This study examines the progress of young adult (YA) literature in the twenty-first century, as influenced by Web 2.0 social networking technology and sliding structural temporalities of age and maturity in these digital times. The context is Stephenie Meyer’s popular Twilight saga, a pioneering example of an author purposefully engaging with online social networking communities and there encouraging derivative creativity, including Twilight fan fiction. This successful integration of YA literature with Web 2.0 is considered by first appraising tensions between traditional theoretical notions of the genre (and its readers) and contemporary manifestations of the same. Second is an investigation of the genre’s evolving readership and textual practices using the Twilight series, focusing on literary activities of Digital Natives (young adults) in online social arenas. A concentration on the integration of national identity into Canadian Twilight fan fiction examines such evolving practices in reference to an American product (a threat of Americanization) being re-coded in a Canadian reader’s personal, public and online spaces.

Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es festzustellen, ob die unterschiedliche Versorgung mit Protein (XP), Threonin (Thr) und Glycin (Gly) bei einer limitierten Threoninversorgung einen Einfluss auf die Threonindehydrogenase-Aktivität (TDG-Aktivität) in der Leber von Küken und Laborratten hat. Dazu wurden 7 Versuche mit federgesexten männlichen Cobb-Küken und weißen Wistar-Ratten in verschiedenen Altersstufen und Lebendmassebereichen durchgeführt: Versuch 1: Küken vom 15. - 25. Lebenstag bei unterschiedlichen Rohproteingehalten. Die kalkulierten XP-Gehalte lagen bei 5,5%; 11,0%; 16,5%; 22,0%; 27,5% und 33,0%. Versuch 2: Küken vom 17. - 30. Lebenstag bei XP-Gehalten von 18,5% und 22,5% mit jeweils 2 Threoninstufen von 0,45% und 0,60% wahr fäcal verdaulichem Threonin. Versuch 3: Küken vom 10. - 20. Lebenstag bei XP-Gehalten von 16,5% und 22,0% und einer Steigerung des Threoningehaltes von 0,65% auf 0,79% Threonin bei 16,5% XP und 0,86% auf 1,05% Threonin bei 22,0% XP. Versuch 4: Küken vom 1. - 49. Lebenstag in Bodenhalten bei praxisnaher Phasenfütterung. Die Prüfung der Leber-Threonindehydrogenase erfolgte am 7., 21., 35. und 49. Lebenstag. Versuch 5: Küken vom 5. - 15. Lebenstag bei einem XP-Gehalt von einheitlich 22,0% und Glycingehalten von 0,64% und 0,98% und wahr fäcal verdaulichen Threoningehalten von 0,45% und 0,60% bei 0,64% bzw. 0,98% Glycingehalt. Die Gly+Ser-Gehalte betrugen insgesamt 1,55% bzw. 1,90%. Versuch 6: Weiße Wistar-Ratten im Lebendmassebereich von 106 - 140 g bei XP-Gehalten von 0%, 6,0%, 12,0%, 18,0% und 24,0%. Vesuch 7: Weiße Wistar-Ratten im Lebendmassebereich von 149 - 167 g und XP-Gehalten von 12,0% und 18,0% mit unterschiedlichen Threoningehalten von 0,28%, 0,42% und 0,72% bei 12,0% XP bzw. 0,42%, 0,52% und 0,72% bei 18,0% XP. Am Ende des jeweiligen Vesuches wurden die Lebern von jeweils 6 Tieren entnommen und für die Bestimmung der TDG-Aktivität in vitro aufbereitet. Die Threoninwirksamkeiten