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Cette thèse contribue à interroger le renouvellement des rôles et statuts associés aux grands axes de circulation en milieu urbain et ce, au double prisme des théories urbanistiques qui ont pu les prendre pour objet, et des démarches de projets participant de leurs transformations effectives dans un contexte prônant le « refaire la ville sur la ville ». Chacun de ces angles d’approche a été plus particulièrement abordé dans une des deux parties constitutives de cette recherche. La première partie est ainsi centrée sur une analyse interprétative des places et valeurs fluctuantes accordées aux différentes typologies de rues dans le champ de l’urbanisme. Celle-ci a permis de mettre l’accent sur certains des ressorts ayant contribué à faire de ces typologies spécifiques de voies, des « angles morts » des principaux modèles théoriques d’organisation et de hiérarchisation du réseau viaire. Leur reconsidération amène dès lors à plus largement s’interroger sur l’étendue des potentialités programmatiques et projectuelles induites par ces évolutions de même que sur les formes potentiellement prises par un tel réinvestissement. Celles-ci ont été plus particulièrement traitées dans le cadre de la seconde partie, fondée sur une investigation plus « empirique » de cet enjeu, et articulée autour d’une démarche de « mise en regard » des projets d’High Street 2012 à Londres et de la rue Garibaldi à Lyon. La grille de lecture mobilisée pour leur analyse a permis de faire émerger le constat d’une grande diversité des objectifs et des formes données aux projets actuellement développés sur ces axes, en même temps qu’un renouvellement des ambitions, plus plurielles, qui leur sont associées. / This thesis contributes to question the renewal of the roles and status associated with the mixed-used arterial corridors in urban area and this, trough both the filter of urban planning theories relative to them as well as the project approaches participating in their effective transformation in a context claiming to “built cities on top of cities”. Each of those perspectives have been particularly explored one of the two parts of this research. The first part is thus centered on an interpretative analysis of the places and fluctuating values corresponding to the different street typologies found in urban planning and urban design theories. This bring to light few of the characteristics that participated to bring some specific street typologies in the blind spot of the principal theoretical models of organization and hierarchisation of the street network. Their reconsideration leads then to a larger inquiry about the extend of the potential programs and projects induced by those evolutions and later to the potential forms of such reinvestment. Those latest have been particularly considered within the second part, based on a more “empirical” investigation of those challenges and articulated around the comparison of the London High Street 2012 and the Lyon Garibaldi Street projects. The analytical grid employed helped to reveal a large diversity of the objectives and forms of the various projects developed on those urban axes and on the same time a renewal of the ambitions associated with them, more plurals and composites.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The constitution of the Republic of South Africa (1996) states that local governments are responsible for the creation of a socioeconomic environment that enables citizens to make a living for themselves. It is on the grounds of this responsibility that the study is based on the relationship between street traders and the City of Cape Town within the Cape Town CBD. This relationship is investigated with the aim of assessing what the nature of the relationship is between street traders and the City of Cape Town. A survey was conducted wherein 71 street traders were interviewed and to complement the survey interviews were conducted with individuals from local government and the private sector who deal with street traders on a daily basis. The survey results indicated that there is a positive relationship between traders and the City of Cape Town, but that local government does not live up to expectation when it comes to the facilitation of informal business development. At the hand off these findings; policy interventions are put forth that would lead to the creation of a facilitative relationship between the City of Cape Town and street traders. Proposed policy interventions are focussed on the improvement of channels of communication between street traders and local government. The proposed policy framework places emphasis on the active participation of local government in the formalisation process of informal traders. The study concludes by proposing policy intervention that would promote a facilitative relationship between street traders and local government and contribute to a sustainable street trading economy in Cape Town. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die grondwet van die Republiek van Suid Afrika (1996) daag elke plaaslike owerheid uit met die taak om ’n sosio-ekonomiese omgewing te skep wat dit vir landsburgers moontlik maak om ’n bestaan te kan maak. Dit is op grond van hierdie verantwoordelikheid dat die studie gebaseer is op die verhouding tussen straathandelaars, binne die sentrale sake kern, en Kaapstad se plaaslike owerheid. Die verhouding tussen straathandelaars en die Stad Kaapstad is ondersoek met die doel om die aard van die verhouding te omskryf. ’n Vraelys is uitgedeel aan 71 straathandelaars en om die opname te komplementeer is onderhoude gevoer met individue van beide die openbare en privaat sektor wat saam met straathandelaars werk op ’n daaglikse basis. Die resultate van die vraelys het gewys op die positiewe verhouding tussen handelaars en die Stad Kaapstad, alhoewel dit aan die lig gekom het dat plaaslike owerhede nie voldoen aan verwagtinge ten opsigte van die fasilitering van informele besigheidsontwikkeling nie. Beleidsmaatreëls wat ’n fasiliterende verhouding sou bewerkstellig; sowel as ’n beleidsraamwerk word voorgestel aan die hand van die bevindinge van die opname. Die voorstelle is grootliks gegrond op die verbetering van kommunikasie tussen die plaaslike owerhede en straathandelaars sowel as die aktiewe deelname van die plaaslike owerheid in die formaliseringsproses van informele handelaars. Deur die implementering van die voorgestelde beleidsmaatreëls is die studie van mening dat ’n fasiliterende verhouding tussen straathandelaars en plaaslike owerhede gevestig kan word met die doel om ’n bydra te maak tot ’n volhoubare straathandel-ekonomie in Kaapstad.

