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Microcystine sind die wohl bekanntesten cyanobakteriellen Toxine. Sie werden im Wesentlichen durch die im Süßwasser weltweit verbreitete, koloniebildende Gattung Microcystis synthetisiert. Die biologische Funktion dieser Peptide ist jedoch ungeklärt. In dieser Studie wurde die Fragestellung erstmals über einen globalen Ansatz auf molekularer Ebene analysiert. Die proteomischen Analysen zwischen M. aeruginosa PCC 7806/ Wildtyp und einigen Microcystin-freien Mutanten deuten auf eine physiologische Rolle der Microcystine. Microcystine beeinflussen die Abundanz zahlreicher Proteine. Prominentester Vertreter ist RubisCO – Schlüsselenzym des Calvin Zyklus. RubisCO und andere im 2D selektierte Proteine konnten außerdem als mögliche zelluläre Bindepartner des Microcystins identifiziert werden. Möglicherweise bindet MC an bestimmte Cysteinreste dieser Proteine. Mit dem Knockout der mcy-Gene geht außerdem eine Überexpression eines Morphotyp-spezifischen Proteins einher, das MrpC genannt wurde. Dieses Protein vermittelt möglicherweise Zell-Zell-Interaktionen in Microcystis. / Microcystins are the most common cyanobacterial toxins found in freshwater lakes and reservoirs throughout the world. They are frequently produced by the unicellular, colonial cyanobacterium Microcystis; however, the role of the peptide for the producing organismen is poorly understood. In this study we describe the first global approach to investigate this topic on a molecular level. Proteomic studies with M. aeruginosa PCC 7806 wild-type and several microcystin-deficient mutants indicated a physiological function for microcystin. Microcystin was shown to influence the abundance of several proteins which have an intra- or extracellular function. A prominent candidate is RubisCO, the key enzyme of the calvin cycle. RubisCO and other proteins, initially selected by 2D analysis, are putative cellular binding partners of microcystin. A potentially interaction mechanismen is the kovalent binding of microcystin to cysteine residues of the protein. Moreover, several knockouts of microcystin biosynthesis genes result in an overexpression of a putative morpho-type specific factor, named MrpC. This protein possibly mediates cell-cell interactions in Microcystis.

For many centuries, the study of the Sun has been an important testbed for understanding stars that are further away. One of the first astronomical observations Galileo Galilei made in 1612 with the newly invented telescope concerned the sunspots, and in 1814, Joseph von Fraunhofer employed his new spectroscope to discover the absorption lines in the solar spectrum that are now named after him. Even though more refined and new modes of observation are now available than in the days of Galileo and Fraunhofer, the study of the Sun is still high on the agenda of contemporary science, due to three guiding interests. The first is connected to the ages-old human striving to understand the structure of the larger world surrounding us. Modern telescopes, some of them even based outside the Earth’s atmosphere in space, have succeeded in observing astronomical objects that are billions of light- years away. However, for practical reasons precision data that are important for understanding stars can still only be gained from the Sun. In a sense, the observations of far-away astronomical objects thus call for a more precise study of the closeby, of the Sun, for their interpretation. The second interest stems from the human desire to understand the essence of the world, in particular the elementary particles of which it consists. Large accelerators have been constructed to produce and collide these particles. However, man-made machines can never be as luminous as the Sun when it comes to producing particles. Solar neutrinos have thus served not only as an astronomical tool to understand the Sun’s inner workings, but their behavior on the way from the Sun to the Earth is also being studied with the aim to understand their nature and interactions. The third interest is strictly connected to life on Earth. A multitude of research has shown that even relatively slight changes in the Earth’s climate may strongly affect the living conditions in a number of densely populated areas, mainly near the ocean shore and in arid regions. Thus, great effort is expended on the study of greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere. Also the Sun, via the solar irradiance and via the effects of the so-called solar wind of magnetic particles on the Earth’s atmosphere, may affect the climate. There is no proof linking solar effects to short-term changes in the Earth’s climate. However, such effects cannot be excluded, either, making it necessary to study the Sun. The experiments summarized in the present work contribute to the present-day study of our Sun by repeating, in the laboratory, some of the nuclear processes that take place in the core of the Sun. They aim to improve the precision of the nuclear cross section data that lay the foundation of the model of the nuclear reactions generating energy and producing neutrinos in the Sun. In order to reach this goal, low-energy nuclear physics experiments are performed. Wherever possible, the data are taken in a low-background, underground environment. There is only one underground accelerator facility in the world, the Laboratory Underground for Nuclear Astro- physics (LUNA) 0.4 MV accelerator in the Gran Sasso laboratory in Italy. Much of the research described here is based on experiments at LUNA. Background and feasibility studies shown here lay the base for future, higher-energy underground accelerators. Finally, it is shown that such a device can even be placed in a shallow-underground facility such as the Dresden Felsenkeller without great loss of sensitivity.

