English abstract This work focuses on high pressure atoll garnet-bearing metabasites from the central part of Krušné hory Mts. in Saxothuringian zone of Bohemian Massif. Eclogite bodies are interpreted as a part of alochtonnous units, which were dragged into the high pressure conditions of subduction zone during a subduction of Saxothuringian oceanic crust under the Teplá-Barrandien Unit and subsequently they were exhumed into upper parts of subduction- collisional system. Main mineral assemblage of eclogites consists of omphacite, garnet, quartz and amphibole which replaces grains of omphacite. Minor minerals present are rutile, ilmenite, talc a chlorite. Zircon, apatite, paragonite, pyrite, plagioclase, albite and monazite are enclosed in porphyroblasts of garnets. Grains of garnet frequently form the atoll structures, where its central part of a grain is replaced by new minerals of matrix and rim part stays preserved. Based on compositional profiles and mapping of major and trace elements, two evolution phases of garnet were distinguished. Older garnet (I) forms mainly preserved cores of garnet and on the contrary younger garnet (II) is present on rims or also replaces garnet I in the core part of a grain. Garnet I has higher amounts of Ca and Mn but lower Mg and Fe than garnet II. Preserved grains of...

Chapter 1 provides a discussion of definitions, criticisms, and measurements of urban sprawl. Land-use controls are surveyed in Chapter 2. In Chapter 3, we present the monocentric urban model, followed by a discussion of extensions of that model to include land-use controls. Chapter 4 is a survey of previous empirical analysis of the monocentric model, while Chapters 5 and 6 present our own empirical work. In general, our empirical results support the theoretical predictions as well as providing support for policies to control sprawl. In particular, the results support the use of maximum lot-size zoning, urban growth boundaries, and density restrictions in the form of minimum building heights, minimum square-footage limits, maximum building permits, and minimum persons per room. The importance of this dissertation lies in the fact that it presents the first empirical analysis of the effects of land-use controls on urban sprawl. For this reason, the findings should be of interest to urban planners in their efforts to control urban sprawl. Because we test theoretical hypotheses found in the urban economics literature, the results should also be of interest to academic economists. Finally, the data on land-use controls gathered for the empirical analysis should be of importance to researchers in urban economics.

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A driveway is needed to get to and from a property. Sometimes there are no opportunities to locate the driveway on the own property. One possibility is to use someone else´s land for locating a driveway in exchange for compensation. The purpose of this study was to examine how the compensation is determined for both long and short driveways outside zoning by doing a case study and compare the result with the various reimbursement rules. The work also addresses the different methods of profit distribution and how they are applied in practice. The conclusion from the case study is that the average value principle is used the most because it is expected to be similar to the case in “normal voluntary agreement”, which is the purpose with the reimbursement rules. To make the reimbursement correspond with the value decrease of the waiver property, adjustments are made on the average value in different ways. The cadastral files to the case study did not match the purpose completely. Therefore, the result can be questioned, but another conclusion drawn from the case study is that in the cadastral files no one discusses about the size of the driveway. It may be that the size of the road is not considered to be a problem or that there is a well-tested method to solve this problem. / För att ta sig till och från en fastighet behövs en utfart. Det är dock inte alltid möjligt att placera utfarten på egen fastighet. Då finns möjligheten att mot ersättning nyttja annans mark för utfart. Syftet med denna uppsats var att undersöka hur ersättningen bestäms för både långa och korta utfarter utanför detaljplan genom att göra en fallstudie och jämföra resultatet med de olika ersättningsreglerna som finns. Uppsatsen berör också de olika vinstfördelningsmetoderna och hur dessa tillämpas i praktiken. Slutsatsen av fallstudien är att den vinstfördelningsmetod som används mest är genomsnittsvärdeprincipen för att den förväntas likna fallet vid ”normal frivillig överenskommelse”, som också är syftet med ersättningsreglerna. För att ersättningen ska stämma överens med marknadsvärdeminskningen på den upplåtande fastigheten justeras genomsnittsvärdet på olika sätt. Förrättningsakterna som användes till fallstudien stämde inte överens med syftet helt. Därför kan resultatet ifrågasättas, men ännu en slutsats som dragits utifrån fallstudien är att i förrättningarna är det ingen som diskuterar storleken av utfarten. Det kan vara för att vägens storlek inte anses vara ett problem eller för att det finns en väl beprövad metod för att lösa detta problem.

