This research was based on ‘Catholic secondary education and identity reformation in Zambia’s Southern Province. Its main purpose was to explore the nature and scope of the undesired identity reformation experienced in Catholic secondary schools in Zambia’s Southern Province as well as suggest possible ways of how the problem can be resolved. The study was guided by the following main research question ‘How has a conflict of values between the evolving Catholic education policies and Zambian national education policies affected the identity of Catholic secondary schools in Zambia’s Southern Province?’ This question formed the main basis for the achievement of the study’s overarching purpose highlighted earlier. A qualitative methodology was utilized to gather data for this research. Data was gathered using semi-structured interviews, focus group interviews/discussions and documentary/content analysis. Research participants included: the Secretary of Catholic education, the PEO, school headteachers, teachers of RE, parents and grade twelve learners. Key documents analyzed using document analysis were Catholic education policies and Zambian national educational policies. The following findings resulted from the study: a conflict of values is non-existent between Catholic education policies and Zambian national education policies; there are four real/major causes of undesired identity reformation in Catholic secondary schools in Zambia’s Southern Province; the various contemporary challenges experienced by Catholic secondary schools in Zambia’s Southern Province are responsible for the undesired weakening of the school’s ‘academic’ and ‘religious’ mission; RE has experienced undesired changes at the levels of its nature, role and place in the Catholic secondary school curriculum over the years; Catholic secondary schools in Zambia’s Southern Province can be characterized as ‘partially Catholic’; realigning Catholic secondary schools with Catholic education policy involves returning such schools back to Catholic educational practice as recommended in Catholic education policies. The main conclusion of the study was that undesired identity reformation is present in Catholic secondary schools in Zambia’s Southern Province but it is not linked to a conflict of values in Catholic education policies and Zambian national education policies. To resolve the problem of undesired identity reformation in Catholic secondary schools, all study recommendations emphasized an urgent return by the schools to educational practice as recommended in Catholic education policy if they are to regain their lost desired total-Catholic character or identity. / Educational Foundations / D. Ed. (Philosophy of Education)

The purpose of this empirical study was to establish how school managers address the problem of teacher attrition in public secondary schools in Zambia with a view of developing strategies that may be used to reduce teacher attrition in schools. The objectives of the study were to examine how teacher attrition affects the functioning of public secondary schools; find out which factors influence teacher attrition in public secondary schools; and determine and describe which measures are used to sustain teacher retention in public secondary schools. The study adopted a case study design employing mainly the qualitative approach of data collection and analysis. However, quantitative methods of data collection and analysis were also employed to a lesser extent to complement the qualitative aspect. The data were collected through interviews and questionnaires. The sample consisted of 33 participants comprising 30 school managers and three (3) district education board Secretaries from Chongwe, Lusaka and Kafue Districts of Lusaka province. The qualitative data were analysed using thematic analysis while the quantitative data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 20 to generate descriptive statistics. The findings revealed that teacher attrition positively correlates to poor staffing levels and poor student achievement (r=0.812). The study further established factors influencing teacher attrition in public secondary schools as being poor working conditions, lack of administrative support, low salaries, low social status accorded to teachers and lack of continuous professional development were among the major causes of teacher attrition. In terms of measures used by school managers in addressing the issue of teacher attrition, these include: high salaries, reduced workload, adequate administrative support, fair promotion and fair treatment, participatory decision making, and creating a positive school climate. Basing on the study findings, the following recommendations are made; that school managers should coordinate organisation climate, that is, they should start with transformation of their individual school’s organisational climate in order to create an enabling atmosphere which reduces teacher attrition. School managers should effect strategies for teacher retention through continuous professional development; they should ensure that all programmes and activities aim at addressing the actual continuous professional development needs of the teachers. School managers should apply sufficient school management support. The MoE provide explicit preparation for school managers by providing and showing them the significance of managing teacher attrition. / Educational Management and Leadership / D. Ed. (Education Management)