In contrast to mammals, some fish and amphibians have retained the ability to regenerate complex body structures or organs, such as the limb, the tail, the eye lens or even parts of the heart. One major difference in the response to injury is the appearance of a mesenchymal growth zone or blastema in these regenerative species instead of the scarring seen in mammals. This blastema is thought to largely derive from the dedifferentiation of various functional cell types, such as skeletal muscle, skin and cartilage. In the case of multinucleated skeletal muscle fibres, cell cycle re-entry into S-phase as well as fragmentation into mononucleated progenitors is observed both in vitro and in vivo. In order to identify molecules that initiate dedifferentiation of cells at the wound site in amphibians we have established a cellular assay with a cultured newt myogenic cell line. Using this assay we have found a serum activity that stimulates cell cycle re-entry in differentiated multinucleated newt myotubes. The activity is present in serum of all mammalian species tested so far and, interestingly, thrombin proteolysis amplifies the activity from both serum and plasma. We think this serum factor provides a link between wounding and regeneration and its identification will be a key step in understanding the remarkable differences in wound healing between mammals and amphibians. In the course of this PhD thesis we have characterized the serum factor as a thermo-labile, pH- and proteinase K-sensitive, high molecular weight protein that is resistant to denaturing conditions such as SDS, urea or organic solvents. Surprisingly, under denaturing conditions the activity behaves as a low molecular weight protein that displays charge heterogeneity on isoelectric focusing. Using these characteristics of the serum factor we have performed a systematic investigation of commonly used protein chromatography modes and separation techniques to develop a successful purification procedure. After four column chromatography steps -- cation exchange, hydrophobic interaction, heparin affinity and size exclusion chromatography under denaturing conditions -- we have achieved a 2,000-fold purification starting from a commercially available Crude Bovine Thrombin preparation. This represents about 40,000-fold purification over bovine serum. Silver stained gels of the most purified fractions revealed ten major protein bands. In order to finally identify the cell cycle re-entry factor, we are currently analyzing the purification by quantitative mass spectrometry by correlating the abundance of tryptic peptides with activity in sequential fractions across a chromatography run.

