Six naive capuchin monkeys (Cebus appella) and six naive squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) were tested on an 8 second indirect delayed-response task in a modified Wisconsin General Test Apparatus (WGTA). Six experimental conditions were used to vary the lighting conditions during the 8 second delay between the termination of the 5 second cue light behind a door panel and the raising of a 2-way mirror screen which allowed the subject to respond to one of the two panels. These six conditions were altered by timers which controlled a small light located in the top of the test cage. The six experimental conditions were (1) light in test cage remained on for the entire 8 seconds; (2) light went off immediately following the termination of the cue light and remained off for the entire 8 seconds at which time the light came on simultaneously with the raising of the 2-way mirror screen; (3) light on for 4 seconds and then off for 4 seconds; (4) light off for 4 seconds then on for 4 seconds; (5) light on for 2 seconds, off for 4 seconds and on for 2 seconds; and, (6) light off for 2 seconds, on for 4 seconds and off for 2 seconds. A randomized 6 x 6 Latin Square was used to assign subject and condition per day. Testing was conducted six days per week which allowed each condition to be presented to each subject every week. The 6 x 6 Latin Square was then repeated five times for a total test period of 30 weeks or 180 days. The 30 weeks were divided into 3 blocks of 10 weeks each. The results were analyzed with the Sequential State Theory (SST) which was developed by King and Fobes and is a two-stage theory of learning. The two stages are defined as attention which is followed by an associative stage of bias free learning. The results indicated that, to the contrary of some recent research, proactive inhibition was a significant source of error under all conditions and for both species. There were no significant species differences as a function of the different lighting condition during the period of delay. The Sequential State Theory hypothesizes a triphasic model for the acquisition of a complex learning task. When the learning task is sufficiently difficult there are three clearly identifiable curves in the acquisition of learning. First, the animal exhibits error tendencies such as position perseveration. This tendency is followed by an increase in random responding. Finally, detect responses emerge which are manifested by attending to the relevant dimensions of the stimulus object. The data for both the capuchin monkeys and squirrel monkeys supported this model of learning with the response curves emerging in the predicted manner.

Resumo

Orientador: Mathias Vitti / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-22T09:32:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Botacin_PauloRoberto_D.pdf: 5829585 bytes, checksum: 738c0f6dbf83f35e92b79e3d967d880b (MD5) Previous issue date: 1997 / Resumo: Uma analise quantitativa do nervo infra-orbital foi realizada em 5 macacos-prego (cebus apella) machos e adultos. Cada animal foi perfundido com solução de formol a 10 % tamponada.O nervo contido no suleo infra-orbital foi dissecado e soccionado...Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: A quantitative analysis of infraorbitual nerve was studied in 5 adult male talted capuchin monkeys ( cebus apella) . Each animal was perfused with 10 % formalin buffered. The nerve in the infraorbitual suceus was dissected and sectioned at aproximately 0.5 cm in lenght in two levels ...Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic digital thesis or dissertations / Doutorado / Biologia e Patologia Buco-Dental / Doutor em Ciências

Aporta información sobre los principales marcadores bioquímicos sanguíneos renales (Urea y Creatinina) del Machín negro (Cebus apella); mantenido en cautiverio y en iguales condiciones de manejo, control sanitario, alojamiento y alimentación. Se utilizan 44 monos machines negros, 25 machos y 19 hembras entre juveniles, sub adultos y adultos en aparente buen estado de salud. La concentración de urea y creatinina encontrados son de 27.59 ± 12.38(mg/dl) y 1.47 ± 0.35(mg/dl) respectivamente, no existiendo diferencia estadística en relación al sexo y edad. / Tesis

The research aims of this thesis are to experimentally investigate how behaviours spread socially, and what factors contribute to the development of group-wide social traditions in capuchins (Cebus apella). Given the apparent convergent evolution between such monkeys and great apes, capuchin traditions are of great interest anthropologically and for a biological and psychological understanding of culture. Several studies have investigated social learning in capuchins, but few have made headway into understanding how it supports the development of traditions either in the wild or in captivity. By experimentally introducing novel foraging behaviours into several captive groups, the studies included in this thesis simulate the development of foraging behaviours so that their spread can be studied from various viewpoints. Five experiments are presented investigating: (1) the chained transmission of foraging behaviours, (2) the role of social facilitation on the rate of individual learning, (3) the fidelity of learning from localised stimulus enhancement & object-movement re-enactment, (4) the quality of individual relationships in the social transmission of novel foraging techniques, and (5) the open diffusion of group-specific foraging behaviours in capuchin monkeys. Together, these experiments explore how traditions may develop, ranging from individual learning to how behaviour patterns may spread socially based on social ties within the group.