The focus of this study was to investigate what makes the Mazabuka Municipal Council (hereafter regularly referred to as “the Council”) in Zambia attractive as an employer to the respondents by embedding it into a person-institution fit framework. Against this background, the main aim was to determine the PSM levels of employees at the Council. The quantitative research design was chosen as the most appropriate while, the post-positivist paradigm was adopted as the interpretive framework for this study. Triangulation was used thus, a mix of research methods particularly, a literature review, document analysis and a closed-ended self-administered questionnaire. Out of a population of 174 full-time employees targeted at the Council only 150 questionnaires were returned and used in the analysis. Results showed high PSM levels among majority of employees. Nonetheless, only the gender category showed differences in mean values, with males being more inclined to all the three PSM antecedents (public interest, self-sacrifice, compassion) than females. The findings could serve as an important instrument for the Council to consider in order to maintain the high PSM levels existing among its employees. Conversely, the Council may adopt certain recommendations (practical insights) derived from the study such as: to consider PSM as an important aspect in future recruitments and to develop an incentive system in order to maintain the high PSM levels that employees have when joining the Council as a preferred employer. By exploring the PSM levels of employees at a local authority in Zambia, such as the Mazabuka Municipal Council, the study endeavoured to make a contribution to the current literature on PSM theory in this context. / Public Administration and Management / M. P. A. (Public Administration)

This thesis explores the manner in which political-economic forces born of democratisation have shaped media developments in Zambia, affected the welfare of journalists and the viability of the state owned press epitomised by the Times Newspapers. The aim is to inform the privatisation policy discourse. Using a political economy analysis, the thesis unveils the historical intimacy between nationalist administrations and multinational business elites and how these forces - often working in collusion - influenced patterns of media ownership, inhibited labour rights and controlled communicative activity – indicative of how the state and markets can constrain freedom of expression and association, despite democratisation. The thesis contends that the uncertainty of neo-patrimonial conditions that characterised the post colonial era has not dissipated to a great extent and continues to undermine media and institutional reform in today’s liberally inclined Zambia. Pervasive clientelism has also compromised popular perceptions of state media systems, subverting competitiveness and the propagandist function of the Times Newspapers in the liberalised market, a point empirically illustrated through the analysis of market and public opinion data. / Communication Science / D. Litt. et Phil. (Communication)

Abstracts in English and Tsonga / This study explored the lack of integrating a scientific imagination and rationality in the hermeneutic and theological practices of neo-Pentecostal churches in the town of Livingstone, Zambia. Although the vantage point of the study was primarily practical theology, the researcher adopted both an interdisciplinary and a multidisciplinary approach. This assisted the researcher in understanding the different theoretical nuances that inform neo-Pentecostal theological practices as propagated by its proponents. An in-depth scientific analysis premised on the critical theory approach was conducted to find out whether or not neo-Pentecostal communicative practices contribute positively to the economic conditions of local church members in Livingstone. The theological framework for this study was based on the “pastoral cycle”, which ought to be at the very heart of any contemporary practical theology (Ballard & Pritchard 2006). The research methodology consisted of data collection, interpretation and analysis (comparing and contrasting primary sources in the light of the data collected). Research participants' personal narratives of their experience of neo-Pentecostal practices were heard in a semi-structured format. These aided in establishing ecclesiastical views on the causes of the lack of integrating a scientific imagination and rationality in neo-Pentecostal spiritual experience; and consequently informed the study on whether the current theological orientations of neo-Pentecostal congregations in Livingstone have a positive or negative impact on the economic conditions of members. Two forms of data collection were employed, namely qualitative interviews and observation instruments. / Ndzavisiso lowu wu langutisa ku pfumaleka ka vuanakanyi hi vuntshwa bya xisayense na ku va na ngqhondo eka mamfambiselo ya vulavisisi na vuxopaxopi ku hlamusela matsalelo na mafambiselo ya swa vugandzeri eka tikereke ta Pentakosta leyintshwa edorobeni ra Livingston, eZambia. Hambileswi masungulo ya ndzavisiso a ku ri mafambiselo ya vugandzeri, mulavisisi u tirhise fambiselo ra interdisciplinary na multidisciplinary. Leswi swi pfunete mulavisisi ku twisisa ku hambana eka swa thiyori leyi yi nga xiseketelo xa Pentakosta leyintshwa ya swa vugandzeri na mafambiselo ya kona tanhilaha swi endliwaka hi lava nga vachumayeri va yona pentakosta leyintshwa. Vuxopaxopi bya xisayense byi seketeriwe hi thiyori yo xopaxopa leyi nga endliwa ku kuma leswo xana mafambiselo ya Pentakosta leyintshwa ya pfuneta eka swiyimo swa ikhonomi eka swirho swa kereke swa yona eLivingston. Rimba ra swa vugandzeri eka ndzavisiso lowu wu seketeriwe hi ndzhenzheleko wa vurisi bya kereke ku nga "pastoral cycle", lowu wu faneleke ku va mbilu ya mafambiselo wahi na wahi ya vugandzeri (Ballard & Pritchard 2006). Methodoloji ya ndzavisiso a yi katsa ku hlengeletea vutivi, ku byi toloka no