In January 2015 statutory regulation of the development agreement was introduced. The regelation is found in the Planning and Building Act Chapter 6. The purpose of the regulation is mainly to increase the predictability and to make clear rules in the contract negotiations. The regulation also meant that the municipalities that intend to enter development agreements have to establish guidelines. The overall aim of the guidelines is to create transparency and clarity in the negotiations between the parties. The purpose of this study is to examine the municipalities in Stockholm County that has established guidelines for the development agreements. These guidelines have been compared with the new law on guidelines for the development agreements, and its fundamental purpose. The conclusion is that the guidelines only creates a certain increased transparency and clarity, where as few municipalities have chosen to specify the content of the guidelines. / I januari 2015 infördes lagreglering av exploateringsavtal och återfinns i plan- och bygglagens 6 kapitel. Syftet med regleringen är främst att öka förutsägbarheten och tydliga spelregler i avtalsförhandlingarna. Regleringen innebar även att de kommuner som avser att ingå exploateringsavtal antar riktlinjer, där bland annat utgångspunkter och mål för avtalet anges. Det övergripande syftet med riktlinjerna är att skapa transparens och ökad tydlighet i förhandlingarna mellan parterna. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att granska de kommuner i Stockholms län som antagit riktlinjer för exploateringsavtal. Dessa riktlinjer har jämförts med den nya lagen om riktlinjer för exploateringsavtal och dess grundläggande syfte. Slutsatsen är att riktlinjerna för exploateringsavtal endast skapar en viss ökad transparens och tydlighet då få kommuner valt att precisera innehållet i riktlinjerna. Intentionen med lagregleringen är önskvärd då stora problem tidigare funnits men enligt vår mening uppfyller inte riktlinjerna syftet med lagreglering till sitt fullo.

When new buildings are constructed, the municipality create a zoning plan that regulate the land and water use. While creating the zoning plan, the municipality also needs to complete different investigations so that the land can be built on. The effectivity of the municipal planning process is often criticized and some of the criticism is pointed towards the investigations. Investigations take long time and is often contributing to high costs. The aim of this study is therefore to examine what type of investigations that are made before and during the planning process. The result shows that the investigations occurs during three different periods of the planning process; before the process, during the process and after the consultation of the plan. Many of the investigations are common through every plan, however some of them differs depending on the conditions of the building area. / Vid ny bebyggelse upprättar kommunen en detaljplan som reglerar mark- och vattenanvändningen. Vid framtagandet av en detaljplan krävs även att olika utredningar görs för att marken ska kunna bebyggas. Effektiviteten av den kommunala planeringsprocessen kritiseras och en del av kritiken är riktad mot utredningar. Utredningarna drar ut på tiden och bidrar ofta med höga kostnader vid upprättande av detaljplaner. I denna studie undersöks därför vilka utredningar som görs, både före och under detaljplaneprocessen. Undersökningen är en fallstudie som behandlar sex detaljplaner i tre olika kommuner. De utvalda detaljplanerna är bostadsområden som har vunnit laga kraft och är upprättade enligt Plan- och bygglagen (2010:900). Resultatet visade att utredningar sker vid tre olika skeden i planprocessen; innan planbesked, under planarbetet och kompletterande utredningar efter samrådet. Många utredningar var liknande i samtliga detaljplaner, men en del skiljde sig beroende på förutsättningarna av planområdet.

Stockholm is a city of bridges. But we rarely pay attention to what happens below them. Many of these spaces are centrally located in the city, yet perceived as peripheral due to their uncertain programmatic status and rough physical appearance, also referred to as loose space. Some are integrated in the urban fabric; others are more inaccessible and thus become forgotten spots detached from the rapid development of the rest of the city. The space below the bridges of Skanstull is an example of the latter. After many years of being in the shadow of the city, giving space for outdoor parties, graffiti painters and more recently urban farming, it is now being under pressure of a large scale redevelopment project. But do these spaces carry meaning that is neglected in the common notion of public space? How can we as planners use our tools in order to encourage the existence of a larger diversity of forms, spaces and uses?