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die religiöse Ansprechbarkeit der Leipziger Bevölkerung in der Plattenbausiedlung Grünau ist bedingt durch den DDR-Sozialismus als ,,Ersatzreligion" gering. Doch stellt sich die Frage, inwieweit die politische Wende 1989 auch zu einer religiösen Wende im Leben der Menschen geführt hat. Für diese Erhebung habe ich zunächst die Geschichte, die sozialistische Prägung, die Rolle der Kirchen und die postmoderne Beeinflussung untersucht. Die aktuelle religiöse Ansprechbarkeit ließ sich im Zuge der qualitativen Sozialforschung mithilfe von Interviews mit den Kirchenleitungen Grünaus und der Kategorisierung religiöser Dimensionen von Charles Y. Glock eruieren. Dabei wurde nach den Ritualen, dem Sinn im Leben, dem religiösen Wissen, den Konsequenzen im Alltag und dem religiösen Erleben gefragt. Abschließend habe ich die Ergebnisse im Blickfeld der Kontextualisierung ausgehend von der Praxispyramide (Praxis-Zyklus) missionstheologisch evaluiert. Die Lage in Grünau entspricht grundsätzlich der in Gesamtostdeutschland: Konfessionslosigkeit, die sich vom bekennenden Atheismus durch die indifferente Haltung zum Glauben unterscheidet, bestimmt das Bild. Zahlenmäßig liegt die Summe der Kirchenmitglieder in Grünau (ca. 8%) sogar noch unter dem Gesamtdurchschnitt Ostdeutschlands. Aber die empirischen Ergebnisse lassen eine steigende religiöse Ansprechbarkeit nach der Wende erkennen, der mit kontextgerechten und mentalitätsadäquaten Maßnahmen, wie z. B. christlichen postsozialistischen Feiern, einem Grünauer Trabbi-Cafe, einem Plattenbaukino und anderen schöpferischen Aktionen begegnet werden kann. The religious receptiveness of the people of Leipzig, in the estate of prefabricated houses of Grünau, is low, due to GDR-socialism as an "alternative religion". However, the question arises, as to which extent the political turnaround in 1989, also brought about a religious turnaround in people's lives. For this research, I first of all analysed the history, the socialist influence, the role of the churches, and the post-modern influence. The current religious receptiveness was elicited by qualitative social research interviewing church leaders of Grünau, and by making use of the categorisation of religious dimensions by Charles Y. Glock. In the process questions pertaining to rituals, the meaning of life, religious knowledge, the consequences in everyday life, and the religious experience, were asked. Thereafter, I evaluated the results mission-theologically, in sight of the contextualisation of the so-called praxis pyramid (praxis cycle). The situation in Grünau basically corresponds with the situation in all of East Germany: Not belonging to a church which differs from confessed atheism because of the indifferent attitude towards faith dominates the picture. Numerically, the sum of church members in Grünau (approximately 8%) is even below the overall average of East Germany. However, the empirical results show an increasing religious receptiveness after the turnaround which can be met by measures fitting the context and the mentality, for example, Christian post-socialist celebrations, a "Grünau Trabbi-Café" (a coffee shop), a cinema on the housing estates, and other creative actions. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / (M.Th.(Missiology))

Die vorliegende Arbeit beinhaltet die Synthese und Charakterisierung der Diorganosilane SiX2R2 [X = H, Cl; R = Cp3M (C5Me3H2), Cp4M (C5Me4H)] sowie der Diorganogermane GeX2R2 [X = H, Cl; R = Cp3M (C5Me3H2), Cp4M (C5Me4H), Cp* (C5Me5)]. Es wird die Reaktion der Lithiumsalze SiCl2Cp4MLi2 und SiCl2Cp3MLi2, synthetisiert aus den Diorganosilanen SiCl2Cp3M2 und SiCl2Cp4M2, mit verschiedenen Elementchloriden (PCl3, GeCl4, Si2Cl6 SiHCl3, BCl3) sowie Pyridin vorgestellt. Die entstandenen Produkte und heterozyklischen Verbindungen sind hinsichtlich ihrer Struktur im Festkörper mittels Röntgeneinkristallstrukturanalyse und in Lösung mittels NMR-Spektroskopie untersucht worden. Darüber hinaus wird die Abscheidung von dünnen Germaniumschichten über einen apparativ vereinfachten MOCVD-Prozess bei Atmosphärendruck unter Verwendung der Diorganogermane GeH2Cp4M2 und GeH2Cp*2 beschrieben. Als Substrate wurden Siliciumwafer, Glas und flexible Kaptonfolien verwendet. Die abgeschiedenen Germaniumschichten wurden mittels RAMAN-Spektroskopie, Vis/NIR-Spektroskopie, Elektronenmikroskopie, energiedispersiver Röntgenspektroskopie (EDX) und Röntgenphotoelektronenspektroskopie (XPS) untersucht. Die abgeschiedenen amorphen Germaniumschichten wiesen eine kontrollierbare Dicke zwischen 30 – 780 nm auf. Die Homogenität und Rauheit der abgeschiedenen Schichten wurde mittels rasterkraftmikroskopischen Messungen bestimmt. Die Abscheideraten und damit die Schichtdicken konnten mithilfe der Temperatur und der Zeit variiert werden.

