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O sítio Capelinha I, localizado no município de Cajati, SP, é um sambaqui fluvial de grande interesse para a Arqueologia brasileira, devido a sua intrigante datação: 9250±50 anos AP. Possui, além da ocupação sambaquieira, outras duas posteriores, ligadas aos caçadores-coletores da Tradição Umbu e aos ceramistas da Tradição Itararé. Deste modo, o principal objetivo deste trabalho é, através de uma análise zooarqueológica, compreender as interações entre os homens e o ambiente em que estavam inseridos, por meio da análise do material proveniente de quatro áreas de escavação abertas entre os anos de 1999 e 2003. / The site Capelinha I, located in Cajati, SP, is a fluvial shellmounds of great interest to the Brazilian Archeology, intriguing because of its timing: 9250 ± 50 years BP. Besides the shellmounds, there were two other subsequent occupations, related to the hunter-gatherer of Umbu Tradition and the potters of Itararé Tradition. Therefore, the main objective of this research is, through a zooarchaeological analysis, to understand the interactions between men and environment in which they were inserted, by means of the analysis of material proceeding from four excavation areas, which were opened between the years of 1999 and 2003.

A Lapa Grande de Taquaraçu, localizada entre o carste de Lagoa Santa e a Serra do Cipó, apresenta datações do Holoceno Inicial (11.750-11.250 anos cal AP a 9.050-8.990 anos cal AP). Nesta época o território que atualmente corresponde ao Brasil Central já era habitado por diversas populações de caçadores-coletores, cuja economia tem sido caracterizada como de amplo espectro baseada na coleta de recursos vegetais e na caça de animais terrestres de pequeno e médio porte. O material faunístico proveniente de Taquaraçu foi analisado, sob a ótica da zooarqueologia, com a finalidade de testar a eficiência de três diferentes métodos de coleta de faunas (plotagem, peneiramento e triagem em campo e peneiramento e triagem em laboratório de amostras totais de sedimentos) e entender a exploração de recursos faunísticos pelos grupos humanos que utilizaram o abrigo em quatro momentos temporais escalonados ao longo do Holoceno Inicial. Os resultados do teste de métodos indicam que a plotagem privilegia o resgate de ossos de animais grande e médio porte, especialmente mamíferos; o peneiramento e a triagem dos elementos faunísticos em campo é apropriado para evidenciar o espectro faunístico presente no sítio, no entanto não permite a recuperação de ossos de animais menores ou elementos de difícil reconhecimento, subestimando sobretudo os peixes; e o peneiramento e a triagem em laboratório de amostras totais de sedimentos permite a recuperação de elementos pertencentes à taxa de tamanho pequeno, no entanto é pouco eficiente para caracterização da amplitude taxonômica presente no sítio. Diante dos resultados obtidos foi sugerido um protocolo para coleta de vestígios faunísticos em sítios abrigados. Com relação a exploração de recursos faunísticos, o registro zooarqueológico evidenciado em Taquaraçu insere os grupos que ocuparam este abrigo no contexto das economias generalistas do Holoceno Inicial da América do Sul, no entanto, neste sítio há a sugestão de amplo conhecimento de ambientes aquáticos, de modo que se pode afirmar que os caçadores-coletores que ocuparam Taquaraçu no Holoceno Inicial também eram pescadores. / The Lapa Grande de Taquaraçu rockshelter, situated between the karst of Lagoa Santa and the Serra do Cipó, present dates of Early Holocene (11.750-11.250 anos cal AP a 9.050-8.990 anos cal AP). At this time the territory that now corresponds to Central Brazil was already inhabited by several populations of hunter-gatherers, whose economy has been characterized as a broad spectrum based on the collection of vegetal resources and the hunting of small and medium-sized land animals. The faunal material from Taquaraçu was analysed, from the perspective of Zooarchaeology, with the purpose of testing the efficiency of three different methods of collecting faunas (plotting, sieving and field screening and sieving and laboratory screening of total sediment samples) and to understand the exploitation of faunistic resources by human groups that used the shelter in four temporal moments along the Early Holocene. The results of the test methods indicate that the plot favors the rescue of large and medium-sized animal bones, especially mammals; the sieving and screening of the fauna elements in the field is appropriate to highlight the faunistic spectrum present in the site, however it does not allow the recovery of bones of smaller animals or elements of difficult recognition, especially underestimating the fish; and the laboratory sieving and screening of total sediment samples allows the recovery of elements belonging to the small size taxa, but is not efficient for characterizing the taxonomic range present in the site. In view of the results obtained, a protocol was suggested for the collection of faunal remains in sheltered sites. In relation to the exploitation of fauna resources, the zooarchaeological record evidenced in Taquaraçu inserts the groups that occupied this shelter in the context of the generalist economies of the Initial Holocene of South America, however, on this site there is a suggestion of a broad knowledge of aquatic environments, so that it can be said that the hunter-gatherers who occupied Taquaraçu in the Early Holocene were also fishermen.