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1985. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Orientador: Lizeti Toledo de Oliveira Ramalho / Banca: Lourdes Aparecida Martins dos Santos Pinto / Banca: Ana Maria Minarelli Gaspar / Banca: Maria Cristina Borsatto / Banca: Nivaldo Parizotto / Resumo: O estudo investigou os efeitos da radiação eletromagnética não ionizante emitidos pelos diodos LASER com comprimento de onda no espectro 688 ηm e 785 ηm, e diodo LED 635 ± 10 ηm, associados ao capeamento direto com hidróxido de cálcio em exposições pulpares mecânicas. Avaliou-se assim em dentes de macacos-prego a resposta pulpar baseado na morfologia das células pulpares, no processo inflamatório local, na formação da barreira mineralizada, e na organização do tecido pulpar nos diferentes grupos estudados. Discutiu-se também as diferentes fontes de emissão de radiação eletromagnética comparando os resultados obtidos de estimulação pulpar com os diodos LASER e LED, os quais apresentam energia coerente e não-coerente, respectivamente. Os resultado mostraram uma estimulação em todos os grupos irradiados com melhores resultados para o estímulo com LASER, quando comparado ao grupo tratado isoladamente com hidróxido de cálcio. Concluímos assim que a estimulação de energia eletromagnética LASER e LED associado ao capeamento pulpar direto com hidróxido de cálcio apresentou aceleração no processo de reparação tecidual. Porém, há necessidade de novos estudos com diferentes parâmetros de irradiação a fim de se obter protocolos cada vez mais eficientes para o estudo dos efeitos da luz sobre o processo de reparação pulpar. / Abstract: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation emitted by LASER diodes 688 ηm and 785 ηm, and LED diode 635 ± 10 ηm associated to direct pulp capping with calcium hydroxide in traumatic pulp exposures were investigated. Based on pulp cells morphology, on the local inflammatory process, on mineralized barrier formation and on pulp tissue organization, the pulp response in capuchin monkey teeth was evaluated in different groups. It was also discussed the different electromagnetic radiation emission sources effects comparing the obtained results of pulp stimulation with diodes LASER and LED, which present coherent and non-coherent energy respectively. Stimulation was observed in all irradiated groups, being the best results achieved with LASER stimulation, when compared to the group treated only with calcium hydroxide. Thus, it is concluded that the electromagnetic LASER and LED energy stimulation associated with calcium hydroxide direct pulp capping accelerated the tissue repair process. However, further studies with different stimulation parameters in order to obtain increasingly efficient protocols to study light effects on pulp repair are necessary. / Doutor

Orientador: Paulo Maria Ferreira de Araujo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T10:50:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Felippe_PauloAnselmoNunes_M.pdf: 1330148 bytes, checksum: d967293882138043d69f9b910c8a220a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Com o objetivo de verificar a existência de anticorpos reativos aos antígenos virais da dengue e da febre amarela no sangue de macacos prego (Cebus apella) cativos no Brasil, procedeu-se a coleta de sangue de 227 animais, oriundos de 17 cidades, (concentradas nas regiões sul e sudeste) de 4 estados do Brasil, no período compreendido entre os anos de 2000 e 2001. Para tanto realizamos o teste de inibição da hemaglutinação e também padronizamos um ELISA indireto utilizando um conjugado comercial. O teste de Inibição da Hemaglutinação não detectou nenhuma reatividade dos soros estudados frente aos antígenos da dengue (DENI, DEN II). Encontramos, no teste de ELISA, uma reatividade de cerca de 97 % das amostras ao DEN I; 68% ao DII, 74% ao DEN III e 81% a febre amarela (FA). Não observamos diferenças estatisticamente significativas de reatividade entre machos e fêmeas, porém a observamos entre animais adultos e velhos para DEN I e FA. Os soros previamente tratados com a extração pela acetona, utilizada no teste de inibição da hemaglutinação apresentaram uma significativa perda de reatividade quando testados de forma pareada com amostras não tratadas ao ELISA indireto. Os resultados encontrados não são compatíveis com a epidemiologia da dengue e da febre amarela no Brasil, uma vez que primatas oriundos de dois estados da federação onde sabidamente não havia a transmissão por ocasião da coleta apresentaram