wurden aus N-Bilanzversuchen mit einem exponentiellen N-Verwertungsmodell abgeleitet. Folgende Ergebnisse wurden erzielt: 1. Durch die Erhöhung der XP-Gehalte stieg die TDG-Aktivität in der Kükenleber ab 22,0% XP in der Futtermischung trotz limitierter Threoninversorgung signifikant an. Die Threoninwirksamkeit war unverändert bis zu einem XP-Gehalt von 27,5% und fiel bei 33,0% XP signifikant ab. D. h. durch einen verstärkten Abbau von Threonin durch die TDG erfolgte eine Verminderung der Thr-Wirksamkeit bei der Futtermischungen mit hohem XP-Gehalt. 2. Bei einem XP-Gehalt von 18,5% und einem Anstieg der Thr-Konzentration von 0,45% auf 0,60% dThr zeigte sich kein Einfluss auf die TDG-Aktivität in der Kükenleber, wohl aber bei einem XP-Gehalt von 22,5% und einem Gehalt von 0,60% dThr war die TDG-Aktivität in der Kükenleber erhöht. Das könnte den Bereich angeben, in dem Threonin nicht mehr limitierend wirkt. 3. Bei einem Gehalt von 16,5% XP und einem Anstieg der Thr-Konzentration von 0,65% auf 0,79% wurde kein Einfluss auf die TDG-Aktivität in der Kükenleber ermittelt, dagegen stieg die TDG-Aktivität bei einem Gehalt von 22,0% XP und einer Erhöhung des Thr-Gehaltes von 0,86% auf 1,05% signifikant an. 4. Im Verlauf des Phasenfütterungsversuches zeigten sich altersabhängige Veränderungen der TDG-Aktivität, die mit Phasen eines besonders hohen metabolischen Bedarfes an Glycin erklärt weden können. 5. Bei einem XP-Gehalt von 22,0% (Gly + Ser-Gehalt 1,55%) führte die Erhöhung des Thr-Gehaltes von 0,45% auf 0,60% dThr zu einer mehreren Akkumulation von Gly in den Lebermitochondrien, jedoch nicht signifikantem Anstieg der TDG-Aktivität. Bei 1,90% Gly+Ser und 22,0% XP stieg die TDG-Aktivität nach Thr-Zulage signifikant an. Dieser Befund weist auf das Ende des Thr-Limitierungsbereiches hin. 6. Bei Laborratten lag die TDG-Aktivität bei einer proteinfreien Ration am niedrigsten, erhöhte sich bei einer XP-Steigerung bis 12,0% XP, verringerte sich geringfügig bis 18,0% XP und stieg von 18,0% bis 24,0% XP tendenziell an. Insgesamt beeinflusste das XP-Niveau die TDG-Aktivität aber nur zufällig. 7. Der Anstieg des Thr-Gehaltes von 0,28% auf 0,72% bei 12,0% XP bewirkte einen allmählichen Anstieg der TDG-Aktivität in den Rattenlebermitochondrien. Das trifft ebenfalls für die Futtermischung mit 18,0% XP zu, allerdings auf einem etwas höheren Niveau. Die TDG-Aktivität wurde nahezu ausschließlich durch die Aminoacetonakkumulierung moduliert. TDG-Aktivität und Thr-Wirksamkeit zeigten das Ende des Thr-Limitierungsbereiches an. Die in vitro TDG-Aktivitäten der Leber von Küken und Laborratten wird demnach nicht nur durch die Thr-Konzentrationen im Futter sondern auch vom XP-Gehalt und damit dem Angebot anderer Aminosäuren sowie vom Alter beeinflusst. Da offensichtlich Zusammenhänge zur unspezifischen Katabolisierungsrate anderer Aminosäuren bestehen, wird die Interpretation von TDG-Veränderungen (in vitro) erschwert. Bezüge zum Parameter Thr-Wirksamkeit sind mit Einschränkungen deutlich geworden und müssen, bevor quantitative Aussagen möglich sind, weiter erforscht werden.