Les épizooties du passé, malgré leur impact économique, sanitaire et social sur les sociétés agro-pastorales anciennes, sont particulièrement mal documentées en archéologie, et leurs millions de victimes semblent n’avoir laissé aucune trace matérielle. Cette thèse s’attache donc à démontrer qu’il est non seulement possible de mettre en évidence des dépôts animaux consécutifs à des crises de mortalité, mais aussi d’identifier les causes spécifiques des décès. Elle adopte une démarche interdisciplinaire, mêlant méthodes et données de l’archéologie, de l’histoire et de la médecine vétérinaire. Deux outils méthodologiques y sont développés. Le premier est une grille d’analyse permettant l’identification des crises de mortalité animales parmi tous les dépôts de faune rencontrés en archéologie. Le second est une démarche de diagnostic différentiel de la nature des crises, reposant sur la confrontation entre les caractéristiques épidémiologiques des dépôts animaux et celles des principales causes de mortalité identifiées aux époques étudiées. Des examens complémentaires ciblés permettent alors la validation des hypothèses diagnostiques obtenues. Une cinquantaine de dépôts animaux témoignant vraisemblablement de crises de mortalité passées sont ainsi identifiés dans la bibliographie, corpus faisant l’objet d’une analyse multicritère diachronique et spécifique. Six assemblages ovins datés de l’Antiquité à la période Moderne font ensuite l’objet d’une étude archéologique et ostéologique approfondie. L’application du protocole d’analyse permet la formulation d’hypothèses diagnostiques dans cinq cas sur six, et dans un cas sa confirmation par la mise en évidence du pathogène incriminé. / Acute episodes of animal mortality had severe impacts on past societies, with lasting economical, sanitary and social consequences. They remain however largely undocumented, in particular in archaeology, where the millions of animal victims described in historical texts appear to have left no material evidence. This dissertation thus strives to explore this discrepancy and to demonstrate that not only is it possible to identify archaeological deposits of mass animal mortality, but that it is also possible to diagnose the specific cause of the deaths. Theses aims are addressed by an interdisciplinary approach, drawing on methods and data from the fields of archaeology, history and veterinary science, and leading to the development of two methodological tools. The first tool allows the identification of animal mass mortality deposits through a flow chart based on objective archaeological criteria. The second presents as a protocol allowing the differential diagnosis and those of the main causes for animal mortalities in that time and place. Selected diagnostic hypotheses are then tested by targeted analyses. This allows us to identify fifty-one archaeological animal deposits probably resulting from mass mortality events in the bibliographical record, and to carry out a multi-criteria analysis of the resulting corpus in a diachronic and a species-specific perspective. Six ovine assemblages dating from the Roman period to the Modern period are then selected for an in-depth archaeological and osteological study. Likely diagnostic hypotheses are identified through our protocol in five cases out of six, one of which is confirmed by the paleoparasitological identification of the suspected pathogen.

Zooarchaeological material from prehistoric settlements usually make up a large amount of the archaeological record. Despite this, research on the material is seldom utilized to its full potential. This is very much the case for the famous iron age settlement at Helgö. Therefore, in this thesis animal bones recovered from building group 4 at Helgö were analyzed using both osteological and taphonomic, as well as spatial variables as a mean to gain a better understanding of various aspects of the settlement and life at prehistoric Helgö. The results from the zooarchaeological analysis provide insight in social activities and practices concerning both human and animal interactions. The animals are found to have been an important part of the lives of the people at Helgö. Both spatial and structural differences in the material reveal various attitudes towards the animals and bring to light a diversity of activities and practices surrounding the settlement and Helgö.