Die vorliegende Arbeit beinhaltet die Synthese und Charakterisierung der Diorganosilane SiX2R2 [X = H, Cl; R = Cp3M (C5Me3H2), Cp4M (C5Me4H)] sowie der Diorganogermane GeX2R2 [X = H, Cl; R = Cp3M (C5Me3H2), Cp4M (C5Me4H), Cp* (C5Me5)]. Es wird die Reaktion der Lithiumsalze SiCl2Cp4MLi2 und SiCl2Cp3MLi2, synthetisiert aus den Diorganosilanen SiCl2Cp3M2 und SiCl2Cp4M2, mit verschiedenen Elementchloriden (PCl3, GeCl4, Si2Cl6 SiHCl3, BCl3) sowie Pyridin vorgestellt. Die entstandenen Produkte und heterozyklischen Verbindungen sind hinsichtlich ihrer Struktur im Festkörper mittels Röntgeneinkristallstrukturanalyse und in Lösung mittels NMR-Spektroskopie untersucht worden. Darüber hinaus wird die Abscheidung von dünnen Germaniumschichten über einen apparativ vereinfachten MOCVD-Prozess bei Atmosphärendruck unter Verwendung der Diorganogermane GeH2Cp4M2 und GeH2Cp*2 beschrieben. Als Substrate wurden Siliciumwafer, Glas und flexible Kaptonfolien verwendet. Die abgeschiedenen Germaniumschichten wurden mittels RAMAN-Spektroskopie, Vis/NIR-Spektroskopie, Elektronenmikroskopie, energiedispersiver Röntgenspektroskopie (EDX) und Röntgenphotoelektronenspektroskopie (XPS) untersucht. Die abgeschiedenen amorphen Germaniumschichten wiesen eine kontrollierbare Dicke zwischen 30 – 780 nm auf. Die Homogenität und Rauheit der abgeschiedenen Schichten wurde mittels rasterkraftmikroskopischen Messungen bestimmt. Die Abscheideraten und damit die Schichtdicken konnten mithilfe der Temperatur und der Zeit variiert werden.

For many centuries, the study of the Sun has been an important testbed for understanding stars that are further away. One of the first astronomical observations Galileo Galilei made in 1612 with the newly invented telescope concerned the sunspots, and in 1814, Joseph von Fraunhofer employed his new spectroscope to discover the absorption lines in the solar spectrum that are now named after him. Even though more refined and new modes of observation are now available than in the days of Galileo and Fraunhofer, the study of the Sun is still high on the agenda of contemporary science, due to three guiding interests. The first is connected to the ages-old human striving to understand the structure of the larger world surrounding us. Modern telescopes, some of them even based outside the Earth’s atmosphere in space, have succeeded in observing astronomical objects that are billions of light- years away. However, for practical reasons precision data that are important for understanding stars can still only be gained from the Sun. In a sense, the observations of far-away astronomical objects thus call for a more precise study of the closeby, of the Sun, for their interpretation. The second interest stems from the human desire to understand the essence of the world, in particular the elementary particles of which it consists. Large accelerators have been constructed to produce and collide these particles. However, man-made machines can never be as luminous as the Sun when it comes to producing particles. Solar neutrinos have thus served not only as an astronomical tool to understand the Sun’s inner workings, but their behavior on the way from the Sun to the Earth is also being studied with the aim to understand their nature and interactions. The third interest is strictly connected to life on Earth. A multitude of research has shown that even relatively slight changes in the Earth’s climate may strongly affect the living conditions in a number of densely populated areas, mainly near the ocean shore and in arid regions. Thus, great effort is expended on the study of greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere. Also the Sun, via the solar irradiance and via the effects of the so-called solar wind of magnetic particles on the Earth’s atmosphere, may affect the climate. There is no proof linking solar effects to short-term changes in the Earth’s climate. However, such effects cannot be excluded, either, making it necessary to study the Sun. The experiments summarized in the present work contribute to the present-day