byi xopaxopa (ku kotlanisa na ku pimanisa swihlovo swa vutivi hi ku landza data leyi yi nga hlengeletiwa). Lava a va ri na xiavo eka ndzavisiso, va endle marungula ya vona na ntokoto wa vona hi mafambiselo ya Pentekosta leyintshwa ya yingiseriwile hi fomati yo ka yi nga kunguhatiwangi swinene ku nga semi-structured format. Leswi swi pfunete ekusunguleni mianakanyo ya kereke ya vukreste hi swivangelo swa ku pfumaleka ka ku hlanganisa na ku anakanya hi vuntshwa mavonelo na ntokoto eka swa moya hi swa Pentekosta leyintshwa; hi ku landza swona leswi, swi pfunete ndzavisiso hi leswo xana mavonelo yo hambana hi swa vugandzeri bya Pentakosta leyintshwa eka nhlengeletano eLivingston leswo xana yi na vuyelo lebyinene kumbe lebyi nga ri ku lebyinene eka swiyimo swa ikhonomi ya swirho. Ku tirhisiwe minxaka mimbirhi ya nhlengeleto ya vutivi, ku nga qualitative interviews na xitirho xa ku languta kunene leswi endlekaka (observation instruments). / Practical Theology / D. Th. (Practical Theology)

This study is a policy investigation of community radio broadcasting in Zambia. The emergence of this tier of broadcasting can be traced to the 1990s, following the country's policy of politico-economic liberalisation. The state broadcasting system had hitherto reigned supreme. Based upon a focused synthesis of a range of historical, political, policy, regulatory and other factors, within the context of participatory development communication, this study proposes a normative policy model for community radio broadcasting in Zambia. To begin with, the study focuses on the historical factors that have influenced the development of community radio broadcasting in the country, particularly in the period before and after 1991. This historical analysis establishes the fact that the shape that community radio broadcasting has assumed in Zambia is largely reflective of the state-centric policy-making regime. This policy-making regime is itself a legacy of British colonialism. Next, the study offers a conceptual framework of community radio broadcasting. It analyses several theoretical antecedents upon which the conceptual edifice of community radio broadcasting would seem to be built. In particular, the study explores the contributions of media effects and normative media theories towards the conceptual underpinnings of community radio broadcasting. Furthermore, as an attempt at establishing some empirical referents for developing a community radio broadcasting policy for Zambia, the study delves into a comparative analysis of trends in broadcast policy and regulatory practices throughout the world, with a special focus on Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa and Australia. This comparative policy analysis reveals differentiated levels of sophistication of policy-cum-regulatory models relating to community radio broadcasting. This provides a wealth of chequered experiences for Zambia to learn from. To further substantiate the case for a policy model, the study examines selected community radio initiatives in Zambia. Finally, based upon this focused synthesis, the study proposes a normative policy model for community radio broadcasting in Zambia. The policy proposal, informed by the assumptions of the group and organised anarchy models of policy-making, seeks to promote community radio broadcasting in terms of its vision, regulatory structures, funding, training, facilities, technology, production of local content and research. / Communication Science / D. Litt. et Phil.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The topic of the research is, Development and Culture: A theological engagement with the Endogenous development of the Nsenga in Zambia. Development takes place in many forms. There is a need for a kind of development that meets the needs and people's aspirations in life. The question of this research is: what could the role of theology and the church be towards an endogenous development process that is culturally orientated to the Nsenga ethnic group of Zambia? The study is based on the working hypothesis that endogenous development provides the platform where the grassroots organisations and people become subjects of their own human development and transformation in life and society. The aim of the study is to investigate, examine and evaluate the place of culture in development, and to propose an endogenous base which is contextual. It also shows how a cultural driven development process stemming from the grassroots can be a better tool for human developments that are sustainable over time. An endogenous approach to development is proposed, an approach based on local strategies, values and innovations that encourages people in a given set-up to use their own resources, knowledge and initiative to develop new and better ways of doing things. A framework was developed for understanding the principles and practices of endogenous development among the Nsenga of Zambia. This study considers culture as an important aspect of development and as a means to understanding and achieving forms of development from which people can draw meaning and fulfillment in life. Models of development that cannot integrate culture are likely not only to fail but also to cause damage to people‟s well-being. Due to the interdisciplinary nature of the study, both theoretical and methodological triangulations were employed. The methods of literature review, critical reflection, logical arguments and analysis were applied. Chapter 1 introduces the study, gives the motivation for studying culture and development and briefly describes the chosen research approach and methods. The focus then moves to the specific research topic, research problem, aim and purpose of the research, hypothesis and the contribution