Nesta etnografia, as práticas de graffiti de São Paulo, ao mesmo tempo em que ocuparam um lugar central enquanto foco de análise e reflexões, foram tomadas como uma janela para pensar e produzir conhecimento sobre a cidade. Partiu-se de dois objetivos centrais: investigar os usos da rua destas práticas e as possibilidades de cidades que emergem nesta interação. O trabalho de campo voltou-se, principalmente, aos processos de pintura na rua, o que colocou a pesquisa em movimento pelo espaço urbano e configurou uma etnografia multi-sited. Na escrita da dissertação, os dados etnográficos e as análises foram organizados em duas partes complementares. Na primeira, a trajetória das práticas de graffiti na cidade de São Paulo conduz as reflexões, mas sem perder de vista a relação estabelecida com outros contextos, as trocas com outras práticas de pintura na rua, as narrativas que elaboram representações distintas deste fazer e a interação complexa estabelecida com diferentes agentes e esferas do poder público. Na segunda parte, a partir da análise situacional de três processos de pintura, são apresentados modos de ler, usar e se apropriar da cidade, que são ao mesmo tempo condição e consequência de fazer graffiti, bem como produzem efeitos nos sujeitos e nos espaços urbanos. A partir desta aproximação é possível apreender as práticas de graffiti enquanto um fazer que não apenas modifica esteticamente as superfícies construídas, como também coloca em questão a eficácia de certos postulados urbanísticos e jurídicos. Esta investigação identificou uma forma de citadinidade, constituída pelas experiências de pintar na rua, que nos lembra da condição de possibilidade de fazer e praticar a cidade. / In this ethnography, the graffiti practices of São Paulo were at the same time the focus of analysis and reflection and a window to think and produce knowledge about the city. The research was based on two initial objectives: to investigate the street uses of these practices and the possibilities of cities that emerge in this interaction. The fieldwork focused mainly on the street painting processes, which put the research in motion through the urban space and set up a multi-sited ethnography. In the thesis, the ethnographic data and analyzes were organized in two complementary parts. In the first, the trajectory of graffiti practices in the city of São Paulo leads to reflections, but without losing sight of the established relationship with other contexts, the exchanges and collaboration with other practices of street painting, the narratives that elaborate different representations of this doing and the complex interaction established with different agents and spheres of public administration. In the second part, from the situational analysis of three painting processes, were presented ways of reading, using and appropriating the city, which are at the same time the condition and consequence of doing graffiti, as well as producing effects in subjects and in urban spaces. From this approach it is possible to apprehend graffiti practices as a practice that not only aesthetically modifies the surfaces but also calls into question the effectiveness of certain urban and legal postulates. This research identified a way of being and living in the city, constituted by the experiences of painting on the street, which reminds us of the condition of possibility of making and practicing the city.

Today the Swedish education system faces major challenges. This research deals with school segregation and the differences in and among Swedish municipalities, more specifically between Kalmar and Karlskrona. There are well-established national goals with the aim to reduce and counteract school segregation, however we tend to find huge differences in the system and performance of schools. All schools have different grounds, conditions and needs and it forces the local government, principals and teachers to act according to factors as resources, priorities, goals and expected behavior within institutions. Deficiencies create the prerequisites for conducting, completing and maintaining the business to the extent that it can be based on the design of the requirements on national level. That brings a great decentralized responsibility and gives room for maneuver and freedom of action for street-level bureaucrats, that may not maintain national standards. The purpose of this research is to analyse how enforcement of national goals in each municipality, at local schools,  that either are segregated or may become and then compare them to see the difference. In conclusion the analysis show that national goals are used as guidelines in municipalities, but all municipalities establish their own goals according to the conditions and needs of the school. The difference that exist between schools depends on local circumstances.