uma reatividade importante, o que sugere a existência de anticorpos naturais reagentes aos antígenos virais pesquisados e aponta no sentido de que estes possam ter alguma importância na resistência destes primatas a estas enfermidades / Abstract: With the objective to verify the existence of reactive antibodies to viral antigens to dengue and yellow fever in the blood of capuccin monkeys (Cebus apella) captive in Brazil, it was proceeded collection from blood of 227 deriving animals of 17 cities (concentrate in south and southeast regions) of 4 states of the federacy in the understood period enters the years of 2000 and 2001. For in such a way we carry through the test of Hemaglutination Inhibition and also we standardize an indirect ELISA using one commercial conjugate. The test of Hemaglutination Inhibition did not detect reactivity of the studied seruns front to studied antigens of the dengue (DENI, DEN II). We find, in the test of ELISA, a reactivity of about 97 % of the samples to DEN I; 68% to the DII, 74% to DEN III and 81% the yellow fever (FA). We do not observe statistical significant differences of reactivity between males and females, however we observe it between adult and old animals for DEN I and FA. The seruns previously treated with the extraction for acetone, used in the test of Hemaglutination Inhibition had presented a significant loss of reactivity when tested bodily with samples not treated to the indirect ELISA. The results are not compatible with the epidemiology of the dengue and of the yellow fever in Brazil, a time that deriving primates of two states of the federacy where knew did not have the transmission for occasion of the collection had presented an important reactivity, what it suggests the existence of reacting natural antibodies to viral antigens searched and points in the direction of that these can have some importance in the resistance of these primates to these diseases / Mestrado / Imunologia / Mestre em Genética e Biologia Molecular

This thesis examines the relationship between individual differences in learning, personality, and social success in two groups of brown capuchin monkeys (Sapajus sp.) housed at the “Living Links Centre for Human Evolution” at Edinburgh Zoo, UK. Being able to learn quickly and efficiently likely helps primates achieve social success (defined here in terms of centrality within a social network), such as acquiring knowledge of others or learning social skills. Therefore, individuals that are better at learning were predicted to have greater social success than other group members. This prediction, however, contrasts with hypotheses generated from two other disciplines at the individual level: 1) the study of behavioural innovation, and 2) the study of individual differences, i.e. “personality”. In terms of behavioural innovation, better learners should have less social success than other group members because they are expected to rely more on problem-solving, rather than physical combativeness or status, to gain access to socioecological resources. In terms of personality, learning should have little or no direct relationship with social success because other individual differences, like sociability and fearfulness, should mediate primates’ social decision making. This thesis investigates each of these hypotheses. Personality was assessed in 127 capuchins from 7 international sites using the Hominoid Personality Questionnaire, and then validated at Living Links (LL) using behavioural codings; this was the first-ever description of personality structure in brown capuchins. Brown capuchins have five personality dimensions: Assertiveness, Openness, Sociability, Neuroticism, and Attentiveness. Ratings were consistent across observers, and predicted relevant behaviours among the LL capuchins over a year later (e.g. scores on Sociability predicted time spent in close proximity to others). “Social success” in the LL capuchins was assessed in terms of centrality in spatial proximity networks. Individual scores on social network centrality were significantly correlated with scores derived from a Principal Components Analysis of eight affiliative and agonistic behaviours among the LL capuchins, indicating that spatial proximity is a reliable measure of the quality of subjects’ social embeddedness within their groups. Social rank and two personality traits (Assertiveness and Sociability) were positively related to network centrality, while another personality trait (Neuroticism) was negatively related to centrality. Sociability was a significant predictor of network centrality even after controlling for social rank and the other personality traits, highlighting the importance of this personality trait in shaping the social success of capuchins beyond that of basic social rules (e.g. kinship, sex, and rank). Individual learning was assessed in the LL capuchins by administering two operant tasks to subjects under conditions of free choice participation. In Task 1, thirteen monkeys participated, and eight individuals met learning criteria (i.e. >80% trials correct over 3 consecutive sessions). In Task 