M.A. / In terms of the Constitution, municipalities have a mandate to govern, to provide services and to promote social and economic development. Several pieces of legislation enhance the developmental role of local government, such as the Development Facilitation Act, 1995 (Act 67 of 1995) empowering municipalities to establish statutory land development objectives setting out a clear approach to land development for each municipality. The objects of local government as stipulated in section 152 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa , serve as a guideline in fulfilling its role and functions. The Integrated and Development Plan approach is more appropriate in facilitating efficiency and effectiveness in municipalities. Several provinces have passed regulations requiring that the land development objectives also cover economic development goals.The Department of Provincial and Local Government (DPLG) is compelled by law to use the Integrated Development Planning (IDP) and this is likely to shape the actions of local government in implementing policies intended to reduce poverty and inequality. A municipality must structure and manage its administration and planning process to give priority to the basic needs of the community and to promote the social and economic development of the community, according to the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa. Only when the majority of the citizens receive at least a lifeline supply of basic-need services and goods, can equity be achieved. This study focuses on the City of Johannesburg's constitutional obligation to promote local economic development. The study is limited in this way to make it more manageable. This area is selected on the basis that there is a diversity of people whose economic levels are highly different and therefore there is a need for LED. A municipality's approach to street traders in, for example, former Black township areas, is likely to be quite different to approaches in CBDs. The study is mainly a historical study of both published literature and unpublished material concerning municipalities' constitutional obligations to promote LED. The study is trying to pin down facts, and identify trends, in a rapidly changing environment.

MPH / Department of Public Health / Introduction: Street food vending is a source of income for billions of people around the world. In most developing countries, including South Africa street food is popular. However, most street food has been linked to outbreaks of foodborne illness. The assessment was based on the general hygiene requirement stipulated in R962 of November 2012 framed under Foodstuff cosmetics and Disinfectant Act of 1972 Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess compliance of street food vendors with food and safety regulations in Thulamela Municipality. Method: The study used a quantitative, cross- sectional survey, descriptive design. A convenience sampling was used to sample 155 street food vendors. Data was collected using two instruments; namely, a self-administered questionnaire and an observation checklist. The data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 23.Validity and Reliability will be ensured and measures to ensure ethical considerations were adhered to. Results: A total of 155 street food vendors participated in the study. Most of the street food vendors were in the age group 25- 30 years. There were more females than males. Furthermore, the majority of street food vendors had experience of 5-10 years. The majority (n=61; 39.4%) of street food vendors were operating in Thohoyandou, while some (n=25.8%)operated in Sibasa and forty others (25.8%) operated in Shayandima. Forty-five (29%) of them were illiterate, fifty (32, 3%) did primary education, thirty two (20.6%) had secondary education, four (2.6%) had a matric certification and twenty- four (15.5%) had vocational training. More than half of the In regard to knowledge items on preventing foodborne vendors (n=100; 64.5%) did not attend food hygiene training while (n=55; 35.5%) did. Lastly about a third most (n=48; 31%) of the street food vendors were selling their food in the transport terminals. The survey results indicate that street food vendors exhibited high levels of knowledge regarding items pertaining to hand hygiene. Therefore street food vendors were highly knowledgeable with regard to how much time should be spent when washing hands with soap, the correct