Cette thèse porte sur l'analyse des processus de production des œuvres d'art urbain (de l'art pérenne au street art) pendant la régénération urbaine. L'art joue-t-il un rôle de révélateur, de socle voire de catalyseur du développement des territoires dans un contexte de société événementielle et de compétition métropolitaine ? Ce questionnement prend principalement appui sur une opération d'aménagement dans la métropole parisienne (Zone d'Aménagement Concertée Paris Rive Gauche) et mobilise des cas satellites en Ile-de-France, qui font/ou ont fait l'objet de la prise en compte d'actions artistiques. D'abord, l'idée est de démontrer que l'art joue un rôle grandissant dans et pour le projet urbain, en examinant l'évolution de ses formes, de ses spatialités et des enjeux territoriaux et touristiques qu'il doit servir depuis l'engagement de l'opération en 1991. De plus, il s'agit de mettre en lumière les contraintes, les reconfigurations et les hybridations des pratiques des acteurs des mondes de l'aménagement et de l'art, ainsi que la prise d'importance de professionnels à la croisée de ces mondes, incarnés par les galeristes de street art dans Paris Rive Gauche. Enfin, cette étude se penche sur les effets de la promotion de l'art- et en particulier du street art - sur le statut de centralité et l'image des territoires valorisés. En quoi agit-elle sur la valeur internationalisée de cette image et la transformation des espaces publics en espaces de galeries ? Une attention est portée sur la reproduction de projets similaires dans différents contextes géographiques, les mécanismes de fonctionnement des acteurs impliqués dans les projets et leurs circulations spatiales. / The purpose of this research is to analyse the production processes of urban artworks (from perennial art to street art) within urban regeneration. Does art represents a witness, a base or even a catalyst of the development of territories within the context of the event society and the metropolitan competition? This questioning is mainly based on a development operation in the Parisian metropolis (Zone d'Aménagement Concertée Paris Rive Gauche) and mobilizes satellite examples in Ile de France, which are or have been the subject of artistic actions. This thesis first of all demonstrates that art plays a growing role in and/or the urban project, by examining the evolution of its forms, its spatial features and the territorial and tourist issues that it must serve since the beginning of the operation in 1991. ln addition, it highlights the constraints, the reconfigurations and hybridizations of the behavior of the professionals in the fields of urban and art, well as the growing importance of figures at the crossroad of both fields such as street art galleries in Paris Rive Gauche. Finally, it analyses the effects of the promotion of art - specifically street art - on the status of centrality and the image of the territories. How does it affect the internationalized value of this image and does it transform public spaces into gallery spaces? For this purpose, a special attention is given to the reproduction of similar projects in different geographical contexts, the behavior of the actors involved in the projects and their spatial circulations.

A pesquisa propõe pensar a arte que se faz nas ruas em seus modos de criação e autoanálise, estabelecendo um diálogo com os diferentes artistas que ocupam a Rua da Praia, localizada na cidade de Porto Alegre (RS), a partir de alguns conhecimentos sobre arte na atualidade. Por meio dos depoimentos, em entrevistas, de estátua viva, bandas independentes, músicos solos, pintor de retratos e poetas errantes, busca-se compreender como o artista percebe a rua em relação ao que chamareide Galeria Urbana e quais são os motivos que cercam a escolha da rua como palco ou galeria. Para tanto, como metodologia e princípio de desenvolvimento para a pesquisa teórica, elabora-se uma cartografia, assumindo, assim, uma pesquisa em movimento, em que o caminhar do pesquisador articula conhecimentos. A fim compreender cartografia e sua investigação para a análise de dados, utilizou-se autores como Félix Guattari, Gilles Deleuze, Suely Rolnik e Virgínia Kastrup. Ademais, o entendimento de rua e da arte que dela se apropria dáse no diálogo com Raquel Rolnik, Vera Pallamin, Paola Jacques e com os artistas Márcio Petracco (Bluegrass Porto-alegrense), Welci Araújo, Abraham Ponce, Pablo Seearasta (Som Central) e com os músicos Marcelo da Luz, Pedro Ourique, Jean Kartabil, Lester Borges, da banda Cartas na Rua. Ao fim do percurso, além de perceber as questões que envolvem a escolha da rua como palco, bem como as paisagens que se criam por meio das falas dos artistas, discute-se as relações socioculturais que se atravessam nesse âmbito por intermédio da apropriação de espaços urbanos para as artes. / The research proposes to think about the art that is done in the streets in their modes of creation and self - analysis, establishing a dialogue between different artists that occupy Rua da Praia, in the city of Porto Alegre - RS, with some knowledge about art today. Through interviews with live statues, independent bands and solo musicians, portrait painters and wandering poets, one seeks to understand how the artist perceives the street in relation to what I will call an Urban Gallery and the motives surrounding the choice of Street as stage our gallery. As a methodology and development principle for theoretical research, a cartography is created, assuming a research in movement, in which the researcher's path articulates knowledge. For the understanding of cartography and its investigation for data analysis, authors such as Félix Guattari, Gilles Deleuze, Suely Rolnik and Virginia Kastrup are used. As well as for the understanding of the street and the art that appropriates it, dialogue with Raquel Rolnik, Vera Pallamin, Paola Jacques, and artists: MárcioPetracco (Bluegrass Porto-alegrense), WelciAraújo, Abraham Ponce, Pablo Seearasta (Som Central) and musics Marcelo da Luz, Pedro Ourique, Jean Kartabil, Lester Borges this band Cartas naRua.At the end of the course, in addition to perceiving the issues surrounding the choice of the street as a stage, and the landscapes that are created, through the artists' speeches, we discuss the sociocultural relations that are crossed through the appropriation of urban spaces for the Art.

Ngan Yuk Kei. / "Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 2009-2010, design report." / "May 2010." / Includes bibliographical references. / Chapter 01 --- background & objective / Chapter 02 --- Street Life Research / Chapter 03 --- Streetscape Parameters Identification / Chapter 04 --- Billboard to Billbox / Chapter 05 --- Activity Field Implication / Chapter 06 --- Parametric Exploration on hybrid potential / Chapter 07 --- Adapting Method in Micro Scale / Chapter 08 --- Exploration & Adapting Process / Chapter 09 --- From Micro to Urban Scale / Chapter 10 --- Evaluation / Chapter 11 --- Appendix

Neste trabalho, problematizamos o desafio da implantação da Política Nacional para a Popu-lação em Situação de Rua (2009), por meio da análise da produção do cuidado a esta popula-ção pelos consultórios na rua vinculados à atenção básica no município de São Paulo. Esta política foi um avanço na consolidação de um dos princípios mais importantes do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) que é a universalidade do acesso aos serviços de saúde a toda popula-ção em território nacional. Ela é baseada nos princípios propostos pelo movimento da Refor-ma Sanitária Brasileira, em relação ao direito à saúde, inclusão desta população aos princípios da universalidade do acesso, integralidade da assistência e equidade. Além disto, esta política baseia-se na perspectiva da Redução de Danos como tecnologia de cuidado. O objetivo é car-tografar vetores que favorecem ou interferem nesta produção de cuidado pelos agentes de saúde no campo das políticas públicas intersetoriais e das políticas sobre substâncias psicoati-vas. / In this research we bring into perspective the challenge related to the implantation of the National Policy for People living in the streets, created in 2009. The main focus stands in the analysis of the production of care of this population by Street Consultation Offices which are part of the primary care attention in the city of São Paulo. This policy was a breakthrough in the consolidation of one of the most important principles of the Brazilian National Health System which is the universality of the access to health services by all the population in national territory. It is based on the principles proposed by the National Sanitary Reform which are university of the access, integrality of the assistance and equity. Mainly, it is based on the Harm Reduction perspective as a care technology. The purpose of this research is to cartograph vectors that improve or interfere in this production of care by health agents in the intersectoral public policies field and in the policies of psychoactive substances.

Sustainability, livability and quality of life have become widely and in-depth discussed issues in the literature of urban zlanning and design. This study primarily aims to investigate the concept of walkability as a part of the literature on livability. To draw a wider theoretical framework for this study, it first seeks to answer the questions of what the terms of &lsquo / livability&rsquo / and &lsquo / quality of life&rsquo / mean, and what components they constitute. Then, it focuses on the concept of &lsquo / walkability&rsquo / as one of the major components of these terms and as a measurable notion in urban design. Thus, this research seeks to define the notion of &lsquo / walkability&rsquo / and to identify a set of measures of walkability in public spaces to be used for the assessment of the &lsquo / walkability capacity&rsquo / of urban space. It should be noted that this research particularly tries to use the indicators of walkability which can directly impact on the design quality of urban space. Third, this research focuses on Mersin historic city center which has been in the process of deterioration for a while due to various current urban policies and strategies. As the case studies, it examines Uray and Atat&uuml / rk Streets which constitute the major thoroughfares of the historic city center by using the set of walkability measures. It investigates the walkability quality of four different character zones of Uray and Atat&uuml / rk Streets, and identifies their walkability capacities, problems and potentials. Finally, it suggests the policy and practical solutions on the design of these public spaces that will not only improve the walkability capacity of these streets, but also be helpful for the revitalization of the historic city center.