2, fifteen monkeys participated, and five individuals met learning criteria; the monkeys that learned this second task were also among those individuals that learned Task 1. For monkeys that regularly participated in both tasks (i.e. >50% of sessions), their average performances (i.e. % trials correct) were significantly correlated with individual scores on Assertiveness, but not the other four personality traits, or individual differences in attention span during testing, the percent of sessions subjects participated during testing, the amount of scrounging events subjects directed towards others within their social group, or the percent of observation time subjects spent feeding within their main indoor/outdoor enclosures. In terms of social success, relatively better learners had lower social rank and network centrality compared to relatively poor learners. Also, compared to poorer learners, better learners were generally less likely to direct affiliative acts (e.g. grooming, food sharing, coalitionary support) to other group members. Controlling for Assertiveness (i.e. the only variable related to individual differences in subjects’ average learning performance), individual differences in learning performance were no longer significantly related to social rank, network centrality, or the amount of affiliative acts subjects initiated with others. Collectively, such findings contrast the hypothesis that better learners should (concurrently) be more socially successful than poorer learners, and instead are more reflective of hypotheses pertaining to behavioural innovation and/or the study of individual differences. Social rank and certain traits of personality (Assertiveness, Openness, Neuroticism, and Sociability) appear to interact with capuchins’ patterns of social interaction, and one personality trait (Assertiveness) may mediate how individual differences in learning are associated with differences in social success.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o custo energético e alguns aspectos da biomecânica associados à locomoção em Cebus apella (macaco-prego). Para tanto, medidas de taxa metabólica (consumo de oxigênio) e de parâmetros cinemáticos (freqüência de passos, tempo de contato das patas com o plano de apoio, comprimento dos passos e amplitudes de flexão e extensão de juntas e segmentos corpóreos) foram obtidas com os sujeitos experimentais se locomovendo sobre esteira rolante. Nossos resultados mostram que apesar da espécie estudada exibir freqüência de passos inferior ao esperado para mamíferos quadrúpedes de massa corpórea similar, esse parâmetro cinemático é o elemento preferencial do padrão de locomoção que é ajustado para que o animal possa suportar as novas condições do meio (alteração de velocidade). Em adição, os dados de consumo de oxigênio obtidos neste estudo indicam que diferenças significativas não devem ser esperadas entre o custo energético da locomoção de quadrúpedes primatas e não primatas. Sendo assim, foi possível inferir que um outro elemento, além da taxa de geração de força (inferida a partir da freqüência de passos), pode responder pela magnitude do custo energético da locomoção em primatas. Nossas inferências sugerem que características anatômicas de primatas (maior volume muscular associado aos membros posteriores) podem constituir-se no elemento central para o entendimento do custo metabólico exibido pela espécie estudada (similar a quadrúpedes não primatas). Por fim, deve ser salientado que nossos dados indicam que a flexão da coluna pode ser um importante mecanismo para armazenamento de energia (energia elástica) durante a locomoção em Cebus apella, sobretudo em velocidades mais altas. / This study aimed to evaluate the energy expenditure and biomechanical aspects associated to the locomotion of Cebus apella (capuchin monkey). Measurements of metabolic rate (oxygen consumption) and kinematic parameters (stride frequency, foot contact time, step length and degree of flexion-extension of the joints and body segments) were obtained with the experimental subjects moving on a motorized treadmill. Our results show that although the species studied displays a lower stride frequency than quadruped mammals with similar body masses, this is the kinematic parameter that is preferentially adjusted by the animal to cope with faster velocities. In addition, oxygen consumption data obtained in this study indicate that significant differences between the energy cost of locomotion of primates and nonprimates quadrupeds should not be expected. Based on this result, we suggest that another element besides the rate of generating force (inferred from the stride frequency) could explain the energy cost of locomotion in primates. We suggest that anatomic characteristics of primates (larger muscular volume associated with the hind limbs) might be a key element to understand the cost of locomotion showed by capuchin monkeys (similar to non-primate quadrupeds). Our results also indicate that flexion of the column can be an important mechanism for elastic energy storage during locomotion in Cebus apella particularly at higher velocities.