of the research to the Zambian community in the area of development and culture in the field of Theology and Development. Chapter 2 explores an understanding of development and culture through a review and survey of definitions and develops a concept of endogenous development which presupposes a kind of development which is born out of the local people‟s own initiative. The chapter argues that all models of development must be culturally oriented and should reflect perspectives of responses to problems faced by human societies in their contexts. Chapter 3 surveys the relationships between culture and development. The chapter claims that in the past theories of development disregarded cultural aspect in development. It is suggested that the culture and the people concerned in any developmental process must play a central role. Chapter 4 discusses the relationship between theology and development under five sub-themes namely (1) theology and development, (2) church and development, (3) the role of the church in development, (4) the church as a channel of development and, (5) people and development. Chapter 5 focuses on the ethnography and case study of the Nsenga in the three selected villages in Petauke district in the eastern province of Zambia. This chapter analyses the social economic status of people in Nsenga area and the practical implementation of endogenous development projects. Chapter 6 critically analyses the Nsenga‟s practical engagement with endogenous development as described in the theoretical and theological framework. Chapter 7 provides the conclusion and recommendations regarding the practice of endogenous development within the context of the Nsenga of Zambia. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die onderwerp van hierdie navorsing is, Development and Culture: A theological engagement with the Endogenous development of the Nsenga in Zambia. Ontwikkeling vind op verskillende maniere plaas. Daar is 'n behoefte aan 'n bepaalde soort ontwikkeling wat in die hedendaagse behoeftes en lewens verwagtinge van plaaslike arm gemeenskappe sal voorsien. Die navorsingvraag van hierdie navorsing is, Wat kan die rol van teologie en die kerk wees binne 'n proses van endogene ontwikkeling wat kultureel georienteer is binne die Nsenga etniese groep van Zambia? Hierdie navorsing is gebaseer op die werkende hipotese dat endogene ontwikkeling die onderbou voorsien waarop plaaslike organisasies en mense die onderwerpe word van hul eie menslike ontwikkeling en transformasie binne die lewe en samelewing - vanuit 'n teologiese raamwerk en met die aktiewe betrokkenheid van die kerk. Die doel van die studie is om die rol van kultuur in ontwikkeling te ondersoek en evalueer en ʼn endogene basis te onwikkel wat kontekstueel van aard is. Dit streef ook om aan te dui hoe kultureel gedrewe ontwikkelingsprosesse wat op grondvlak ontstaan, ʼn beter instrument kan wees vir menslike ontwikkeling wat langdurig volhoubaar is. ʼn Endogene benadering tot ontwikkeling gebaseer op plaaslike strategieë, waardes en innoverings word voorgestel en mense word aangemoedig om hul eie hulpbronne, kennis en inisiatief te gebruik om nuwe en beter maniere van doen te ontwikkel. Die studie bied ook ʼn raamwerk vir die verstaan van die beginsels en gebruike van endogene ontwikkeling onder die Nsenga van Zambië. Kultuur word beskou as ʼn belangrike aspek van ontwikkeling en as ʼn middel om vorms van ontwikkeling wat lei tot ʼn betekenisvolle, vervulde bestaan, te verstaan en bereik. Ontwikkelingsmodelle wat nie kultuur kan integreer nie, is geneig om te misluk en selfs mense se wel-wees te beskadig. Vanweë die interdissiplinêre aard van die navorsing, is beide teoretiese en metodologiese triangulasies gebruik. Literatuur oorsig, kritiese nadenke, logiese argumente en analise is toegepas. Hoofstuk 1 as inleiding bied die motivering vir die bestudering van kultuur en ontwikkeling en beskryf kortliks die navorsingsbenadering en –metodes. Die fokus skuif dan na die spesifieke navorsingsonderwerp, navorsingsvraagstuk, doel van die navorsing, hipotese en die bydrae van die navorsing tot die Zambiese gemeenskap op die gebied van ontwikkeling en kultuur in die velde van Teologie en Ontwikkeling. Hoofstuk 2 ondersoek ʼn verstaan van ontwikkeling en kultuur deur ʼn oorsig van definisies en ontwikkel ʼn konsep van endogene ontwikkeling wat die soort ontwikkeling gebore uit plaaslike mense se eie inisiatiewe, voorveronderstel. Die hoofstuk betoog dat alle modelle van ontwikkeling behoort kultureel van aard te wees en behoort perspektiewe van gemeenskappe se response op probleme in hul konteks te weerspieël. Hoofstuk 3 ondersoek die verhoudings tussen kultuur en ontwikkeling. Daar word beweer dat ontwikkelingsteorieë die kulturele aspek van ontwikkeling verontagsaam het. Die hoofstuk stel voor dat die betrokke mense en hul kultuur in enige ontwikkelingsproses ʼn sentrale rol moet speel. Hoofstuk 4 bespreek die verhouding tussen teologie en ontwikkeling in terme van (1) teologie en ontwikkeling, (2) kerk en ontwikkeling, (3) die rol van die kerk in ontwikkeling, (4) die kerk as ontwikkelingskanaal en, (5) mense en ontwikkeling. Hoofstuk 5 fokus op die etnografie en die gevallestudie van die Nsenga-mense in drie dorpies in Petauke-distrik in die Oostelike provinsie van Zambië. Die sosio-ekonomiese status van mense in die Nsenga-area en die praktiese implementasie van endogene ontwikkelingsprojekte word ondersoek. Hoofstuk 6 is ʼn kritiese analise van die Nsenga se praktiese betrokkenheid by endogene ontwikkeling soos dit in die teoretiese en teologiese raamwerk beskryf is. Hoof 7 sluit in die slotsom en aanbevelings vir die beoefening van endogene ontwikkeling binne die konteks van die Nsenga van Zambië.