Gottsunda is a suburb to the city of Uppsala. A new plan has been made for the area around the center of Gottsunda, where new apartment houses and a sports centre will take place. My proposal of a civic centre in Gottsunda wants to connect the current, strong identity of Gottsunda with the newly planned neighborhood. Both through the chosen materials but also by creating an open public ground floor which refers to the yards around Gottsunda where most of the social life takes place. / I ett grönt område i närheten av Linnés botaniska expeditionsstråk, Herbatio Gottsundensis, växte Gottsunda fram under 1960- och 1970-talet som en miljonprogramsförort till Uppsala. Den sociala gemenskapen i Gottsunda äger primärt rum på gårdarna mellan husen. Men centrum, som idag består av komplexet Gottsunda Centrum, är en sluten byggnad med ett ödsligt inre. Gottsunda kommer snart börja förtätas och området kring Gottsunda Centrum bli en stadsdel i stadsdelen, med nya höga hus. Mitt förslag är en låg byggnad i två plan, med tanken om att varje sida av byggnaden ska relatera till sin omgivning. Framförallt har det varit viktigt att bottenplanet ska bilda öppna publika rum som kopplar till de omkringliggande ytorna runt byggnaden. Jag valt att bearbeta de omkringliggande ytorna med tydliga funktioner - en park, ett torg, en station och en baksida med odling omger nu medborgarhuset och knyter an till de inre publika rummen i byggnaden. På bottenplanet står betongvolymer som inrymmer byggnadens inre funktioner – bibliotek, blackbox och utställning. Man rör sig över de öppna publika ytorna på bottenplanet, mellan bärande betongvolymer. På så sätt accentueras de massiva volymerna på bottenplanet och det bildas en rörelse mellan massa och tomrum, från publik yta till byggnadens inre funktioner. Det övre planet hänger tungt över bottenplanet, och gör sig påmint om aktiviteterna som äger rum där. Genom att ta sig in i de massiva betongvolymerna kommer man upp till det övre planet där bibliotek och ateljé finns. Här är tanken är att skapandet (i ateljéerna) och berättandet (biblioteket) fritt ska kunna ta plats och mötas i de öppna ytorna.

Urbanisation is a global trend and in the year 2050 a big part of the world's population is expected to be living in urban areas. With this demographic change comes challenges. Biodiversity is the foundation for ecosystems to create services that human welfare depends on. The so called ecosystem services create functions that have provisioning, regulating, cultural and supporting values för humans. The expansion of ecosystems is threatened around the world because of the increased urbanisation and more paved areas and less green spaces that are available for species to settle in. Green infrastructure is a management system that has become popular mainly in urban areas as a tool to conserve biodiversity and manage ecosystems in a sustainable way. By re-creating habitats and ecosystem functions a higher resilience is created in cities and through that it becomes easier to face challenges that come with a changed climate. In Sweden green infrastructure is an important component to reach global and national environmental goals. The capital of Sweden, Stockholm is growing rapidly. Because of the growing population the design of the city and the amount of green spaces is even more important to improve the ecological, economical and social aspects in society. In this study a qualitative content analysis has been made to examine how Sweden works with the implementation of green infrastructure on a national, regional and local level. By analysing three relevant policy documents an analytical framework has been used to look closer at how ecosystem services are expressed in the different levels. The result shows that ecosystem services are given a large place in the guidelines and the action plan for green infrastructure in Sweden. It is even more clear on a local level because a big part of the planprogram over the formation of the new district Årstafältet concentrates on creating ecological solutions to help ecosystem services to create its functions. The result also shows that the implementation of green infrastructure should be overarched by cooperation and transparency where more participants are included for the best possible decisions to be made. / Urbanisering är en global trend och år 2050 förväntas en stor andel av världens befolkning vara bosatta i urbana områden. Med denna demografiska förändring kommer utmaningar. Den biologiska mångfalden är en grundsten för att ekosystem ska kunna skapa de tjänster som människans välmående är beroende av. Ekosystemtjänster skapar funktioner som har försörjande, reglerande, kulturella och stödjande värden för människor. Ekosystemens utbredning hotas världen över på grund av ökad urbanisering då många ytor hårdläggs och färre gröna ytor blir tillgängliga för arter att bosätta sig i. Grön infrastruktur är ett förvaltningssystem som har blivit populärt framförallt i urbana områden för att bevara den biologiska mångfalden och förvalta ekosystem på ett hållbart sätt. Genom att återskapa livsmiljöer och ekosystemfunktioner skapas en högre resiliens i städerna och det blir på så sätt lättare att stå emot de utmaningar som kommer i och med ett förändrat klimat. I Sverige är grön infrastruktur en viktig komponent för att nå upp till globala och nationella miljömål. Sveriges huvudstad Stockholm växer i snabb takt. I och med den växande befolkningen blir utformningen av staden och andelen gröna ytor än viktigare för att förbättra de ekologiska, ekonomiska och sociala aspekterna i samhället. Denna studie har utgått ifrån en kvalitativ innehållsanalys för att undersöka hur Sverige arbetar med implementering av grön infrastruktur på nationell, regional och lokal nivå. Genom att analysera tre relevanta policydokument har ett analytiskt ramverk använts för att undersöka hur ekosystemtjänster kommer till uttryck på de olika nivåerna. Resultatet visar att ekosystemtjänster får en stor plats i riktlinjerna och handlingsplanerna för grön infrastruktur i Sverige. Än tydligare blir det på lokal nivå då en stor del av planprogrammet för utformningen av den nya stadsdelen Årstafältet inriktar sig på att skapa ekologiska lösningar för att underlätta för ekosystemtjänsterna att utveckla sina funktioner. Resultatet visar även att implementeringen av grön infrastruktur måste genomsyras av samarbete och transparens där flera aktörer involveras för att bästa möjliga beslut skall fattas.