way of stopping bleeding while at work, important measures to keep germs away from the food, hand washing and methods of drying hands. However, the street food vendors displayed poor knowledge with regard to reasons why they should dry their hands. Regarding knowledge items on preventing foodborne illnesses, the street food vendors were knowledgeable about the symptoms that make a street food vendors stay away from the workplace, that the best way to destroy any harmful germs is to cook food to the right temperature, that a combination of washing hands, using gloves and keeping food at the right temperature are ways of preventing food borne illnesses. However, street food vendors displayed some knowledge gaps with regard to the correct detergents for washing vessels and why food handlers require some knowledge on food hygiene. A total of 155 vending stalls were observed. The results from the checklist indicated that three quarters (n=116; 75%) of the stalls were protected from the sun, wind and dust. In addition, about (n=136; 87.7%) of the stalls did not have direct access to potable water. Furthermore, about (115; 74.2 %) did not have adequate hand washing facilities and 141(91%) did not have waste disposal facilities. Animals, flies and insects were indeed evident around the stalls in 124(80%) of the 155 stalls. In addition the majority of street food handlers (136; 87.7%) did not wash their hands before preparing food. Regarding hand washing after using toilet, all of the vendors said that they washed their hands each time after visiting the toilet. This was not confirmed as the researcher did not follow the vendors into the toilets. More than three quarters (120; 77%) of the food handlers operated in clean clothes. However, only 39(25%) used an apron when handling food, while 124(80%) did not use gloves to handle food and only 24(15%) used disposable gloves. Although the street food vendors complied with wearing clean clothes, they did not consistently wear aprons and they also used bare hands to touch food. Conclusion: Although the street food vendors were knowledgeable about food hygiene and safety practices, the majority displayed poor hygienic practice and prepared food on unhygienic sites. / NRF

Denna kvalitativa studie har syftat till att få en ökad förståelse om hur en organisation och personal på organisationens barnhem i Nepal arbetar med gatubarn. Studiens fokus är att undersöka hur organisationen och personalen arbetar för att skapa en trygg tillvaro för barnen samt om denna tillvaro förstärker dem. För att uppnå studiens syfte och frågeställningar har semistrukturerade samtalsintervjuer och observationer genomförts på organisationen två barnhem. Sammanlagt har sex intervjuer genomförts med organisationens grundare, anställd personal på barnhemmen samt en rektor. Teorierna Empowerment och Känsla Av Sammanhang (KASAM) har använts för att analysera studiens empiriska material. Studiens resultat pekar på att organisationen och personalen på barnhemmen i Nepal arbetar för att skapa en normaliserad vardag och tillvaro för barnen samt ge dem ordentliga utbildningar, vilket kan leda till att barnen får en utveckling och varaktig förändring. Vidare arbetar organisationen och personalen utefter arbetssätt som kan skapa egna resurser hos barnen, som i sin tur kan tänkas stärka dem. / This qualitative study aims to get a better understanding of how the organization and staff of the organization's children's home in Nepal working with street children. The study's focus is to examine how the organization and the staff work to create a safe environment for children, and how this life strengthens them. In order to achieve the objectives of the study and research questions are semi-structured conversations interviews and observations conducted on the organization two orphanages. A total of six interviews were conducted with the organization's founder, staff of orphanages and a school principal. The theories empowerment and Sense of coherence (SOC) has been used to analyze the study's empirical material. The study results indicate that the organization and the staff of the orphanages in Nepal are working to create a normalized living and life for the children and provide them with proper education, which can lead to children getting a development and lasting change. Furthermore, the organization and the staff along approach that can create its own resources in the children, who in turn may strengthen them.