Ce travail s'intéresse à l'organisation saisonnière des activités de la fin du Moustérien, avant l'arrivée de l'Homme anatomiquement moderne dans le Sud-Ouest de la France. Il propose une réflexion sur les capacités d'anticipation et de planification des Néandertaliens dans la gestion de leurs ressources animales par l'étude des saisons d'abattage. Pour déterminer la saisonnalité de prédation, l'étude des dépôts de cément dentaire, qui permet l'analyse d'un grand nombre d'individus, a été retenue pour ce travail. Cette thèse propose, dans une optique archéozoologique, de mettre les données saisonnières en perspective avec l'ensemble des informations disponibles portant sur les populations animales chassées. Une revue critique est proposée de la cémentochronologie et des différents biais qui peuvent affecter cette méthode dans la détermination de la saison de mort des animaux en contexte préhistorique. Un protocole d'étude tenant compte, en particulier, des remobilisations post-mortem des structures du cément et traitant des problèmes d'échantillonnage par une approche probabiliste est alors mis en oeuvre. L'analyse archéozoologique et cémentochronologique d'un site d'habitat (Pech de l'Azé I) et l'analyse cémentochronologique d'un possible camp de chasse (La Quina) ainsi que d'un site d'abattage (Mauran) permettent d'aborder différents aspects de la subsistance moustérienne. Les résultats sont comparés à ceux obtenus sur le gisement d'Isturitz, daté du début de l'Aurignacien. Ce travail conclut à l'existence au Moustérien d'économies de subsistance complexes, avec une planification des activités au sein du territoire visible au travers de la spécialisation de certains gisements. La présence d'abattage en masse à la saisonnalité marquée confirme l'existence d'une anticipation dans la gestion des ressources carnée.

Cette étude vise à comprendre quelle était la place des camélidés chez les Moche du centre urbain de Guadalupito de la vallée de Santa au Pérou. Les données ostéologiques analysées ont été obtenues grâce aux travaux effectués par le projet archéologique PSUM (Proyecto Santa de la Universidad de Montreal) de l’Université de Montréal. Dans ce document, une synthèse concernant les Moche de la côte nord du Pérou est d’abord présentée. Puis, il sera question de décrire le site archéologique Guadalupito et d’effectuer des observations concernant les camélidés d’Amérique du sud. Ce sont surtout les données zooarchéologiques qui ont été considérées pour répondre aux questions de recherche de ce travail. La céramique, les fibres de camélidés et les données ethnohistoriques ainsi qu’ethnographiques concernant les camélidés ont également été sujets à quelques observations afin de pouvoir répondre aux questions de recherche de manière holistique. Les résultats ont dévoilé qu’une grande quantité des camélidés du centre urbain de Guadalupito ont été exploités pour leur viande. Les camélidés constituaient une denrée alimentaire de base pour les gens qui fréquentaient les secteurs associés à l’élite. Plusieurs autres camélidés ont été utilisés comme animal de charge, car ils sont morts à un âge plus avancé. Aussi, il y avait des échanges entre la côte et la sierra, car de la laine tissé selon un style de la sierra a été trouvée. Certains camélidés étaient également utilisés lors de rituel et/ou pour leur cuir. Les lamas offraient une source stable de protéines, car ces animaux étaient sous le contrôle des Moche. Enfin, le camélidé a été le mammifère le plus polyvalent avant l’arrivée des animaux en provenance de l’Europe et il a représenté un moyen de transport et une source de nourriture fiable et significative chez les Moche. / This study aims to understand the role of camelids in the Moche urban centre of Guadalupito in Santa Valley, Peru. The faunal data analyzed were acquired from the PSUM (Proyecto Santa de la Universidad de Montreal). A synthesis of the Moche culture is presented, the Guadalupito site is described and observations regarding South American camelids are included. Mostly zooarchaeological data were analyzed to answer questions about the way the Moche used camelids. However, ceramics, materials made from camelid fibres, ethnohistoric and ethnographic data were also examined in order to interpret the results from a holistic perspective. Results show a higher concentration of camelid remains in places associated with higher socioeconomic status. Many camelids were used for their meat and leather. In fact, camelids constituted a basic source of sustenance for those of elevated rank. Some camelids at the Guadalupito site were used to carry goods because they died at a more mature age. Exchanges between the coast and the mountains must have existed (even if they were not regular), as some camelid fibres incorporating a style distinct to the mountains were discovered at the Guadalupito site. Other camelids were used for rituals. Finally, llamas offered a stable source of protein to the Moche people who domesticated the animals to fulfill a variety of tasks. This confirms the perception of the lama as one of the most useful animals in this region prior the arrival of European animals.