<p>This report is the result of a diploma work made at Linköping University from August 2006 till September 2007 by Erik Lundin, under the guidance of Doctor Mike Andersson and Professor Anita Lloyd Spetz. Its purpose was to find suitable materials for the construction of an oxygen sensor. The hope was not to construct such a sensor, but to investigate materials that may be suitable in creating one. In the preparatory time period of the diploma work, different papers and books were studied in order to get a proper understanding of the sensor mechanism. During this period of time, a design proposal was made and the theory behind it is presented in this thesis. The main objective in this thesis has been to investigate the response of field effect devices to oxygen and other gases that are compounds in exhaust or flue gases. Devices were created by employing the materials which were investigated. Special material combinations were proposed for field effect devices suitable for oxygen detection by Doctor Mike Andersson. One material combination showed promising results for selective detection of the oxygen concentration in exhaust gases.</p> / This diploma work has been confidential

<p>Over the years, what people have considered as the center of Stockholm City has gone from the medieval Stortorget in Old Town to the contemporary Sergels Torg. But more recently it has become unclear how the area really works. It is difficult to say where the actual central part of Stockholm lies, because while the Central Station is where the majority of people arrive into town, it is not necessarily close to Sergelstorg (considered the center of town) or other attractive commercial areas. There's also another issue with where the center of Stockholm is located. The railways and roads running along Klarabergs Viaduct acts as a divide between the areas of Kungsholmen and Norrmalm; these rails, roads and water separate the two areas from each other. </p><p>In response to this problem of area division, a plan is being made to construct a new district near the center to mend the gap between the districts. The idea is that the center of Stockholm city will become more lively and attractive. The plan includes building new housing, commercial areas and a larger terrace called Mälarterrassen. In addition, improved mobility within the area is being planned by having better public transportation lines like <em>City banan</em> and tram named <em>Spårväg City</em> construction, as well as more pedestrian areas shall make the area become a district to thrive in.</p><p>How the area will actually operate in the future is still unclear and many questions still exist about how the area will be able to compete and, above all, integrate with the other districts. The parts considered to be most important for the area is the scale of residential property and an attractive area that keeps people in the area and to encourages them to pass through the area. Perhaps the best solution would be to have something special planned in this area that can attract people in the community – a city park, for example?</p>

<p>Då marina enheter numera deltar i internationella missioner, kommer den nya miljön som enheterna opererar i att påverka bland annat deras sensorer.</p><p>Den här studien avhandlar några av de nu framtagna självsanerande ytbeläggningarna och ger en presentation av hur de fungerar på några marina elektrooptiska sensorers yttersta linser.</p><p>Studien försöker ge svar på ytbeläggningarnas transmittans och hur effektivt de kan sanera bort oönskade saltlager tillsammans med andra nedsmutsande partiklar från sensorlinserna samt den militära nyttan av att använda självsanerande ytbeläggning.</p> / <p>This study deals with now developed self-cleaning coatings and gives a presentation of how they work on some electro-optical sensor lenses used in the navy. The study also examines the coatings transmittance and how efficient they can clean the sensor lenses from undesired salt layers and other soiling particles.</p><p>After the introduction the study presents basic facts of the chosen sensors, nanotechnology, surface wettability and also salts and salinity. Thereafter the study describes current nano-research on self-cleaning coatings and possible results there of, when the coatings are applied on the different sensors.</p><p>In the study I give my opinion of the military benefit of using self-cleaning coatings, which from a general point of view is that there mostly are positive effects using such a coating, in a technical perspective.</p><p>The study ends with conclusions that there are self-cleaning coatings based on TiO₂-nanoparticles which can transmit within the visual spectra and also can clean undesired soiling particles. But can not confirm that these coatings have the desired effect on salt crystals, or transmit within wavelengths spectrum for IR-detectors and lasers.</p> / ChpT 08-10