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis is a contribution to the “China in Africa” debate. Chinese development assistance includes Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), and recent literature argues a significant proportion of FDI goes to the manufacturing sector in African countries. FDI allocated to industry have the potential to create employment and reduce poverty. This paper takes Zambia as a case, and looks at the textile and clothing industry as a sub- sector of the manufacturing sector. The textile and clothing industry is seen as especially appropriate for Zambia, as it; (i) adds value to natural resources; (ii) creates links to other sectors of the economy; (iii) require only basic skills; and (iv) is labour intensive. Based on primary and secondary data, this paper seeks to understand how Chinese FDI in the Zambian textile and clothing industry impact economic development, measured by; (i) formal employment creation; (ii) technology and skill transfer; (iii) state revenue; and lastly (iv) market creation of the products. Through looking at Zambian national plans and institutions, the cotton-textile-garment value chain and the organisation of Chinese companies in Zambia, this paper found currently no textile and clothing manufacturing under Chinese investors. Although, cotton quality in Zambia has improved, the majority is exported out of the continent. There are currently few textile mills left and the clothing manufacturers largely use imported inputs. Second hand clothes and cheap imports from Asian countries, have taken over large parts of the domestic market for textile and clothing in Zambia. The largest integrated textile mill was the Zambia China Mulungushi Textiles (ZCMT) operating under Chinese investors between 1997 and 2007. Findings show that the Chinese management casualised the workforce, leading to more informal employment. In addition, there were few records of skill transfer to Zambian workers, although there were investments in improving technology. This paper explores the different reasons for the TC mill to close and argue that it was not viable under a liberal market. The Zambian workers were unhappy with the labour system, wage levels and terms of employment, which caused violent riots and strikes up until closure in 2007. The Chinese management was unable to restructure the work force enough to be cost effective and to stay in business. The Lusaka East Multi Facility Economic Zone (MFEZ) is under construction, and will focus on textiles and the supportive links in the industry. It is yet to be seen, how it impacts local economic development. Based on the assumptions of economic development, this paper shows limited impact of Chinese FDI in the Zambian textile and clothing industry. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis is 'n bydrae tot die "China in Afrika” debat. Die Chinese ontwikkelings hulp sluit buitelandse direkte investering (FDI) in, en die onlangse literatuur beweer dat 'n belangrike deel van FDI na die vervaardigingsektor in Afrika-lande gaan. FDI toegeken aan die industrie het die potensiaal om werk te skep en armoede to verminder. Hierdie verhandeling neem Zambië as 'n geval, en kyk na die tekstiel-en klere-industrie as 'n subsektor van die vervaardigingsektor. Die tekstiel en klere bedryf is veral geskik vir Zambië, daar dit; (i) waarde toevoeg tot natuurlike hulpbronne; (ii) skakels skep na ander sektore van die ekonomie; (iii) slegs basiese vaardighede word vereis; (iv) arbeidsintensief is. Deur middel van primêre en sekondêre data, word in hierdie verhandeling gepoog om die impak van die Chinese FDI in die Zambiese tekstiel-en klere-industrie, op die ekonomiese ontwikkeling vas te stel, soos gemeet aan; (i) formele werkskepping; (ii) tegnologie en vaardigheids oordrag; (iii) die staat se inkomste; en laastens ( iv) die skepping van ‘n mark vir die produkte. Deur te kyk na die Zambiese nasionale planne en instellings, die katoen-tekstiel-kleed waardeketting, en die organisasie van die Chinese maatskappye in Zambië, het hierdie verhandeling bevind dat daar tans geen tekstiel-en klere vervaardiging onder Chinese beleggers is nie. Hoewel die gehalte van die katoen in Zambië verbeter het, is die meeste buite die vasteland uitgevoer. Daar is tans min tekstielfabrieke oor, en die klerevervaardigers gebruik grootliks ingevoerde insette. Tweedehandse klere en goedkoop invoere uit Asiatiese lande, het grootliks die binnelandse mark vir tekstiel en klere in Zambië oorgeneem. Die grootste geïntegreerde tekstiel fabriek was die Zambië China Mulungushi Textiles (ZCMT) wat tussen 1997 en 2007 onder Chinese beleggers was. Bevindinge toon dat die Chinese bestuur niepermanente aanstellings gemaak het, wat gelei het tot meer informele indiensneming. Verder, is daar min rekord van vaardigheids-oordrag na die Zambiese werkers, maar daar was beleggings in die verbetering van tegnologie gedoen. Hierdie verhandeling ondersoek die verskillende redes vir die TC meul/fabriek se sluiting, en bevind dat dit nie lewensvatbaar in 'n vrye mark was nie. Die Zambiese werkers was ontevrede met die arbeidstelsel, loonvlakke en terme van indiensneming, wat gewelddadige onluste en stakings veroorsaak het tot die sluiting in 2007. Die Chinese bestuur was nie in staat om die arbeidsmag te herstruktureer om koste-effektief genoeg te wees nie. Die Lusaka-Ooste Multi Fasiliteit Ekonomiese Sone (MFEZ) is onder konstruksie en sal fokus op die tekstiel en die ondersteunende skakels in die bedryf. Dit moet nog gesien word hoe dit die plaaslike ekonomiese ontwikkeling beïinvloed. Op grond van die aannames van ekonomiese ontwikkeling, toon hierdie ondersoek ‘n beperkte impak van die Chinese FDI in die Zambiese tekstiel en klere bedryf aan.