In this essay the aim is to analyse the Social orientation course as a part of the Establishment program of newly arrived immigrants in Sweden. The questions I intend to answer through qualitative interviews and analysis of policy documents are: What factors limit the local work with refugees and immigrants within the framework of the Social orientation course as an establishment effort? How is the Social orientation course as a part of the Establishment Reform implemented in Växjö Municipality? And, how can the result of the Social orientation course in the local context be explained by the theory of street-level bureaucracy? In the light of Michael Lipsky’s theory about street-level bureaucracies the study contributes to a better understanding of the factors that limit the work with Social orientation as an establishment effort. The result shows that the local work with newly arrived immigrants in Sweden is much influenced and limited by the features of street-level bureaucracies: the resources are inadequate to the task, goal expectations are vague and conflicting, goal achievement is difficult to measure, and the clients do not serve as bureaucratic reference groups. The limitations result in an introduction program which is an inadequate basis for successful integration of immigrants. This knowledge of the outcomes of the Establishment Reform is of great importance for the newly arrived immigrants in Sweden to whom the reform is directed, as well as for the policy makers.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

A história de dois programas infantis de grande repercussão no Brasil, Vila Sésamo (TV Cultura-TV Globo/1972) e Rá Tim Bum (TV Cultura/1990), indica quais são as características da produção educativa brasileira. Eles apresentam um conflito estrutural entre o método de planejamento educacional, de origem norte-americana, e o repertório cultural dos produtores e do público-alvo. A representação deslocada de infância, relações sociais e Educação dos programas educativos comprometeriam seu impacto sobre o público-alvo. Buscando estabelecer quais os critérios mais adequados para programas educativos nacionais, sugere-se a incorporação da perspectiva de Paulo Freire sobre Comunicação e Educação pelas produções brasileiras. Para Freire, o processo educativo se desenvolve a partir do repertório cultural do educando e o estimula a transformar seu ambiente. Num momento de consolidação da democracia na América Latina, entende-se educar através da televisão como construção simbólica e prática da cidadania, onde produtores e receptores dialogam e se reconhecem como sujeitos do mesmo processo social. Planejar programas com estes propósitos requer a criação de parâmetros a partir da prática da produção cultural no país e da realidade objetiva do público-alvo. Este trabalho sugere critérios básicos para futuras produções de produtos educativos dirigidos às crianças brasileiras, em contraposição ao condicionamento para o consumo proposto pelos programas importados, tidos equivocadamente como educativos. / The history of two children programs of strong impact in Brazil, Vila Sésamo (TV Cultura-TV Globo/1972) and Rá Tim Bum (TV Cultura/1990), points out what the Brazilian educational production characteristics are. They show a structural conflict between the educational planning method of Northern American origin and the producers’ and target audience’s cultural background. Aimed at establishing the most adequate criteria for national educational programs, it is suggested that Paulo Freire’s perspective on Communication and Education by the Brazilian productions be incorporated. To Freire, the educational process starts from the learner’s cultural background and it stimulates him/her to transform his/her environment. At a democracy consolidation moment in Latin America, education through television is understood as symbolic and practical construction of citizenship, where producers and viewers dialogue and recognize themselves as agents in the same social process. Planning programs for educational purposes requires the creation of parameters departing from the country’s cultural production practice and from the target audience’s objective reality. This dissertation suggests basic criteria for making future educational products aimed at Brazilian children, which are opposed to the consumerism conditioned by imported programs mistaken as educational.

[pt] Redes Manhattan Street (MS) têm sido descritas como um arranjo linear bidimensional de nós, semelhante à configuração de ruas e avenidas de Manhattan. O roteamento por deflexão é implementado encaminhando os pacotes que atingem um determinado nó a uma de suas saídas de forma síncrona ou assíncrona. O principal objetivo deste trabalho consiste na simulação e análise de redes totalmente ópticas configuradas segundo a topologia MS. O roteamento por deflexão e o assincronismo são considerados, para evitar complexidade eletrônica e armazenamento de pacotes no domínio óptico. Serão apresentadas as características das redes MS, suas propriedades estruturais e os parâmetros utilizados para analisar seu desempenho. Uma metodologia analítica dedicada a obtenção teórica destes parâmetros será introduzida. Serão apresentados alguns conceitos básicos sobre simulação de redes;diversas simulações da rede proposta utilizando os protocolos UDP e TCP; uma descrição do software que foi utilizado para realizar as simulações; uma comparação entre os resultados obtidos através da simulação e os obtidos através da metodologia analítica; e uma análise do efeito da latência na vazão do protocolo TCP. / [en] Manhattan Street (MS) Networks are bidimensional linear node sets arranged as the avenues and streets of Manhattan. The simulation and analysis of all-optical MS networks is the central target of this paper. In order to avoid using complex electronics and/or optical domain buffers, the deflection routing and the asynchronism are taken into account in the analysis. Deflection routing is performed by conveying incoming packets towards one of the two outputs. The characteristics of MS Networks are presented, along with their structural properties and the parameters used for performance analysis. An analytical methodology for the theoretical obtaining of these parameters is described. Some basic concepts on network simulation are discussed. Several simulations of the proposed network are presented, using both UDP and TCP protocols, and the software used for simulations is also described. The obtained results are compared and discussed with respect to the previously described analytic methodologies. Finally, the effect of network latency on the TCP-protocol throughput is assessed.