This study assesses agricultural planning and production perspective on smallholder farms of Boschplaats 91 JR using an integration of a geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS). The main objective was to evaluate the use of agro-ecological zoning (AEZ) in planning and its role in promoting sustainable agricultural production on a smallholder farm. This was achieved through processing, analysis and interpretation of satellite images together with in situ spatial data for land suitability evaluation. SPOT-5 images, which were acquired from 2006 through to 2011 were used to detect change that took place in the study area. Agro-ecological parameters such as soil, climate and terrain are limiting factors that would have a negative impact on agricultural production. Soil degradation is also a major problem to food security in Thaba Ya Batho smallholder farms and presents environmental constraints to agricultural expansion. Suitable land that could increase food production was identified and mapped. This contributes to delineation of the suitability of the land and demarcating areas of high agricultural potential. The results show that a GIS and RS make it possible to plan and monitor the use of the environment on Thaba Ya Batho smallholdings. The analysis of climate, soil and terrain has shown that more than 80% of the study area is suitable for both irrigated and dryland production. A number of key constraints faced by smallholder farmers are presented. Lack of experience and poor agricultural planning were found to be among limiting factors to production. Despite the scale at which agro-ecological zones are generated, they still play significant role in planning of agricultural production / Department of Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Management)

One of the major text-oriented movements of the twentieth century, structuralism interests itself in the structural patterns of literary works. Gerard Genette, renowned French structuralist, examined the complex relations between the narrative and the story it tells. Among others, he dealt with tense,which works with the relationship between the time of the story (histoire) and the time of the text (recit). Thus he order concerns the relationship between the succession of events in the story and their arrangement in the text, duration has to do with distortion of narrative speed, while frequency denotes the relationship between the number of times an event appears in the story and the number of limes it is narrated or mentioned in the text (Chapter 1). Rooted in the aforementioned tenets, this study examines time order, i.e.order relations, in three novels of Northern Sotho author 0 K Matsepe, viz LeSitaphiri (Chapter 2), meqokqo ya Bjoko (Chapter 3) and Letsofalela (Chapter 4). By reconstructing the story from the text in each case, the remarkable extent to which Matsepe deviated from linear chronology was revealed The investigation disclosed numerous discrepancies between story-time and text-time, in Genette's terms known as anachrolis: analepsis which implies a "return to the past" and prolepsis denoting "a leap into the future". All three works begin in medias res, which means that the starting point of the text is not the starting point of the story. Through his abundant use of analepsis Matsepe manages to blur the distinction between past and present, creating a literary portrait of simultaneity and timelessness, a reality, yet different from the real world. In a world fraught with magic, turmoil and strife, peace can only be enjoyed when the inhabitants have moved to a new locality. In so doing, Matsepe hints at another world as the eventual peaceful destination of man. The few instances of prolepsis similarly stress that longing for a better dispensation: on earth man is but a sojourner on his way somewhere (Chapter 5). / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

M.A. (African Languages) / This research concentrates primarily on feminism and attempts to study it in relation to Northern Sotho literature. As Kekana is undoubtedly the first author to deal with this topic in her novel - NONYANA YA TOKOLOGO (The Bird of Freedom), this proves the fact that in Northern Sotho literature feminism is still at its infancy stage, hence, the topic of this research - KEKANA'S NONYANA YA TOKOLOGO AS REPRESENTATIVE OF EMERGING FEMINISM IN NORTHERN SOTHO LITERATURE. Feminism emerges in Northern Sotho literature for the following two reasons: firstly, Kekana is the first writer in Northern Sotho to show vested interest in the topic; secondly, though her efforts in pioneering this path are appreciated, she should have clearly shown the way women should go to be liberated from patriarchal prison. After demonstrating so well that men oppress women in a patriarchal society, she dampens women's morale to aspire to freedom by returning Taamane to her oppressor- Tshaledi.