Thesis (MMed)--Stellenbosch University, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT:The decentralisation of health care services in the primary health care system poses a challenge to the delivery of care to the communities in Zambia. Little is being done in the Ministry of Health to incorporate community-based rehabilitation (CBR) in the mainstream of primary health care service delivery despite rehabilitation being regarded as the fourth component of primary health care. According to statistics, there are 256 690 (2.7%) persons with disabilities in Zambia, of which 38.8% are persons with physical disabilities. There are various community-based rehabilitation programmes in the country trying to meet the needs of persons with disabilities but these programmes have not been evaluated to determine the impact which CBR has on the lives of persons with disabilities. This study aimed to determine the impact of a community-based rehabilitation intervention strategy on persons with physical disabilities in an urban and rural setting in Zambia. It is hoped that the results of this study can be utilised as a means to lobby the Zambian government to become involved in the rehabilitation process. An experimental study was done using a community-based rehabilitation intervention strategy on 66 persons with physical disabilities, of which 62% were male and 38% female, from Lusaka urban and Chipata rural community-based rehabilitation programmes. The researcher completed a self-compiled questionnaire during a personal interview with the participants/proxy. The questionnaire comprised demographic data and an assessment of the disability status of persons with physical disabilities regarding movement, functional activities and their integration into the community. Perceptions of persons with physical disabilities or their proxy as regards their disability status and experiences were also assessed by means of two open-ended questions in the questionnaire. The community-based rehabilitation intervention strategy was conducted for six (6) months by the community rehabilitation workers who visited participants once a week. Data was analysed both quantitatively and qualitatively to determine the impact of a community-based rehabilitation intervention strategy and to test the null hypothesis. The results of this study showed that in Lusaka on one hand, persons with physical disabilities had improvements in movement, functional activities and integration level. On the other hand, Chipata showed that persons with physical disabilities had improvements only regarding integration into the community. However, combined scores showed that community-based rehabilitation had an impact on persons with physical disabilities regarding movement, functional activities and integration into the community. The study also showed that there was a correlation between integration and movement, and integration and functional activities. There was no correlation between integration and caregiver provision and dependency, whereas there was a negative correlation between perceptions and integration. Based on these findings, it is recommended that the Ministry of Health takes up the responsibility of spearheading and coordinating community-based rehabilitation programmes and incorporating the activities in the existing structures of primary health care. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING:Die desentralisasie van gesondheidsorgdienste in die primere gesondheidstelsel hou 'n uitdaging vir dienslewering aan gemeenskappe in Zambie in. Die Ministerie van Gesondheid doen nie veel om gemeenskapsgebaseerde rehabilitasie (GBR) by die hoofstroom van primere gesondheidsorg dienslewering in te Iyf nie, ten spyte daarvan dat rehabilitasie as die vierde komponent van primere gesondheidsorg beskou word. Daar word beraam dat daar 256 690 (2.7%) mense met gestremdhede in Zambie is, waarvan 38.8% mense met liggaamlike gestremdhede is. Daar is verskeie gemeenskapsgebaseerde rehabilitasieprogramme in die land wat poog om in die behoeftes van mense met gestremdhede te voorsien, maar hierdie programme is nie geevalueer om die impak van GBR op die lewens van mense met gestremdhede te bepaal nie. Hierdie studie het ten doel gehad om die impak van 'n gemeenskapsgebaseerde rehabilitasieintervensiestrategie vir mense met liggaamlike gestremdhede in 'n stedelike en landelike omgewing in Zambie te bepaal. Daar word gehoop dat die resultate van hierdie studie gebruik kan word om druk op die Zambiese regering uit te oefen om by die rehabilitasieproses betrokke te raak. 