This dissertation examines how a group of street vendors in Yogyakarta City, Indonesia, experienced a government-organized relocation from Mangkubumi Street to a newly renovated marketplace. In particular, I explore the strategies taken by the leaders of a street vendor organization called Pethikbumi to refuse the relocation and claim their right to the street. Contestations over streets, street vending and street vendor relocations constitute important moments during which citizenship, democracy and belonging are negotiated in the city. I argue that the conflict over belonging and democracy took the form of a social drama and was shaped and structured by specific moral appeals, public performances, and processes of imitation (cf. Turner 1974). The study begins with an exploration of the history of street vending and the pedagang kaki lima (street vendor) in Indonesia. I outline how the pedagang kaki lima were viewed as “dirty”, a simplified code for the transgression of social, spatial and legal boundaries. I move on to explore the way the street vendors of Pethikbumi drew on ideas of “the people” (rakyat), democracy and transparency in claiming their rights. I analyze the ways that Pethikbumi drew on important moments in Indonesia’s past and present, situating this relocation conflict as significant and as part of “history”. The relocation was also rooted in an epistemology of “skepticism” derived from an awareness of the ambiguity and tension between appearances and realities (cf. Anderson 1990). Pethikbumi engaged in tactics to both reveal and conceal the “unseen powers” that were imagined as working behind the scenes to generate conflict. The conflict over the relocation to a marketplace was not only a fight over who had access to the street but also a struggle over what constitutes democracy, how to achieve transparency, and who belongs in post-Suharto Indonesia.

This dissertation tests the proposition that the spatial structure of street networks affects the distribution of urban land use. Specifically, it examines patterns of commercial land use utilizing parcel based data on retail and service businesses location. While previous studies report a correlation between spatial structure and patterns of commercial land use, these studies do not typically control for the effect of key variables likely to contribute to the spatial distribution of retail and service establishments. In order to redress this balance, and using the City of Buenos Aires as a case study, this dissertation studies the correlation between commercial land use frontage and street connectivity measures, while controlling for street widths, density of population and employment, interstore externalities, zoning regulations, and distance to transit stations. Buenos Aires is chosen for its regular plan radiating from a well-defined CBD, a plan which would be expected to conform to standard urban attraction models of retail location. Results of multiple regression models indicate that, after controlling for these variables, measures of street connectivity account for key aspects of the distribution of retail, including linear distributions along major radial and peripheral streets at a distance from the CBD. Thus, the dissertation supports the thesis that "urban attraction" should not be conceptualized in terms of distances from a unique central location, or a number of central locations, but rather in terms of a model of distributed centrality governed by the structure of street networks.

The aim of this thesis is to help understand the impact of street network configuration on travel behavior by modeling pedestrian travel to/from rapid transit rail stations. The primary goal is to determine whether and to what extent street connectivity is related to transit walk-mode shares and walking distances after controlling for population density, land-use mix, household income, and car ownership. The data are drawn from all the stations of Atlanta's rapid transit network (MARTA). The research shows that land-use mix and street connectivity around stations are significantly related to the decision to walk for transit. Importantly, the analysis reveals that station environments with higher street densities and more direct connections within 1, 0.5, and 0.25 mile radii are associated with higher proportion of walking shares among station patrons. Furthermore, the results of analyses for walk trip distances suggest that street networks with denser intersections and more linear alignments of road segments support greater walking distance thresholds. Overall, the findings confirm the hypotheses that well structured and differentiated street networks affect not only transit access/egress walk-mode shares but also the distance people are willing to walk to/from a station. Thus, this study provides some encouragement that effective policies designed to encourage new designs with the option to walk will actually support more sustainable cities in which transit systems can become integrated within urban culture.