PhD (Xitsonga) / MER Mathivha Centre for African Languages, Arts and Culture / Ku va tiko ra Afrika-Dzonga ri simekile mfumo wa xidemokirasi hi 1994 swi vile mhaka yo saseka na ku va ndzhuti wa Vantima wu vuyiseriwa evutshan’wini bya wona. Mfumo wa xidimokirasi wu katsa na timhaka ta ndzingano wa tindzimi. Ndzavisiso lowu wu kanerile timfanelo ta tindzimi ni matimba ya tindzimi tin’wana hi ku langutisa ndhawu ya Xitsonga exikarhi ka tindziminyingi ta Afrika-Dzonga. Ndzavisiso lowu wu tirhisile maendlelo ya nongonoko wa swivutiso ku hlengeleta mahungu ya nkoka. Lawa i maendlelo ya swivutiso yo tsala kunene. Hi maendlelo lawa machudeni yo ringana makumembirhi lawa ya endlaka lembe ro hetelela ra Xitsonga na lama endlaka masitasi ya Xitsonga eyunivhesiti yin’we eAfrika-Dzonga va nyikiwile maphepha ya swivutiso kutani va hlamula hi ku tsala. Mulavisisi u kotile ku kuma mahungu eka machudeni mayelana na mavonelo ya vona ya ndhawu ya Xitsonga exikarhi ka tindziminyingi ta Afrika-Dzonga. Eka ndzavisiso lowu maendlelo ya nkoka na wona ma tirhisiwile. Wonaya tirhisiwile ku kombisa mavonelo ya vatekaxiave hi ku ya tlhantlha na ku ya hlamusela hi ku enta.Maendlelo ya nxopaxopo wa switsariwa ya tirhisiwile. Hi maendlelo lawa mulavisisi u anamisile miehleketo ya yena hi ku hlaya tibuku, tipholisi na milawu leyi khumbaka timhaka ta ririmi. Ndzavisiso lowu wu tirhisile thiyori ya ‘the universality and relativity of human rights, leyi yi boxaka leswaku timfanelo ta munhu hi leti munhu a nga na tona hikuva munhu i munhu. Hi ku kongomisa, timfanelo ta munhu i masungusungu ya vumunhu. Ndzavisiso lowu i wa nkoka hikuva wu ta endla leswaku vavulavuri va tindzimi leti nga na matimba lamatsongo va tiva timfanelo ta vona.Tlhandlakambirhi, vavulavuri va tindzimi leti nga na matimba lamatsongo na vona va ta titwa leswaku ririmi ra vona i ra nkoka exikarhi ka tiko ra tindziminyingi. Hi nga dlayiseta hi ku vula leswaku vavulavuri va Xitsonga hi ku kongomisa eka ndzavisiso lowu, va ta kota ku swi vona leswaku na vona va na lunghelo mayelana na vukorhokeri na nhluvukiso wa ririmi ra vona. / NRF

Abstracts in English, Sotho and Zulu / Waste generation is a global problem encountered by many nations. In recent years, population growth, booming urbanisation, an increase in economic activities and rise of communities’ living standards have significantly escalated household waste generation which has been a cause for concern. Waste production in households and schools imposes serious concern on the environment. To curb further depletion of environmental resources, sustainable consumption and household waste management practices and systems cannot be over emphasised. Therefore, the aim of the study was to explore the views of secondary school teachers’ views with regard to learners’ awareness of household waste management in Newcastle, South Africa. This study, following a qualitative approach, adopted a case study design to explore secondary teachers’ views on learners’ awareness on household waste management in the Newcastle municipality, in the Amajuba District, South Africa. By using semi- structured interviews, non-participatory observation and documents analysis, data were collected from three secondary schools and nine teachers, teaching Natural Sciences, Social Sciences and Life Orientation in Grade 8. The findings revealed that