study of our Sun by repeating, in the laboratory, some of the nuclear processes that take place in the core of the Sun. They aim to improve the precision of the nuclear cross section data that lay the foundation of the model of the nuclear reactions generating energy and producing neutrinos in the Sun. In order to reach this goal, low-energy nuclear physics experiments are performed. Wherever possible, the data are taken in a low-background, underground environment. There is only one underground accelerator facility in the world, the Laboratory Underground for Nuclear Astro- physics (LUNA) 0.4 MV accelerator in the Gran Sasso laboratory in Italy. Much of the research described here is based on experiments at LUNA. Background and feasibility studies shown here lay the base for future, higher-energy underground accelerators. Finally, it is shown that such a device can even be placed in a shallow-underground facility such as the Dresden Felsenkeller without great loss of sensitivity.

A new primary torque control concept for hydrostatics mobile machines was introduced in 2018 [1]. The mentioned concept controls the pressure in a closed circuit by changing the angle of the hydraulic pump to achieve the desired pressure based on a feedback system. Thanks to this concept, a series of advantages are expected [2]. However, while working in a Y cycle, the primary torque controlled wheel loader has worse performance in efficiency compared to secondary controlled earthmover due to lack of recuperation ability. Alternatively, we use deep learning algorithms to improve machines’ regeneration performance. In this paper, we firstly make a potential analysis to show the benefit by utilizing the regeneration process, followed by proposing a series of CRDNNs, which combine CNN, RNN, and DNN, to precisely detect Y cycles. Compared to existing algorithms, the CRDNN with bidirectional LSTMs has the best accuracy, and the CRDNN with LSTMs has a comparable performance but much fewer training parameters. Based on our dataset including 119 truck loading cycles, our best neural network shows a 98.2 % test accuracy. Therefore, even with a simple regeneration process, our algorithm can improve the holistic efficiency of mobile machines up to 9% during Y cycle processes if primary torque concept is used.

The Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 2 is considered the coldest, driest and stormiest period during the last Glacial-Interglacial cycle in large parts of Eurasia. This resulted from strongly decreased northern hemisphere temperature and related maximum extension of northern ice sheets that strongly reinforced large-scale circulation modes such as westerlies and East Asian Winter Monsoon driven by the Siberian High. Normally, this intensified circulation is reflected by maximum loess deposition in numerous loess regions spanning Europe and Asia. However, here we present a new loess record from the Caucasus region in NE-Armenia providing evidence in support of heavily reduced or even lacking loess formation during the MIS-2. Owing to implementations of comprehensible luminescence dating work and a provenance survey using rock magnetic and geochemical data, we are able to define distinct loess formation phases and to retrace sediment transport pathways. By comparing our results to other Eurasian palaeo-records, we unveil general atmospheric circulation modes that are most likely responsible for loess formation in the Southern Caucasus. Moreover, we try to test different scenarios to explain lacking loess formation during MIS-2. In line with other archive information, we suggest that loess formation was hampered by higher regional moisture conditions caused by a southward-shift of westerlies and renewed moisture absorption over the Black Sea. Our results show that modifications of MIS-2 circulation modes induced a very heterogeneous moisture distribution, particularly in the lower mid-latitudes of Eurasia producing a juxtaposition of very dry (morphodynamically active) and moderately dry (morphodynamically stable) areas.