The faunal remains from four archaeological sites on the northwest shore of Mingo Lake, in the interior of Southern Baffin Island, are examined in this thesis. All four sites are radiocarbon dated to Pre-Dorset times (4500 – 2700 BP). The faunal assemblage is dominated by caribou remains. As such, this study is the first, large-scale faunal analysis of an interior Pre-Dorset site with caribou as a main subsistence resource. In total 18,710 faunal bones were examined. Elemental frequencies, fracture patterns, bone burning, and butchering patterns will provide important insights into the lifeway of the Pre-Dorset. The results of the thesis indicate that the Pre-Dorset were utilizing the Mingo Lake area during the late summer into early fall. The main activity at all four sites was caribou hunting with a focus on marrow extraction. The sites served dual purposes as habitation and butchering sites and were occupied for varying lengths of time.

The Hiikwis site complex, located in Barkley Sound on the west coast of Vancouver Island, consists of two traditional Nuu-chah-nulth village sites: Uukwatis (DfSh-15) and Hiikwis proper (DfSh-16). Uukwatis, the older of the two sites, was occupied from at least 2870 cal BP. It is believed that at some point the main village was moved west up the beach approximately 650 m to Hiikwis proper, which has been dated to at least 1290 cal BP. Both sites appear to have been occupied into the early twentieth century. This thesis represents the first detailed faunal analysis of an inner Barkley Sound site older than 600 years. The faunal assemblage is unique among contemporaneous sites in the region, due in part to a large bird assemblage and the presence of salmon remains throughout all levels of the site complex. Hiikwis does not follow the pattern typically described for Barkley Sound sites, in which salmon was not a significant resource until around 800 cal BP. However, after 900 cal BP, the relative abundance of salmon within the Hiikwis fish assemblage does increase. These results support an established hypothesis that this time period in Barkley Sound was characterized by group amalgamations, increasing populations, shifting territorial boundaries, changes in subsistence practices, and increased defensive strategies and structures. This faunal analysis shows that the Hiikwis site complex was occupied year-round for the majority of its occupation, with a shift to seasonal (winter/spring) occupation represented within the most recent levels of cultural deposits at Hiikwis proper. / Graduate / 0324 / nicole.westre@hotmail.com

The Hiikwis site complex, located in Barkley Sound on the west coast of Vancouver Island, consists of two traditional Nuu-chah-nulth village sites: Uukwatis (DfSh-15) and Hiikwis proper (DfSh-16). Uukwatis, the older of the two sites, was occupied from at least 2870 cal BP. It is believed that at some point the main village was moved west up the beach approximately 650 m to Hiikwis proper, which has been dated to at least 1290 cal BP. Both sites appear to have been occupied into the early twentieth century. This thesis represents the first detailed faunal analysis of an inner Barkley Sound site older than 600 years. The faunal assemblage is unique among contemporaneous sites in the region, due in part to a large bird assemblage and the presence of salmon remains throughout all levels of the site complex. Hiikwis does not follow the pattern typically described for Barkley Sound sites, in which salmon was not a significant resource until around 800 cal BP. However, after 900 cal BP, the relative abundance of salmon within the Hiikwis fish assemblage does increase. These results support an established hypothesis that this time period in Barkley Sound was characterized by group amalgamations, increasing populations, shifting territorial boundaries, changes in subsistence practices, and increased defensive strategies and structures. This faunal analysis shows that the Hiikwis site complex was occupied year-round for the majority of its occupation, with a shift to seasonal (winter/spring) occupation represented within the most recent levels of cultural deposits at Hiikwis proper. / Graduate / 0324 / nicole.westre@hotmail.com