The theme of this research is smart power in Iran’s foreign policy toward Arab national security in the Middle East [Lebanon, Iraq, and Yemen]. This important and influential topic was explained and analyzed on the regional and international political scene. Also, it highlighted how the IRI managed in employing this type of power in its foreign policy with the purpose to penetrate Arab national security and exporting its Islamic revolution to the Arab surrounding, and the gains it had made, in accordance with the directives of the Supreme Leader Ayatollah Khomeini, and in line with what is stipulated in the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran 1979. The study examined the case studies of Lebanon, Iraq, and Yemen during the time period (2003- 2015), where 2003 witnessed a significant turning point that contributed to reviving Iran’s dual-strategy to expand in the Arab world and reshaping its map and regimes in preparation for exporting its Islamic revolution to it and extending its control over it, relying on its hard and soft power instruments on the one hand, and taking advantage of some regional and international shifts that turned the balance of power in favor of Iran - such as the US-led occupation of Iraq, the strategic buffer for the Arab region, in addition to the outbreak of the Arab Spring in late 2010, which crowned in the Iranian-backed Houthis group’s seizure of the Yemeni capital, Sanaa, in late 2014- that made the Middle East a fertile soil and conducive atmosphere to the implementation of Iranian agendas on the other hand. The research depended on Nay’s smart power model and Waltz’s neo-realism theory, as exclusive analytical frameworks. As well an interpretive case study was utilized as the main research method whose findings were derived from primary and secondary databases. The research concluded that the IRI had succeeded in employing smart power in its foreign policy, enabling it to occupy three Arab countries, which are considered fundamental pillars of Arab national security. This, in turn, has proved beyond the shadow of a doubt that the IRI poses an existential danger and a serious threat to the Arab nation and its national security, as evidenced by the research databases.

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The unusual way in which Britain's empire in Arabia was connected politically and constitutionally to the metropole, and the perceived – in some instances exaggerated – view of its strategic and economic importance, created both an opportunity and a justification for the British disengagement from the region to happen differently than in most of the rest of the empire. Strong personalities – in the metropole, amongst the men on the spot, and among local elites – played a crucial role in decision-making, and this thesis argues that informal networks from among these three constituencies worked in parallel to the established formal channels, impacting policy and driving the decision-making process. These networks initially contributed to a break in the political consensus within the metropole, but eventually also helped to restore it. The manipulation of local elites was the tool of choice, used by Britain (under both Conservative and Labour Governments) and its "men on the spot", in their endeavour to secure a lasting privileged position in Arabia. How key actors adapted to change, both in their own societies and in the international system, often determined the success or otherwise of their endeavours. This tangled tale of Britain’s last imperial stand in Arabia is far from being a unique case of how modern empires have handled unusual episodes of imperial retreat. The story has echoes in two other imperial exits of the late 20^th century – the French disengagement from Algeria from 1954 to 1962, and Russian efforts to maintain a privileged position in Georgia, immediately before and after the collapse of the USSR in 1991, and since. Even if it is too early to draw firm conclusions, similar patterns – as the ones discussed in this thesis with regards to the end of the British Empire in Arabia – can also be observed in the other two cases, allowing us to draw some observations and lessons.

Le Yémen est aujourd’hui irrémédiablement associé dans les médias internationaux à la question de la violence terroriste. D’un Yémen fantasmé, celui de l’Arabie Heureuse, les hebdomadaires français semblent passés à un Yémen criminalisé, celui des experts en terrorisme et des menaces géopolitiques. La surmédiatisation par cycle d’un pays, par ailleurs habituellement faiblement médiatisé, produit son lot de raccourcis. Paradoxalement, les zones qui constituaient le berceau des anciennes civilisations du Yémen sont aujourd'hui devenues les zones tribales les plus arriérées et les plus criminalisées. Le pays le plus peuplé mais aussi seule république de la péninsule Arabique, ne manque pas de singularités et continue d’être l’objet tant de fantasmes que d’ignorance. Pauvre, tribale et l’islam seul horizon culturel, avec des groupes d’Al-Qaeda qui montent en puissance et des instabilités politiques au nord comme au sud, le Yémen est présenté avec une vision caricaturale dans les hebdomadaires étudiés pendant 20 ans, de la première guerre du Golfe à l’attentat manqué de 25 décembre 2009, en passant évidemment par le 11 septembre et ses retombées. Cette thèse cherche à savoir pourquoi l’image du pays de la Reine de Saba est passée à celle d'« origine de la famille Ben Laden » et de « pays aux soixante millions d’armes » : les clichés sur le Yémen abondent. De même, cette thèse entend apporter des analyses et des éclairages de la complexité de la société yéménite, qui est complexe et critique et sur tous les plans, engagée aujourd’hui dans un tournant révolutionnaire. / In the international media, Yemen today is irrevocably associated with the topic of terrorist violence. From a fantasized Yemen know as Arabia Felix, the French weeklies seem to have moved now to a criminalized Yemen, that of the experts on terrorism and geopolitical threats. The media high exposure per cycle of such country, usually low-profile, produces mainly its own set of shortcuts. Paradoxically, areas that were the cradle of ancient civilizations of Yemen have now become the most backward tribal areas and the most criminalized. The most populous country which is also a singular place and the only republic of the Arabian peninsula, continues to be the subject of so many fantasies as well as ignorance. Poor, tribal, and Islam as its single cultural horizon, with bands of Al-Qaeda rising powers and political instabilities in the north and south, Yemen is presented by a caricature in the studied weekly for 20 years, starting from the first Gulf War ending with the failed attack on December 25, 2009, considering of course September 11 and its aftermath. This thesis seeks to know why the country's image of “The Queen of Sheba” went to the "Origin of the bin Laden family" and also "Country of sixty million arms": the clichés abound on Yemen. At the same time, this thesis aims to provide analysis and insights on the complexity of Yemeni society, which is complex and critical at all levels, and now engaged in a revolutionary turn.