'n Eksperimentele studie is gedoen deur 'n gemeenskapsgebaseerde rehabilitasie-intervensiestrategie op 66 mense met liggaamlike gestremdhede van die Lusaka stedelike en Chipata landelike gemeenskapsgebaseerde rehabilitasieprogramme toe te pas. Twee en sestig persent (62%) van die respondente was manlik en 38% vroulik. Die navorser het tydens 'n persoonlike onderhoud met deelnemers of hulle gevolmagtigdes 'n selfopgestelde vraelys voltooi. Die vraelys het uit demografiese data en 'n bepaling van die mense se gestremdheidstatus ten opsigte van beweging, funksionele aktiwiteite en hulle integrasie in die gemeenskap bestaan. Persepsies van mense met liggaamlike gestremdhede of hulle gevolmagtigdes rakende hulle gestremdheidstatus en ervarings is ook deur middel van twee oop vrae in die vraelys bepaal.Die gemeenskapsgebaseerde rehabilitasie-intervensiestrategie is vir ses (6) maande toegepas deur gemeenskapsrehabilitasiewerkers wat die deelnemers een maal 'n week besoek het. Data is sowel kwantitatief as kwalitatief ontleed om die impak van 'n gemeenskapsgebaseerde rehabilitasie-intervensiestrategie te bepaal en die nulhipotese te toets. Die resultate van die studie het aangedui dat mense met liggaamlike gestremdhede in Lusaka verbetering ten opsigte van beweging, funksionele aktiwiteite en vlak van integrasie getoon het. Mense met liggaamlike gestremdhede in Chipata, daarteenoor, het slegs ten opsigte van integrasie in die gemeenskap verbetering getoon. Gekombineerde tellings het egter getoon dat gemeenskapsgebaseerde rehabilitasie ten opsigte van beweging, funksionele aktiwiteite en integrasie in die samelewing 'n impak op mense met liggaamlike gestremdhede gehad het. Die studie het ook getoon dat daar 'n korrelasie tussen integrasie en beweging, en integrasie en funksionele aktiwiteite bestaan. Daar was geen korrelasie tussen integrasie en versorgervoorsiening en -afhanklikheid nie, en daar was 'n negatiewe korrelasie tussen persepsies en integrasie. Op grand van hierdie bevindinge word aanbeveel dat die Ministerie van Gesondheid verantwoordelikheid vir die leiding en koordinasie van gemeenskapsgebaseerde rehabilitasieprogramme aanvaar en hierdie aktiwiteite by die aktiwiteite van bestaande primere gesondheidsorgstrukture inlyf.

Thesis (DTh (Practical Theology and Missiology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study is descriptive research and a practical theological study of the schisms in the Reformed Church in Zambia (RCZ) that took place between 1996 and 2001 and led to the formation of the Christian Reformed Church (CRC) and the Bible Gospel Church in Africa (BIGOCA). It aims to analyse the historical, global and local contexts as regards these schisms in the RCZ. The research questions are: What led to these splits, how did they happen and how can they be prevented? No measures have been put in place to educate or guard against further schisms. The goal of this study is to propose informed precautionary measures to the RCZ to prevent a recurrence of schisms in future. Chapter 2 describes the faith tradition of the RCZ. Various historical perspectives from the colonial period to those of the current Zambia are discussed in order to provide an understanding of this denomination's identity. It also tries to determine whether her political and missionary legacy has influenced the RCZ's leadership style and structures. Chapter 3 is an attempt to understand the contextual influences that globalization have brought about. The correlation between the global and religious trends affords a perspective on the "why" question of the schisms. Various global and local developments are the major focus of this chapter. It also discusses three levels of influence: macro (the global society), meso (the Zambian society), and micro (faith communities at congregation level). In Africa, the Pentecostal/charismatic oriented Christian prosperity movements have caused one of its endemic problems, i.e. the tension. Within the context of the RCZ tradition and faith practices, the Pentecostal/charismatic tendencies have challenged the long inherited autocratic church leadership styles. Pentecostal/charismatic prosperity movements flew in the faces of the denominationally organized churches with their Western origin, such as the RCZ. Subsequently, Pentecostal/charismatic movements have caused intense conflict in the church between the pro-conservatives and pro-Pentecostals. The police even had to close certain RCZ congregations because of skirmishes. At this stage of the study, a hypothesis became clear: The one-party state, with its autocratic presidential powers, continued the missionary legacy of autocratic rule in the independence and post-independence era, which had a direct impact on church leadership. Rutoro (2007) came to the same conclusion in his research on leadership in the Reformed Church in Zimbabwe. Chapter 4 is descriptive and provides a survey of what the documental sources of the RCZ and the printed media reveal about the schisms. The Synod's recommendations and resolutions from 1996 to 2001 give a clear picture of what occurred, as well as the intensity of the conflict. This chapter also reveals how the RCZ interpreted and handled the situation. Chapter 5 discusses the empirical data-gathering methods and the pilot study. Chapter 6 deals with the interpretation of the gathered data and compares it with the findings of Chapter 4. It is an exercise in triangulation - done after the first five chapters were written and affirmed what Chapter 4 concluded but, because of the narrative part of many of the answers supplied in the open-ended questionnaire, more was learned from it than was expected. From this study, it is clear that the church leadership should focus on understanding the *winds of change* in order to discern the way forward and adapt to leadership styles and challenges. Making theologically informed decisions are an absolute priority for the RCZ. This study recommends that church leadership, at least all the ministers, should be trained in conflict resolution and management and should stay abreast of God's missional praxis in this fast and ever-changing world. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie is beskrywend van aard en is 'n prakties-teologiese evaluering van die skeurings in die Reformed Church in Zambia (RCZ) wat tussen 1996 en 2001 plaasgevind het, en wat tot die stigting van die Christian Reformed Church (CRC) en die Bible Gospel Church in Africa (BIGOCA) gelei het. Dit beoog om die historiese, globale en plaaslike kontekste met betrekking tot hierdie skeurings in die RCZ te ontleed. Die navorsingsvrae is: Wat het tot hierdie skeurings gelei, hoe het hulle gebeur en hoe kan hulle voorkom word? Geen maatreëls is getref vir opleiding of waaksaamheid teen verdere skeurings nie. Die doel van hierdie studie is om ingeligte voorkomende maatreëls aan die RCZ voor te stel om 'n toekomstige herhaling van skeurings te verhoed. Hoofstuk 2 beskryf die geloofstradisie van die RCA. Vir 'n begrip van hierdie denominasie se identiteit word verskeie historiese perspektiewe vanaf die koloniale tydperk tot dié van die huidige Zambia bespreek. Daar word ook gepoog om vas te stel of die RCA se politieke en missionêre nalatenskap die RCZ se leierskapstyl en strukture beïnvloed het. In Hoofstuk 3 word gepoog om die kontekstuele invloede wat globalisasie mee-gebring het, te verstaan. Die korrelasie tussen die globale en geloofstendensies verleen 'n perspektief op die skeurings se "waarom" vraag. Verskeie globale en plaaslike ontwikkelinge is die hoof fokus van hierdie hoofstuk. Drie vlakke van invloed: makro (die globale samelewing), meso (die Zambiese samelewing), en mikro (die geloofsgemeenskap op gemeentevlak) word ook bespreek. In Afrika het die Pinkster-/charismaties-georiënteerde Christelike welvaartsbewegings een van sy endemiese probleme veroorsaak, naamlik spanning. Binne die konteks van die RCZ tradisie en geloofspraktyke, het die Pinkster/ charismatiese tendensie die lank-oorgelewerde outokratiese kerkleierskapstyle uitgedaag. Die Pinkster/-charismatiese welvaartsbewegings het gestaan teenoor die denominasioneel georganiseerde kerke met 'n Westerse oorsprong, soos die RCZ. Daarna het die Pinkster/charismatiese bewegings intense konflik in die Kerk tussen die pro-konserwatiewes en die pro-Pinkstergesindes veroorsaak. As gevolg van skermutselings moes die polisie selfs sekere RCZ gemeentes sluit. Op dié stadium van die studie het 'n hipotese duidelik geword. Die eenparty staat, met sy outokratiese presidensiële mag, het die missionêre nalatenskap van outokratiese beheer in die onafhanklike en post-onafhanklike era voortgesit, wat ‘n direkte impak op kerkleierskap gehad het. Rutoro (2007) kom tot dieselfde slotsom in sy navorsing op leierskap in die Reformed Church in Zimbabwe. Hoofstuk 4 is beskrywend van aard en bevat 'n oorsig van wat die dokumentêre bronne van die RCZ en die gedrukte media oor die skeurings openbaar. Die Sinode se aanbevelings en besluite van 1996 tot 2001 verskaf 'n duidelike prent van die gebeure, sowel as die intensiteit van die situasie. Hoofstuk 5 bespreek die metode van empiriese dataversameling en die loodsstudie. Hoofstuk 6 handel oor die interpretasie van die versamelde data en vergelyk dit met die bevindings van Hoofstuk 4. Dit is 'n oefening in triangulering – wat gedoen is na die skryf van die eerste vyf hoofstukke. Dit bevestig Hoofstuk 4 se afleidings maar, vanweë die narratiewe deel van baie van die antwoorde wat in die vraelys verskaf is, is meer as wat verwag is hiervan geleer. Deur hierdie studie word dit duidelik dat kerkleierskap op die verstaan van die *winde van verandering* gefokus moet wees om die weg vorentoe te bepaal en die leierskapstyle en uitdagings aan te pas. Om teologies-ingeligte besluite te neem is 'n absolute prioriteit vir die RCZ. Hierdie studie beveel aan dat kerkleierskap, of minstens al die predikante, in konflik-oplossing en –bestuur opgelei moet word, en tred moet hou met God se missionêre praksis in hierdie snelle en steeds veranderende wêreld.