teachers understand the importance and benefits of household waste management although misconceptions of household waste management still prevailed. A challenge that emerged showed that teachers lack training to successfully integrate household waste management in their subjects. Their failure to identify household waste management themes in their CAPS subjects was sufficient evidence for the urgency of in-service training of teachers to assist them in integrating environmental education (EE) themes such as household waste management in their subjects. Although teachers experienced several challenges regarding implementing the theme of household waste management in their subjects, they considered the benefits outweighed the challenges. / Tlhahiso ya ditshila ke bothata bo aparetseng dinaha tse ngata. Dilemong tsa morao tjena, kgolo ya baahi, ho eketseha ha ditoropo, ho eketseha ha mesebetsi ya moruo, le ho phahama ha maemo a bophelo a baahi ho ekeditse tlhahiso ya ditshila tsa malapa ka mokgwa o bonahalang, e leng seo e leng sesosa sa ho tshwenyeha. Tlhahiso ya ditshila malapeng le dikolong e baka mathata a tebileng tikolohong. Ho thibela ho qepha ho eketsehileng ha mehlodi ya tikoloho, tshebediso e tsitsitseng le ditlwaelo tsa taolo ya ditshila tsa malapeng le ditsamaiso ho hloka ho elwa hloko ka tsela e kgethehileng. Kahoo, sepheo sa phuputso e ne e le ho hlahloba maikutlo a matitjhere a dikolo tse mahareng mabapi le tlhokomediso ya baithuti ka taolo ya ditshila tsa malapa Newcastle, Afrika Borwa. Phuputso, ka ho sebedisa mokgwa wa boleng, e amohetse moralo wa phuputso e ikgethileng ho hlahloba maikutlo a matitjhere a dikolo tse bohareng hodima tlhokomediso ya baithuti mabapi le taolo ya ditshila tsa malapa mmasepaleng wa Newcastle, Seterekeng sa Amajuba, Afrika Borwa. Ka ho sebedisa dipuisano tse hlophisitsweng hantle, tlhahlobo e sa kenyelletseng bonkakarolo le manollo ya ditokomane, datha e ile ya bokellwa ho tswa dikolong tse tharo tse bohareng le ho matitjhere a robong, a rutang Saense ya Tlhaho, Saense ya Phedisano le Thuto ya Bophelo bakeng sa baithuti ba Sehlopha sa 8. Diphetho di senotse hore matitjhere a utlwisisa bohlokwa le melemo ya taolo ya ditshila tsa malapa le hoja maikutlo a fosahetseng mabapi le taolo ya ditshila tsa malapa a ntse a atile. Phephetso e ileng ya hlaha e bontsha hore matitjhere a haellwa ke kwetliso ya ho kenyelletsa ka katleho taolo ya ditshila tsa malapa dithutong tsa bona. Ho hloleha ho kgetholla dihlooho tsa taolo ya ditshila tsa malapa dithutong tsa bona tsa CAPS e ne e le bopaki bo lekaneng ba ho potlaka ha kwetliso ya matitjhere a tshebetsong ho ba thusa ho kenyelletsa dihlooho tsa thuto ya tikoloho (EE) jwalo ka taolo ya ditshila tsa malapa dithutong tsa bona. Leha ele hore matitjhere a ile a ba le diphephetso mabapi le ho kenyelletsa dihlooho tsa taolo ya ditshila tsa malapa dithutong tsa bona, ba ile ba utlwa hore melemo e feta diphephetso. / Ukukhiqizeka kukadoti kuyinkinga ehlangabezana nezizwe eziningi emhlabeni. Eminyakeni esanda kudlula, ukukhula kwenani labantu, ukukhula kwamadolobha, ukukhula kwemisebenzi yamabhizinisi kanye nokukhuphuka kwezinga lempilo yabantu yikho okuye kwadala ukuthi imizi ikhiqize izinga eliphezulu likadoti/lenkukuma, okuyinkinga ebekade ivele isikhona. Ukukhiqizeka kukadoti emakhaya kanye nasezikoleni kudala izinkinga ezibi