The diploma thesis Comparation of the coverage of war conflicts in Yemen and Syria by the Czech media examines to what extent and in what way two wars, which have been going on for several years and are among the biggest humanitarian crises of the present, are reflected in selected media. The conflicts under investigation are the war in Syria and the war in Yemen. The aim of the thesis was to prove that although the two wars are comparable in many aspects, there is a considerable difference between their media coverage. The theoretical part summarizes and defines important concepts accompanying news and news selection and their impact, the role of the media in war and other concepts such as ideology or propaganda. The research part examines the individual reports of three selected news sites, which are Aktuálně.cz, Novinky.cz and iDnes.cz. Based on four theoretical bases, the variables in media content of selected media were investigated. Based on the analysis it was found that the Syrian conflict in the media space gets much more attention than the Yemeni conflict. Furthermore, it was found that while the war in Syria is most often put into the context of the actions of state actors, the most common theme of the reports on the war in Yemen is the development of the conflict. The third hypothesis...

This period of the history of the Jews in the Yemen was selected for study on account· of the richness of the material which is available. The sources used in this research for the study of the political, economic and social situation of the Jews in the Yemen may be divided into the following groups: 1. The MSS. A - Hebrew MSS. B Arabic MSS. The printed sources A - Hebrew printed B - Arabic printed sources c - European printed sources Trave1lers A - Contemporary travellers B - Modern travellers In addition to the Hebrew and Arabic sources we have a series of eye-witness reports from travellers who visited the Yemen during the last three centuries, and whose observations have had remarkable and enduring results. The information obtained from these sources is plentiful and of great interest and importance for the history of the Yemen in general and supplies us with personal observations on the people, both Arabs and Jews. Such journevs increased the volume of knowledge and broadened its horizons owing to the opportunities taken for study and investigation. Although these sources have been mentioned in both the footnotes and the bibliography, it would be worth mentioning them here to estimate their relative informative value. One of the most essential Hebrew sources on which we have relied most in this dissertation is Korot Ha-Zman, written by Habshush. All we can learn about Habshush must be gleaned from his own writings. He was primarily a coppersmith by profession and it was only in his later years that he took up writing. In the Spring of 1893, Habshush was occupied in writing his Hebrew account of the history of the Jews'in the Yemen. The Autumn of the same year he spent writing his account about his journey with Halevy.1 His decision to write his own works was perhaps partly due to the influence of the European travellers who spread culture among the Jews in the Yemen in the nineteenth century. But his method of writing and his bitter complaints against the treatment of Ha1evy.