Over the years, what people have considered as the center of Stockholm City has gone from the medieval Stortorget in Old Town to the contemporary Sergels Torg. But more recently it has become unclear how the area really works. It is difficult to say where the actual central part of Stockholm lies, because while the Central Station is where the majority of people arrive into town, it is not necessarily close to Sergelstorg (considered the center of town) or other attractive commercial areas. There's also another issue with where the center of Stockholm is located. The railways and roads running along Klarabergs Viaduct acts as a divide between the areas of Kungsholmen and Norrmalm; these rails, roads and water separate the two areas from each other.  In response to this problem of area division, a plan is being made to construct a new district near the center to mend the gap between the districts. The idea is that the center of Stockholm city will become more lively and attractive. The plan includes building new housing, commercial areas and a larger terrace called Mälarterrassen. In addition, improved mobility within the area is being planned by having better public transportation lines like City banan and tram named Spårväg City construction, as well as more pedestrian areas shall make the area become a district to thrive in. How the area will actually operate in the future is still unclear and many questions still exist about how the area will be able to compete and, above all, integrate with the other districts. The parts considered to be most important for the area is the scale of residential property and an attractive area that keeps people in the area and to encourages them to pass through the area. Perhaps the best solution would be to have something special planned in this area that can attract people in the community – a city park, for example?

This thesis is the result of investigations regarding the processes in InAs III-V semiconductor surfaces induced by additional charge incorporated by adsorbates. The aim of the project is to study the development of the accumulation layer on the metal/InAs(111)A/B surfaces and its electronic structure. InAs(111)A is indium-terminated and InAs(111)B is arsenic-terminated. In addition, InAs(100) is also studied. These three substrates are different; InAs(111)A has a (2x2)-termination, explained by an indium vacancy model, and the clean surface exhibits a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG). InAs(111)B(1x1) is bulk-truncated and unreconstructed and does not host a 2DEG. InAs(100)(4x2)/c(8x2) exhibits a more covalent character of the surface bonds compared to InAs(111)A/B, and the surface is terminated by a complex reconstruction. Photoelectron spectroscopy and LEED (low energy electron diffraction) have been used as the main tools to study surfaces with sub-monolayer to monolayer amounts of adsorbates. A photoemission peak related to a two-dimensional electron gas appears close to the Fermi level. This 2DEG has in most cases InAs bulk properties, since it is located in the InAs conduction band. A systematic study of core levels and valence bands reveals that the appearance of the 2DEGs is a complex process connected to the surface order. Adsorption of lead, tin or bismuth on InAs(111)B(1x1) induces emission from a 2DEG, but only at monolayer coverage and when the surface is ordered. Cobalt reacts strongly with InAs forming InCo islands and no accumulation is observed. Examination of Cs/InAs(111)B does not reveal any 2DEG and the surface reaction is strongly related to the clean surface stabilization process. Examination of the In-terminated InAs(111)A(2x2) surface shows that In reacts strongly with cobalt and tin adatoms and with oxygen in cases of large exposure, which decreases the 2DEG intensity, while adatoms of cesium and small doses of oxygen enhance the emission from the 2DEG. InAs(100) is terminated with one kind of atom - the InAs(100)(4x2)/c(8x2) is indium terminated. Bismuth creates dimers on the surface and a 2DEG is observed. More generally, this thesis describes some of the general physical background applied to surface science and 2DEG. The first part is a general overview of the processes on the surface. The second part concentrates on the methods related to preparation of samples, and the third part on the measurement methods. The photoelectron spectroscopy part concerns the theory used in mapping electronic structure. The inserted figures are taken from different experiments, including results for InAs(111)A not previously published. / QC 20100910

This report is the result of a diploma work made at Linköping University from August 2006 till September 2007 by Erik Lundin, under the guidance of Doctor Mike Andersson and Professor Anita Lloyd Spetz. Its purpose was to find suitable materials for the construction of an oxygen sensor. The hope was not to construct such a sensor, but to investigate materials that may be suitable in creating one. In the preparatory time period of the diploma work, different papers and books were studied in order to get a proper understanding of the sensor mechanism. During this period of time, a design proposal was made and the theory behind it is presented in this thesis. The main objective in this thesis has been to investigate the response of field effect devices to oxygen and other gases that are compounds in exhaust or flue gases. Devices were created by employing the materials which were investigated. Special material combinations were proposed for field effect devices suitable for oxygen detection by Doctor Mike Andersson. One material combination showed promising results for selective detection of the oxygen concentration in exhaust gases. / This diploma work has been confidential