This dissertation asks how local planners, elected officials and activists have negotiated the recent implementation of inclusionary zoning projects in historically disinvested neighborhoods of New York and the Grand Paris. Instead of focusing on potential issues with the involvement of the private sector in cases of affordable housing provision, I shed the light on the strengths and limitations of the public sector, its land use ideologies and its accountability in terms of affordable housing provision. I look at a policy program that has widely circulated in both countries since the 1970s. Inclusionary zoning was developed as a strategy to leverage market-rate and affordable housing by channeling capital from private real estate developers. It has also always been rooted in a genealogy of initiatives that were attempting to reverse the exclusionary outcomes of zoning. While inclusionary zoning programs have now been widely adopted across North America and Europe, their use seems to be highly incremental and context-specific, and efforts to compare and contrast programs have not succeeded in systematically explaining what works and what does not work. Few studies consider how neighborhood context, local politics and power relations shape inclusionary zoning outcomes. Few studies consider how the implementation of inclusionary zoning programs in historically disinvested neighborhoods is shaped by path dependency and national contexts, which orient so much of our planning traditions, political economies and multi-scale governance structures. This dissertation intends to fill such a gap by contrasting the Fort d’Aubervilliers housing project where local public sector agents secured a more redistributive housing project (more affordable units and deeper affordability levels) because they had more power and were backed by resources, programs, institutions operating at a more macro level, to the East Harlem housing project where local public sector agents did not secure a redistributive housing project (more affordable units and deeper affordability levels), because they had less power and there was a disconnect with resources, programs, institutions operating at a more macro level. My research project goes beyond a standard macro-level comparison of national or metropolitan programs. It proposes a finer-grain “N of Two plus Some” comparative framework, with a single case study for a neighborhood in New York and a single case study for a neighborhood in the Grand Paris, both informed by other secondary cases. I present it as a chronological narrative research which “restories” my findings. I uncover the political mediation and micro-processes behind the implementation of two inclusionary housing projects, Fort d’Aubervilliers in the banlieue of the Grand Paris, and Sendero Verde in New York’s East Harlem. I map the multi-level negotiation processes that unfolded in each case among agents of the public sector, using close to 150 semi-structured interviews and shadowing meetings and hearings across the two cities. Findings follow Jenny Schuetz’s proposal that empowered but not autonomous local actors, subject to regional or federal public governance structures, represent the most just and redistributive model of urban governance when it comes to inclusionary zoning implementation (Schuetz et al. 2009). I contrast the story of an affordable housing project “locked” through the cooperation of the agents that make up the mille-feuille multi-scale public sector in the case of Aubervilliers with a contested public-private project where city agendas overlook a community-led neighborhood plan in the case of East Harlem. I underline how local levels of governance - the intermunicipal Établissements Publics Territoriaux in the case of Paris and the City Council in the case of New York - played a critical role in each case to negotiate the social justice outcomes of inclusionary zoning implementation in these historically disinvested neighborhoods, with more or less success. The investigation of two inclusionary zoning cases in East Harlem and the banlieue of Aubervilliers offers lessons about the social justice and equity aspects of real estate development projects undertaken in the two global cities of New York and the Grand Paris. It uncovers the “mixité de façade” question I ask, whether the social mix component of these two projects is truly achieved, or just a façade. In so doing, I intend to underline that there is a large enough gradient of ways to make the redistribution of economic growth, and goals of social justice, feasible in the two cities I work on. I also hope to reintroduce the type of opportunities the agency of public sector agents in charge of residential landscapes can grant us with, even in historically disinvested neighborhoods. New York and the Grand Paris, two cities which are still respectively at the forefront of securing subsidized housing markets for their residents, allow me to fuel a rich literature on global cities and transatlantic planning. Only this time, I decenter the standard comparative narrative on Paris and New York, and start chronicling the challenges of metropolitan policy making, progressive “New Proceduralism” and “New Public Management” illustrated by programs like inclusionary zoning, by situating the conversation in the historically disinvested neighborhoods of both cities. Eventually, while both contexts differ in several ways, they tell us something valuable. The major takeaway is that a strong public institutional landscape and a solid net of programs and resources available for public agents in charge of neighborhood planning plays a huge role in determining the success or failure of implementation processes for this type of inclusionary zoning-financed housing projects.

Zoning map for the city of Johnson City and the outlying areas. Original map was drawn January 11, 1972 and was originally adopted by the city April 20, 1972. This revised map is a duplicate of the original and was produced September 27, 1983. This was likely when the hand drawn lines were added to update the zoning districts. Most main streets are also labeled with arterial streets notated by dotted lines. While not included in the legend, it is likely that R stands for residential and I for industrial. East Tennessee State University can be found in zone R-6 located next to Greenwood Drive. The left portion of the map has been cut as you can see by the title Johnson City partially missing. No accompanying maps are found in the collection. Physical copy resides in the Government Information, Law and Maps Department of East Tennessee State University’s Sherrod Library. / https://dc.etsu.edu/rare-maps/1002/thumbnail.jpg

Zoning Map for Erwin, Tennessee published in 1967 by the Tennessee State Planning Commission. Base map prepared in September 1965 from subdivision plats and soil conservation Aerial Photographs. Includes downtown Erwin and some surrounding areas. Some numbers were added by hand to individual properties in black ink at an indeterminate time post publication. Physical copy resides in the Government Information, Law and Maps Department of East Tennessee State University’s Sherrod Library. / https://dc.etsu.edu/rare-maps/1000/thumbnail.jpg