Cette thèse porte sur l’histoire du développement de l’État qasimite au Yémen à l’époque moderne. La dynastie qasimite puisa sa légitimité dans la théorie de l’imamat zaydite, basée sur la conception chiite du pouvoir. Enracinés dans les Hauts-plateaux yéménites depuis le IIIe/IXe siècle, les imams zaydites étaient des guerriers se réclamant d’une généalogie sacrée, source de leur pouvoir charismatique. Héritiers de cette histoire, les Qasimites se saisirent du pouvoir au Yémen par une révolte contre les Ottomans qui débuta en 1006/1597. Après l’expulsion des Ottomans en 1045/1635, les Qasimites s’imposèrent comme les seuls maîtres du territoire yéménite. Pendant le règne des six premiers imams, le territoire des Qasimites, initialement limité à une partie de Hauts plateaux zaydites, ne cessa de s’étendre pour englober de vastes zones sunnites. Dès lors, le développement de l’État qasimite s’accompagna d’un processus de révisions idéologiques dont le principal enjeu était le maintien du pouvoir sur un territoire hétérogène du point de vue religieux. Malgré des formes de résistances diverses et multiples, l’État qasimite perdura pendant plus de deux siècles (XIe/XVIIe-XIIIe/XIXe). Cet État sut, sur les bases d’une idéologie zaydite renouvelée, développer des institutions politiques et administratives durables en s’appuyant sur des réseaux intégrant, selon des modalités variées, les notabilités religieuses et tribales. / This thesis focuses on the history of development of the qasimi state in Yemen in modern times. Qasimi dynasty drew his legitimacy in the theory of the Zaydi imamate, based on the Shiite concept of power. Rooted in the Yemeni Highlands since the third / ninth century, the Zaydi imams were warriors claiming a sacred genealogy, source of their charismatic power. Heirs of this history, Qasimis seized power in Yemen by a revolt against the Ottomans, which began in 1006/1597. After the expulsion of the Ottomans in 1045/1635, the Qasimis established themselves as the sole masters of the Yemeni territory. During the reign of the first six imams, the territory of Qasimis, initially limited to a part of Zaydi Highlands, never ceased to expand to include vast Sunni areas. Therefore, the development of qasimi state was accompanied by a process of ideological revisions, whose main issue was the maintenance of the power on a heterogeneous territory from the religious point of view. Despite various and multiple forms of resistances, the qasimi state continued for more than two centuries (11th/17th-13th/19th). This state was able, on the basis of a renewed Zaydi ideology, to develop sustainable political and administrative institutions relying on networks including religious and tribal notables, according to various modalities.

The deposition of Imam Muhammad al-Badr in September 1962 was the culmination of a Yemeni nationalist movement that began in the 1940s with numerous failed attempts to overthrow the traditional religious legal order. Prior to 1962, both the USSR and Egypt had been cultivating alliances with al-Badr in an effort to secure their strategic interests in South Arabia. In the days following the 1962 coup d'état, Abdullah Sallal and his cohort of Yemeni officers established a republic and concealed the fate of al-Badr who had survived an assault on his Sana'a palace and whose supporters had already begun organizing a tribal coalition against the republic. A desperate appeal by Yemeni republicans brought the first Egyptian troops to Yemen. Saudi Arabia, pressured by Egyptian troops, border tribal considerations and earlier treaties with the Yemeni Imamate, supported the Imam's royalist opposition. The battleground between Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser and al-Badr was transformed into an arena for international conflict and diplomacy. The UN mission to Yemen, while portrayed as a symbol of failed and underfunded global peacekeeping at the time, was in fact instrumental in establishing the basis for a diplomatic resolution to the conflict. Bruce Condé, an American philatelist, brought global attention to the royalist-republican struggle to control the Yemeni postal system. The last remnants of the British Middle East Empire fought with Nasser to maintain a mutually declining level of influence in the region. Israeli intelligence and air force aided royalist forces and served witness to the Egyptian use of chemical weapons, a factor that would impact decision-making prior to the 1967 War. Despite concurrent Cold War tensions, Americans and Soviets appeared on the same side of the Yemeni conflict and acted mutually to confine Nasser to the borders of South Arabia. This internationalized conflict was a pivotal event in Middle East history as it oversaw the formation of a modern Yemeni state, the fall of Egyptian and British regional influence, another Arab-Israeli war, Saudi dominance of the Arabian Peninsula, and shifting power alliances in the Middle East.

The thesis aims to take a closer look at fundamental problematic areas of Yemeni society, carries out their deeper analysis and identifies the root causes. It deals specifically with human capital from quantitative(demographic trends) as well as qualitative perspective (level of human development) and analyses current political and security situation. The thesis focuses also on the natural resources -- water and oil, their depletion and estimated available amounts. Yemen will likely become the first country ever to run out of underground water resources. A combination of natural dispositions, economy orientation and technology level could possibly lead to the first humanitarian disaster of its kind. In terms of oil production, Yemen is a small exporter on the global level, however the public finance together with public services provision are on the sector highly depended.

In 1993 William McRaven developed a theory about how special forces units could achieve relative superiority against a larger, well-defended force. To achieve relative superiority, the unit mustconsider the six principles that in one way or other effects the result and makes the difference between failure and success. But a lot have happened since 1993. September 11, 2001 marks as a turning point in the war against terror when al-Qaeda hijacked airliners and flew them straight into World Trade Center and Pentagon. President George Bush declared war against terror immediately, a war that still is beingfought today. Since then, the use of special operations forces has increased dramatically but studies about them remains far behind. The aim of this study is to analyze if McRavens theory remain relevant in modern conflictsagainst terror organizations. This was achieved by applying McRavens theory on two cases, Operation Neptune Spear and The Raid on Yakla. The result shows that the theory has explanatory power but when operating under highest secrecy, information remains restricted for scholars and researchers. Making it difficult to generalize a theory of units of this character.