmas, los cuales se componen con las variables de estudio: móvil de compasión, generalización, lexicalización negativa y señalización. Por tanto, se planteó un instrumento que reconoce las variables en el título, la bajada y el contenido. Se determina que los elementos de la xenofobia son la otredad, la identidad nacional reforzada en nacionalismo y el etnocentrismo, que trazan líneas simbólicas entre –los autóctonos y los inmigrantes– acentuando en la procedencia y denominaciones despectivas, y con un tono denunciante sobre sus acciones negativas. Se ocultó la participación de los peruanos en situaciones ilegales y se destacaron sus comportamientos “correctos”, para mostrarlos como vulnerables y posicionar a los migrantes como ingratos e iniciadores de las problemáticas, lo que revela la exclusión, rechazo e intolerancia. / The information treatment of the news media in Peru expresses changes due to the Venezuelan migratory phenomenon in 2018. For that reason, several pages highlighted that xenophobia could be part of that alteration. On this matter, the intention is to analyze the elements of xenophobia that were present in the digital journalistic discourse of the newspapers Trome and Correo after the increase of the Venezuelan migration in the months of January to March and June to August 2018. In this regard, xenophobia is related to the elements of otherness, national identity, nationalism and ethnocentrism, which are manifested through stigmas. The objective is to identify the elements that were present in the media and therefore notes were chosen that reveal stigmas, which are composed with the study variables: compassionate motive, generalization, negative lexicalization and signaling. Therefore, an instrument was proposed that recognizes the variables in the title, the lead and the content. It is determined that the elements of xenophobia are otherness, national identity reinforced in nationalism and ethnocentrism, which draw symbolic lines between -the natives and the immigrants- emphasizing in the origin and derogatory denominations, and with a denouncing tone on their negative actions. The participation of Peruvians in illegal situations was concealed and their "correct" behavior was highlighted, to show them as vulnerable and to position migrants as ungrateful and initiators of the problems, revealing exclusion, rejection and intolerance. / Tesis

Motivated by the ongoing and widespread xenophobia in South Africa, this study explores the experiences of health access and the health sector by refugees and asylum seekers so as to understand intergroup relations, and more specifically the tensions between nationals and non-nationals. In achieving this, an ethnographic fieldwork was conducted in Cape Town, South Africa during Spring 2017; semi-structured interviews with refugees and asylum seekers provide the material for analysis to identify key perceptions on health and xenophobia to shed light on what possible peacebuilding initiatives should address. Key themes uncovered that intergroup violence based on nationality is prevailing in the areas and townships where refugees and asylum seekers live side by side with (black) South Africans. The presence of violence and the fear of risk of violence appear to fuel intergroup resentment and hostility. The lack of social well-being of the refugee became apparent in their frustrations in attaining safety in their everyday life. Moreover, it positions them so that they are unable to improve their own situation and attain health, health access, and health rights. Additionally, it found that a major obstacle to the realisation of health is connected to legal documentation as well as perceived competition for scarce health service. Specifically, it uncovered the perception of assumed hostile attitude (or fear hereof) by nationals among refugees and asylum seekers constitute both visible and invisible access barriers to the public health system and social integration. The application of the instrumental group conflict theory to the ethnographic interview material thus showed that to end what I term ‘norms of protracted social conflict rooted in xenophobia’, refugees and asylum seekers access to and treatment in the health sector is integral for their inclusion into society. It can simultaneously foster relations with the locals and, at the same time, allow for an everyday life wherein the individual can participate in and contribute to the South African society.