Eftersom medellivslängden ökar och de egna tänderna behålls högre upp i åldrarna finns det en ökad kariesrisk hos de äldre. Syftet med litteraturstudien var att redogöra för riskfaktorer som påverkar kariessituationen hos äldre personer. Ytterligare ett syfte var att ta reda på vilka tänder och tandytor som främst drabbas av karies. Studien genomfördes som en allmän litteraturstudie. Databaserna PubMed och Cinahl användes. Artiklar publicerade år 2000-2010 inkluderades. Total ingick 15 artiklar i resultatet. Resultatet visade att kost, mediciner, saliv, bakterier, gingivala retraktioner, egenvård, rökning, avtagbara proteser, protetiska kronor och antalet kvarvarande tänder var riskfaktorer som kunde orsaka både kron- och rotytekaries hos äldre. Rotytan, ocklusalytan och lingualytan samt de ytor som var belägna i direkt relation med lagningar var de ytor som främst drabbades av karies. De mest utsatta tänderna för kariesangrepp var molarerna, premolarerna samt caninerna. Många olika faktorer bidrar till en ökad kariesrisk hos äldre. Flertalet studier redovisade ett samband mellan gingivala retraktioner och rotytekaries. Majoriteten av det granskade materialet visade att rotytan var känslig för kariesangrepp. Framförallt var molarerna utsatta för kariesrisk hos äldre. / As life expectancy increases and our teeth are retained to a higher age, there is an increased risk of caries in the elderly. The purpose was to describe risk factors that affect the caries situation in the elderly. Another purpose was to find out which teeth and tooth surfaces are mainly affected. This study was carried out as a general literature review; PubMed and Cinahl were used. Articles published 2000-2010 were used. A total of 15 articles were included. The results show that diet, medications, saliva, bacteria, gingival recession, self-care, smoking, removable prostheses, prosthetic crowns and the number of remaining teeth are various risk factors that can cause both crown and root surface caries in the elderly. Those surfaces that were mainly affected by caries were root surface, the occlusal surface and the lingual surface, as well as the surfaces that are directly related to fillings. The teeth most vulnerable to caries were the molars, premolars and canines. Several studies showed a relationship between gingival recession and root surfaces caries. The majority of the reviewed articles showed that the root surfaces were susceptible to caries. It was primarily molars that were exposed to caries in the elderly.

The magnetic and structural properties of nano magnet arrays and ferromagnetic thin films are investigated. Circular x-rays are used and extensive use is made in this Thesis of the X-ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism (XMCD) technique. By means of the XMCD magneto-optic sum rules the values of the orbital and spin moments are determined. In the case of the nano magnet arrays studied, the XMCD technique is used in a spatially resolved mode using Photo Electron Emission Microscopy (PEEM) after circular light excitation. The Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) is studied in both the Co K- and L-edges. In situ Co L-edge X-ray XMCD spectroscopy measurements are presented, in combination with spectro-microscopy results, on Co/Pt and Co/Au based nano-dot arrays, of typical dot lateral size 250×100 nm2, on self organized Si0.5Ge0.5. The Co is only a few atomic layers thick. The dot arrays display a high degree of lateral order and the individual dots, in several cases, exhibit a stable magnetic moment at 300 K. It is found possible to characterize the spin reorientation of these dot arrays. For both systems the in- versus out-of-plane orbital moment anisotropy, is not always related with an out-of-plane magnetization and the occurrence of a spin reorientation. By performing Co K-edge EXAFS measurements the local atomic structure around the Co atoms is characterized. The feasibility of a high precision quantitative structural analysis of L-EXAFS is studied on the system Au/Co/Au/W(110). The spin reorientation transition is studied as a function of the Co thickness and Au cap thickness. The L-edge EXAFS indicates that this reorientation is correlated to a lattice expansion in the perpendicular direction. High precision angle dependent XMCD work is performed on a high temperature exchange bias system. Pinned or frozen magnetic moments are studied within an exchange biased NiFe ferromagnet at the NiFe/FeMn, ferromagnet/antiferromagnet interface by XMCD and complemented by x-ray resonant reflectivity experiments, at the Ni, Fe and Mn L-edges. The Mn L-edge XMCD MnSb and of (Ga, Mn)As layers modified by high temperature annealing is studied. For MnSb an enhanced value is obtained versus theoretical calculations. This result can be explained by means of the enhanced surface to volume ratio for the samples studied. For (Ga, Mn)As differences are found in the local environment of the Mn atoms upon annealing.