kakhulu endaweni. Ukuqeda ukumoshakala/ukuguga kwemithombo yezendawo okuqhubekela phambili, kusobala ukuthi kudingeka izindlela ezisimelele zokugaywa kukadothi kanye nezindlela zokulawula kukadothi kanti konke lokhu kuyiqiniso elingenakuphikiswa. Ngakho-ke, inhloso yocwaningo kwakuwukuphenya imibono yabafundisi bezikole zamabanga aphakeme mayelana nokuxwayisa uhlelo lokulawulwa kukadoti endaweni yase Newcastle, eNingizimu Afrika. Lolu cwaningo ngokulandela indlela yocwaningo eyencike kwingxoxo, luye lwalandela idizayini yocwaningo lotho ukuphenya imibono yabafundisi bamabanga aphakeme mayelana nokuxwayiswa kwabafundi ngokulawulwa kukadoti emakhaya ngaphansi kukamasipaladi waseNewcastle, ongaphansi kwesiFunda saseMajuba, eNingizimu Afrika. Idatha iye yaqoqwa ngokusebenzisa inhlolovo embaxambili, kwahlaziywa indlela yokuziphatha futhi kwahlaziywa imibhalo, kanti le datha iqoqwe ezikoleni zamabanga aphakeme ezintathu kanye nakubafundisi abayisishiyagalolunye, okungabafundisi abafundisa izifundo phecelezi Natural Sciences, Social Sciences kanye neLife Orientation yabafundi bakaGreyidi 8. Ulwazi olutholakele luveze ukuthi abafundisi bazwisisa ukubaluleka kanye nezinzuzo zohlelo lokulawulwa kukadoti, yize kusekhona ukudideka/ukungazwisisani mayelana nohlelo lokulawula ukuphatha kukadoti. Inselelo ebonakele, ikhombise ukuthi abafundisi baswela ukuqeqeshwa ukuze bakwazi ukuzwisisa kahle uhlelo lokulawulwa kukadoti kwizifundo zabo. Ukwehluleka kwabo ukwehlukanisa izindikimba zokulawulwa kukadoti emakhaya ezifundweni zabo zeCAPS kuye kwaba wubufakazi obanele besidingo esisheshayo sokuqeqeshwa kwabafundisi abasemsebenzini ukubanceda ukuba bakwazi ukuhlanganisa izindikimba zezifundo zezendawo environmental education (EE) ezinjengokulawulwa kukadoti ezifundweni zabo.Yize abafundisi behlangabezana nezinselele ezimbalwa mayelana nokusebenzisa indikimba yokulawulwa kukadoti ezifundweni zabo, baye babona ukuthi izinzuzo zalokhu zedlula izinselele. / Curriculum and Instructional Studies / M. Ed. (Environmental Education Curriculum)

Informe de Seminario para optar al grado de Licenciado en Lengua y Literatura Hispánica mención Literatura

PhD (Xitsonga) / Ehansi ka Senthara ya MER Mathivha ya Tindzimi ta Afrika, Vutshila na Ndhavuko / See the attached abstract below

MA (Xitsonga) / Ehansi ka Senthara ya M.E.R. Mathivha ya Tindzimi ta Afrika, Vutshila na Mfuwo / Ndzavisiso lowu wu lava ku kombisa nkucetelo lowu Xilungu xi nga na wona eka mathyelo ya mavito ya vanhu eka Xitsonga. Ku thyiwa ka mavito ya munhu ku na ntikelo lowukulu eka vanhu hikuva ku komba ndhavuko, matitwelo, mitolovelo, maendlelo, ku navela na ripfumelo ra vanhu va rixaka ro karhi. Hi xitalo mavito ya tisa hungu ro karhi endyangwini, emugangeni kumbe etikweni; hileswaku hungu leri ri nga eka vito ri nga kongomisiwa eka n’wini wa vito kumbe eka vanhu van’wana erixakeni. EAfrika mavito a ya thyiwi ntsenantsena kambe ya thyiwa hikuva ya ri na nhlamuselo yo karhi. Ndzavisiso lowu wu kombisile switandzhaku swo biha leswi va ka kona loko Vatsonga va nga tirhisi mavito ya Xitsonga ku thya vana va vona. Ndzavisiso wu ta tlherile wu languta swivangelo leswi endlaka leswaku Vatsonga va thya vana mavito ya Xilungu. Xo hetelela, ndzavisiso wu langutile tindlela leti nga tirhisiwa ku endla leswaku Vatsonga va tirhisa mavito ya Xitsonga ematshan’wini ya Xilungu. / NRF